PSY 381 Final (Quizzes)

DSM-5 has added the words ________ to the DID criterion A. This makes the criteria more applicable to diverse cultural groups and to identify a common presentation of DID in non-Western cultures as well as subgroups in Western cultures.

"or an experience of possession"

The plea "not guilty by reason of insanity" is successful in approximately ________ felony cases in the United States.

1 out of 400

Alois Alzheimer first described a type of dementia that is now known as Alzheimer's disease in

1906

Epidemiological studies have indicated that antisocial personality disorder is one of the most common personality disorders, with approximately ________ percent of the general population being diagnosed with the disorder at some time in their lives.

4

The DSM-5 incorporates a continuum based functional assessment tool know as the Levels of Personality Functioning Scale for diagnosing a personality disorder. This scale evaluates functional impairment ranging from 0 to

4

A nationwide study in the United States found that about ________ percent of women could be diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder.

5

What percentage of people diagnosed with psychotic disorders seek treatment in a mental health or general medicine facility in a given year?

90 percent

Which of the following statements is true of the cultural differences in feeding and eating disorders?

A meta-analysis found that bulimia nervosa is considerably more common in Westernized cultures than in non-Westernized cultures.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior learned through operant conditioning?

A person jumps back at the sight of a snake.

Which of the following statements about borderline personality disorder is NOT true?

About 30 percent of persons diagnosed with borderline personality disorder experience hallucinations.

Which type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder involves a persistent pattern of sleep onset and awakenings that are 2 or more hours earlier than desired?

Advanced sleep phase type

When a stressor is chronic and a person or animal cannot fight it or flee from it, then the chronic physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging to the body. What is this condition known as?

Allostatic load

Which of the following is the most common form of neurocognitive disorder?

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is a drug that can make alcohol use actually punishing, often causing vomiting in individuals who drink after taking it?

Antabuse

The DSM-5 criterion for conduct disorder involves several categories of behaviors. Which of the following is NOT a category of criteria?

Argumentative/defiant behaviors

Which of the following therapies has been shown by research to be most effective in treating children with ADHD?

Behavioral therapy

According to Hippocrates, abnormal behavior could be attributed to imbalances in the four basic humors of the body. Which of the following courses of treatment was used to restore the balance?

Bleeding the patient

Which of the following is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States?

Cannabis

Which of the following statements is true about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome have an average IQ of 68

________ was developed by Carl Rogers.

Client-centered therapy

Which of the following is not a drug used to treat obesity?

Clonazepam

Which of the following treatments is most effective in preventing relapse in clients with panic disorders?

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

________ validity is the extent to which a test yields the same results as other, established measures of the same phenomena.

Concurrent

A group of Latina adolescents was provided with information on risky sexual behaviors. The information was given in the context of cultural values inherent to the Latino/a community. This is an example of which of the following?

Culturally-modified psychological intervention

Which of the following dissociative disorders is characterized by a person developing one or more distinct personalities?

Dissociative identity disorder

Long-term users of this drug risk several cardiac problems and liver failure, and they show increased rates of anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms, and paranoia. Another effect is teeth-grinding; some users even suck a baby's pacifier at parties to relieve this. Which drug is being discussed here?

Ecstasy

Which of the following statements is true of female hormones and sexual dysfunction?

Estrogen problems in women may result in low arousal due to reduced vaginal lubrication

________ occurs when a person obtains sexual gratification by exposing his or her genitals to involuntary observers, who are usually strangers.

Exhibitionism

Which of the following statements is true about schizotypal personality disorder?

For a person to be given a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder, his or her odd or eccentric thoughts cannot be part of cultural beliefs.

________ goes by the street name G. and Liquid Ecstasy, and is also considered to be a date-rape drug.

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

In the twelfth century, in the Belgian town of ________, townspeople regularly took into their homes the mentally ill visiting the shrine of Saint Dymphna for cures.

Gheel

Larry is severely intellectually disabled. His parents were recently killed in a car accident. Larry is unable to care for himself. In the context of civil commitment, which of the following criteria does Larry satisfy?

Grave disability

________ provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and with opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations.

Guided mastery techniques

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease is true?

Historically, far more men than women die of cardiovascular disease

Which of the following statements is true of conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)?

Impaired connectivity between sensory or motor areas of the brain is likely to cause conversion disorder.

________ are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors, which can be inhaled and which depress the central nervous system.

Inhalants

Which of the following is true of the effects of sleep deprivation?

It is cumulative in nature

Which of the following is a rapid-acting anesthetic that produces hallucinogenic effects ranging from rapture to paranoia to boredom?

Ketamine

Jans has a history of drinking heavily before going to bed. His family accuses him of kicking the dog, breaking several dishes, and being verbally abusive on several occasions. Jan recalls none of these incidents and soon begins to forget personal information as well. Jan's memory loss is most likely related to

Korsakoff's syndrome.

Which of the following did Dan White's lawyers claim influenced his act of passion that resulted in the death of his victims?

Large amounts of junk food

Which of the following is true regarding treatments for antisocial personality disorder?

Lithium and atypical antipsychotics have been successful in controlling impulsive and aggressive behaviors

Which of the following cognitive factors does not contribute to panic disorder?

Low interoceptive awareness

________ of male attractiveness emphasize muscularity over thinness, and have done so increasingly in recent years.

Media portrayals

________ is based on the argument that people with borderline personality disorder have fundamental difficulty understanding the mental states of themselves and others because of traumatic experiences in childhood and poor attachment to their caregivers.

Mentalization-based treatment

Which of the following groups are most likely to commit suicide in the United States?

Middle-aged Caucasian men

Drake has a fear of dogs. As part of his therapy, Drake must first observe his therapist petting a dog and then, when instructed, must do the same. Which behavioral treatment is most likely being used in this situation?

Modeling

Which of the following is the strongest predictor of delirium?

Neurocognitive disorder

After suffering two small strokes, Patricia's lab test revealed fatty deposits in the arteries, which blocked blood flow to her brain. She finds it difficult to organize and plan normal activities and is forgetting the names of her close friends. Which of the following is Patricia most likely experiencing?

Neurocognitive disorder due to vascular disease

Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological factors involved in conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder?

Neuroimaging studies show abnormalities in the functioning of the anterior cingulate, an area of the brain involved in responding to emotional stimuli.

According to research, which of the following statements about nightmares is typically true?

Nightmares are more common in children than in adults

Which of the following is a true statement about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Obsessive thoughts are distressing to people with OCD

Which of the following statements is true about the difference between self-deceptions and delusions?

People harboring self-deceptions typically acknowledge that their beliefs may be wrong, but delusional people often are resistant to arguments that contradict their delusions.

Which of the following statements is true of the difference between the binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

People with the binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa continue to be substantially below a healthy body weight, whereas people with bulimia nervosa typically are at normal weight or somewhat overweight.

Which drug is also known as angel dust, Hog, and Tranq?

Phencyclidine (PCP)

________ was a class of drugs discovered in the twentieth century that reduced hallucinations and delusions and made it possible for many people who had been institutionalized for years to be released from asylums and hospitals.

Phenothiazines

Which of the following disorders is most common among adults over age 65?

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Which type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed if six or more symptoms of inattention but fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present?

Predominantly inattentive type

Tina's parents are concerned because she seems to have trouble writing. She often writes her numbers backwards and misspells words. The school suggests that they seek psychological counseling for Tina, especially since the problem occurred after the family's car accident. Why might the family need a psychologist?

Psychologists can assess cognitive deficits such as learning disabilities

Which of the following is true about Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)?

RDoC integrates several research methodologies.

________ refers to the degree to which people experience emotional, behavioral, and biological responses to positive events they experience or anticipate.

Reward sensitivity

Prior to the eleventh century, which of the following was most often seen as the cause of bizarre behavior?

Severe emotional shock

Which of the following statements about Dorothea Dix is true?

She found the treatment of the mentally ill in America dehumanizing and set out on a quest to improve their condition by lobbying in different states to get laws passed.

Which of the following is characterized by episodes of decreased breathing associated with high carbon dioxide levels?

Sleep-related hypoventilation

Which of the following statements about opioid use and abuse in the United States is true?

The abuse of opioids in the United States has become a national epidemic.

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anorexia nervosa?

The client's overvaluation of thinness is confronted, and rewards are based on the client gaining weight.

One reason presented in the text about why the prevalence rate of bulimia nervosa has increased since the publication of the DSM-5 is

The criteria for determining the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were stricter in the DSM-IV than they are in the DSM-5.

Which of the following is one of the strongest predictors of risk for the development of eating disorders in young women?

The desire to reduce body dissatisfaction

Which of the following represents one of the difficulties in diagnosing somatic symptom disorders?

The person may have a real physical problem that is difficult to detect.

For a diagnosis of sexual sadism disorder to be made, which of the following criteria must be met in addition to sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving inflicting pain and humiliation on the person's sex partner?

The urges and behavior must cause the person significant distress or impairment in functioning or involve a non-consenting partner.

Which of the following statements is true of subcortical structures in the brain?

They contain the thalamus, which directs incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum.

When are people diagnosed with schizophrenia more likely to commit suicide?

When recently diagnosed

In which of the following cases can a state ignore a person's right to refuse treatment?

When the person is manic or psychotic

Bradley was 12 years old when lightning struck his home. Now, he becomes very anxious every time the sky darkens. If a storm begins, he exhibits panic symptoms and frantically searches for an area in the house where he feels safe. Bradley is most likely suffering from

a natural environment type phobia.

According to the textbook, depression rates among Latinos are comparable those among Caucasian Americans, but within the Latino population depression rates vary widely on the basis of specific culture of origin, first versus second generation status, and

acculturation

Ethan has been having trouble attaining an erection lately. In the past, he had no such difficulty, and he can't seem to figure out the cause for his sudden impotence. Ethan will most likely receive a diagnosis of

acquired erectile disorder

The age of onset for intermittent explosive disorder is:

adolescence

Which of the following defines the sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder?

alternate identities are created by patients who adopt the idea or narrative of dissociative identity disorder as an explanation that fits their lives.

Tristan's peers described him as being resentful of others, touchy, and having a short temper. These are characteristics of the oppositional defiant disorder under the ________ criterion.

angry/irritable mood

A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities is called

anhedonia

Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder are characterized by

arrogance

People in Latino cultures report a syndrome known as ________, which might include trembling, heart palpitations, a sense of heat in the chest rising into the head, difficulty moving limbs, loss of consciousness, memory loss, paresthesia, chest tightness, dyspnea, dizziness, and faintness.

ataque de nervios

Disorders characterized by impairment in two key areas of development including deficits in social interactions, communication with others, and repetitive patterns of behavior are called

autism spectrum disorder

Tobias's therapist has been working with his parents to develop a system of reinforcement and punishment to control his aggressive behaviors. His therapist is taking a ________ approach

behavioral

Health psychology is also referred to as:

behavioral medicine

The law of effect suggests that:

behaviors followed by a reward are strengthened

A person with hypoventilation ________ during sleep.

breaths too little

Most men diagnosed with delayed ejaculation:

can ejaculate with manual or oral stimulation

Clozapine:

can result in a condition known as agranulocytosis

Clayton often stutters saying things like "I-I-I-I see, I see h-h-im". Because the kids at school have started teasing him, the school psychologist has recently diagnosed him as having a ________ disorder, so that he can get help

childhood onset fluency

Blanche is receiving a drug that binds to the D4 dopamine receptor and influences other neurotransmitters such as serotonin. Blanche's schizophrenia is most likely being treated with

clozapine

In the Maudsley model of family therapy, parents are:

coached to take control over their child's eating and weight.

Cognitive techniques are often combined with behavioral techniques, in what is known as

cognitive-behavioral therapy

In ________, individuals can practice their feared behaviors in front of others while also building social skills.

cognitive-behavioral therapy in a group setting

In identical twin pairs, the probability that both twins will have a disorder if one twin has the disorder is called the

concordance rate

Marianne has controlling, overprotective, fault-finding parents. In response to their behavior, she refuses to maintain the minimal body weight she needs for her age and height. Aside from her feeding and eating disorder, Marianne will most likely exhibit all of the following behaviors EXCEPT

conformity

Between 1955 and 2016 the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals

decreased significantly.

Steven was participating in an experimental study where the experimenter interacted with the participants. After several conversations, the experimenter started unintentionally providing subtle hints about the way Steven should behave during the experiment. By doing so, the experimenter ran the risk of creating

demand characteristics.

Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings are typical of individuals diagnosed with:

depersonalization/derealization disorder

Cognitive theorists suggest that people with avoidant personality disorder:

develop dysfunctional beliefs about being worthless as a result of rejection by important others early in life.

Cognitive theorists have argued that some people with narcissistic personality disorder:

develop the belief that they are unique or exceptional as a defense against rejection

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):

does not require exposing the patient to any radiation

Some drugs, like cocaine and amphetamines produce a strong sense of reward or a "high" by increasing the availability of the neurotransmitter

dopamine

Therapy outcome research that tests how well a therapy works in highly controlled settings with a narrowly defined group of people is said to test the ________ of a therapy, while therapy outcome research that tests how well a therapy works in real-world settings is said to test the ________ of a therapy.

efficacy; effectiveness

When electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns over brief periods are recorded in response to specific stimuli, these EEG patterns are referred to as:

evoked potentials

By the end of an exposure and response prevention therapy, repeated exposure to the content of the obsession:

extinguishes the client's anxiety about the obsession

Mary created an illness in her younger daughter to draw attention to herself. This is known as a

factitious disorder imposed on another.

Most people who are suicidal never seek treatment because they:

fear the stigma associated with suicide

Native American healing processes:

focus on the physiology, psychology, and religious practices of the individual.

The disease, ________, has been characterized as one of the single most important discoveries underpinning modern biological theories of abnormality.

general paresis

In human laboratory studies, ________ is considered a primary limitation

generalizability

Of the following possibilities, a person who thinks, "It is always best to prepare for the worst," might be suffering from

generalized anxiety disorder.

The reliability of later editions of the DSM is ________ than of earlier editions

greater

People with conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder):

have symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.

When one member of a couple has a sexual dysfunction, it may be the result of problems in the couple's relationship, or it may be contributing to problems in the relationship. For this reason, many therapists prefer to treat sexual dysfunctions:

in the context of the couple's relationship.

Teresa has been severely depressed and has demonstrated suicidal tendencies. Based on the criteria for involuntary or civil commitment, Teresa:

is imminently suicidal and will most likely be held in a psychiatric facility.

Risk of violence is heightened with specific symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and uncontrolled anger but the most important factor is

learning disability

ALI Rule

legal principle stating that a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if he or she lacks the capacity to appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of the act or to conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law as a result of mental disease

Durham Rule

legal principle stating that the presence of a mental disorder is sufficient to absolve an individual of responsibility for a crime, eventually dropped in 1970's

M'Nagnhten rule

legal principle, stating that in order to claim defense of insanity accused person must be so burdened by such a defect reason, "disease of mind", not aware of the nature of their act/ that it was wrong

Surveys in the United States have indicated that:

less educated and poorer men and women tend to experience more sexual dysfunctions

Almost 90 percent of the people who are acquitted after pleading the insanity defense are ________, and two-thirds are ________.

male; European American

An initial interview in a clinical setting may include a ________exam, to assess the client's general functioning.

mental status

Intelligence tests are biased in favor of:

middle- and upper-class educated European Americans

People with bipolar II disorder experience episodes that meet the criteria for major depression, but have:

milder episodes of mania known as hypomania.

Joe's favorite food is spaghetti. His mom always makes it for him on Friday night, but she does not like the way he slurps the spaghetti into his mouth. One Friday night, she attempts to change Joe's eating pattern. At dinner, she picks up her spoon and fork and begins to roll the spaghetti. David, Joe's brother, used his fork and spoon as well. Susan, Joe's sister, also used her fork and spoon to roll her spaghetti. At first, Joe slurps the spaghetti into his mouth, but after a few minutes, he begins to use his fork and spoon as well. In this example, Joe is learning behavior through

modeling

It is probable that ________ percent of people who commit suicide had been suffering from a diagnosable mental disorder.

more than 90

People with schizophrenia often have difficulties predicting how they will feel in the future leading to problems with ________ and ________.

motivation; decision making

Unified Protocol targets processes of psychopathology common across ________ disorders.

multiple

Shanee is overweight and highly concerned with her weight. Because she has insomnia, she has a tendency to regularly stay up late watching TV and overeating. She is distressed that she can't control her eating behaviors. According to the DSM-5, she will most likely meet the criteria for

night eating syndrome.

Cultural relativists argue that:

no universal standards or rules exist for labeling behaviors as abnormal

SNRIs show a slight advantage over SSRIs because they influence ________ and ________.

norepinephrine; serotonin

Her teachers and peers consider Lily aggressive. While walking down the hall at school, she is accidentally bumped by another child. She assumes that the other girl bumped her on purpose and meant to provoke a fight. According to Dodge and Pettit, the primary issue is with Lily's:

perception of provocation

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend to be highly:

perfectionistic

Oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery is known as

perinatal hypoxia

During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, excitement remains at a high but stable level.

plateau

A researcher conducting a correlational study found that the more cooperative children were with their parents, the more they cooperated with their teachers. This is an example of a(n) ________ correlation.

positive

A ________ between stress and depression would mean that people who report more stressors have higher levels of depression, and a ________ would mean that people who report more stressors actually have lower levels of depression.

positive correlation; negative correlation

Rosenhan's study enlightened the mental health community on the dangers of:

potential abuses of power by those who label people as normal or abnormal

Studies have found that antisocial adults have abnormal levels of functioning in the:

prefrontal cortex

The procedure introduced by neurologist Antonio de Egas Moniz in 1935, in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the lower centers of the brain in people with psychosis is called:

prefrontal lobotomy

Lamotrigine is used in the treatment of mood disorders especially to

prevent episode recurrence

Bart has been diagnosed with major depression. Recently, he has been experiencing hallucinations. He sees mystical beings cloaked in white swooping down from the sky trying to "whisk" him away. Bart is most likely experiencing major depression with ________ features.

psychotic

A test is considered to have predictive validity when it:

reliably represents how a person will think, feel, or behave in the future

Zoila shows moderate intellectual disability but has an exceptionally high ability in math. She can ask you what day your birthdate is and tell you immediately what day of the year you were born on. Individuals like Zoila are considered

savants

Teresa seems emotionally detached. Most people think that she is a snob. Teresa likes activities where she can be alone. She views relationships with others as unrewarding, messy, and intrusive. She has very few friends outside of her first-degree relatives. Teresa is most likely to be diagnosed with:

schizoid personality disorder.

The process of following a basic series of steps that are designed to obtain and evaluate information relevant to a research problem in a systematic way is known as the ________ method.

scientific

Partners often differ in their ________ for sexual encounters—their expectations about what will take place during a sexual encounter and about what each partner's responsibilities are.

scripts

In the study of psychopathology, researchers must often rely on ________, which are people's own accounts of their internal states and experiences.

self-reports

Franco has fallen ill and lost his job, and his wife has left him due to his problem with heroin. His friends and family are telling him that he is an addict most likely because he is exhibiting:

substance dependence

Studies of male prison inmates have shown that the most common mental disorders in this population are

substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder

Estella's therapist has her repeat phrases to help her avoid reacting negatively to situations. Her therapist's use of self-talk is trying to:

teach her to control impulsive behaviors

Social drift refers to the:

tendency of people with schizophrenia to drift downward in social class.

One of the most celebrated applications of the notion of diminished capacity was

the Twinkie Defense

Prior to the mid-twentieth century, in the United States, ________ was sufficient cause to hospitalize people against their will and force them to undergo treatment.

the need for treatment

When retrograde amnesia is due to organic causes, people will typically remember:

their personal identities

Studies designed to test whether a specific therapy—whether it be a psychological therapy or a biological therapy—reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called ________ studies.

therapy outcome

Delusions are to ________ as hallucinations are to ________.

thoughts; perceptions

Therapists who work with people with gender dysphoria typically:

try to help them clarify their gender identity and desire for treatment

To qualify as abnormal, behaviors, thoughts, and feelings must be

unusual, distressing, impairing, or dangerous.

Recent research on comorbidity led to diagnostic systems that:

use a dimensional approach to diagnosis rather than the previous systems, which attempts to identify discrete categories of disorders.

Many public hospitals at the turn of the twentieth century:

were no better than warehouses because of reduced funding and decline in quality of care.

In classical psychodynamic therapy, clients ________ painful memories and difficult issues to gain a new understanding and provide self-definitions that are acceptable to them.

work through