PSY 422 Exam 2

Which of the following statements about dating is not true? A) A robust finding in the literature is that those who delay dating because they are shy, unattractive, or unpopular are the most at risk for developmental problems. B) Adolescents who do not date at all show signs of delayed social development. C) Adolescents who do not date show feelings of insecurity. D) Adolescents who date have a stronger self-image.

A) A robust finding in the literature is that those who delay dating because they are shy, unattractive, or unpopular are the most at risk for developmental problems.

20. Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity diffusion state? A) Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them B) Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration C) Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration D) Francis, who has established a coherent sense of identity; she has made identity commitments after a period of exploration

A) Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them

Which adolescent is most vulnerable to disturbances in self-image? A) Carol, a 13-year-old female B) Catherine, an 18-year-old female C) Carl, a 13-year-old male D) Carlton, an 18-year-old male

A) Carol, a 13-year-old female

What is the immigrant paradox? A) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America. B) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform worse in school and are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America. C) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform worse in school but are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America. D) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school but are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

A) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

Among the following adolescents, who is most likely to have high self-esteem? A) Kim, a 13 year old Asian American B) Chris, a 13 year old Latino C) Pat, a 19 year old Asian American D) Taylor, a 13 year old African American

A) Kim, a 13 year old Asian American

Alice has high academic self-esteem, whereas Loriann has high physical appearance self-esteem. According to the textbook, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem? A) Loriann B) Alice C) Loriann and Alice will most likely have equally high self-esteem. D) There is not enough information to answer this question.

A) Loriann

Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity? A) Michael, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas B) Melvin, who has a moderate number of alternatives available to him in a few different arenas C) Jay, who has few alternatives available to him and is expected to follow in his father's footsteps D) All of these adolescents are likely to have difficulty establishing a sense of identity.

A) Michael, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas

Rose is transitioning from elementary into junior high school and Sally will be starting her senior year of high school in the fall. According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem? A) Rose B) Sally C) Rose and Sally are equally likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem D) neither Sally nor Rose is likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem

A) Rose

The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called A) attachment. B) goodness-of-fit. C) symbiosis. D) the secure base.

A) attachment.

The parenting style that is least likely to result in an adolescents' involvement in high-risk sexual activity is the: A) authoritative style. B) authoritarian style. C) indulgent style. D) indifferent style.

A) authoritative style.

Findings from research studies have found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image occur: A) during the transition into adolescence. B) during middle adolescence. C) over the course of adolescence. D) during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

A) during the transition into adolescence.

25. The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways increases during adolescence, especially for girls, is called the _______ hypothesis. A) gender intensification B) self-image stability C) sex-role stereotyping D) androgyny

A) gender intensification

What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls? A) household composition B) mother's employment C) number of siblings D) parenting styles

A) household composition

For adolescent boys, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse? A) increased levels of androgens B) availability of birth control C) the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity D) receiving sex education in school

A) increased levels of androgens

Specific to the ways of resolving an identity crisis, in which category would you classify Anya, an adolescent who approaches identity-related decisions with an open mind and actively seeks information? A) informational orientation B) normative orientation C) diffuse/avoidant orientation D) rational orientation

A) informational orientation

The ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's own is: A) known as theory of mind. B) a result of improvements in ventromedial prefrontal cortex development. C) the zone of proximal development. D) due to changes in neurotransmitters.

A) known as theory of mind.

During __________ concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure, particularly among girls. A) middle adolescence B) late adolescence C) early adolescence D) late childhood

A) middle adolescence

The stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory oriented toward the potential rewards and punishments that may follow a behavior or decision in question is called: A) preconventional reasoning. B) conventional reasoning. C) postconventional reasoning. D) prosocial reasoning.

A) preconventional reasoning

Whereas older adolescents' conflicts are typically over _____, younger adolescents' conflicts are often over _______. A) private matters; perceived public disrespect B) perceived public disrespect; private matters C) day-to-day issues; rules of the game D) moral issues; rules of the game

A) private matters; perceived public disrespect

For most American adolescents, sexual involvement does not involve: A) promiscuity. B) affection. C) emotional involvement. D) commitment.

A) promiscuity.

Maria sees herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of: A) self-concept. B) self-esteem. C) self-attribution. D) self-control.

A) self-concept

Identity formation is best seen as a: A) series of interrelated developments. B) single developmental issue. C) discrete quantitative switch. D) movement into a new and different person.

A) series of interrelated developments

When the teacher asks a question in class, students raise their hands to answer. This example illustrates: A) social conventional behavior. B) a specialized structural system. C) metacognitive behavior. D) dominance theory.

A) social conventional behavior

Overall, which group of adolescents feels least positive about themselves? A) white females B) white males C) black females D) black males

A) white females

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction. A. Cliques; crowds B. Crowds; reference groups C. Reference groups; cliques D. Crowds; cliques

A. Cliques; crowds

Research suggests that adolescents _________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure. A. from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents B. whose parents encourage autonomy C. who have positive regard for their parents D. from authoritative homes that encourage independent decision making

A. from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents

If an adolescent is making a decision regarding long-term occupational plans, he or she is likely to go to ___________ for advice. A. his or her parents B. a friend C. an acquaintance D. no one

A. his or her parents

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents. A. more; than B. less; than C. as much; as D. There is too much conflicting data on this issue to give a definitive answer.

A. more; than

According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capitol who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity. A. sociometric; perceived B. perceived; sociometric C. status popularity; opposite-sex D. adult oriented; peer-oriented

A. sociometric; perceived

Delaying serious involvement in dating relationships until age _____ appears to be the most favorable pattern for healthy psychosocial development. A) 13 B) 15 C) 16 D) 17

B) 15

Which of the following is not one of the explanations researchers have presented to answer the question, "Given the prevalence of prejudice in American society and the generally disadvantaged position of African Americans, why do African American adolescents have high self-esteem?" A) African-American teenagers benefit from the support and positive feedback of adults in their communities. B) African Americans have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them. C) Adolescents protect their self-esteem by focusing on areas of strength instead of areas of weakness. D) A strong sense of ethnic identity among African-American adolescents enhances their self-esteem.

B) African Americans have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them.

Which one of the following is representative of the early sexual experiences of adolescent males? A) Boys are more likely to describe them in terms of intimacy and emotional involvement. B) Boys are more likely than girls to mention sexual arousal as a reason for having sex. C) Boys are more likely to have their first experience in a steady relationship. D) Boys are more likely than girls to be the one to initiate the sexual activity.

B) Boys are more likely than girls to mention sexual arousal as a reason for having sex.

Jesse is a physically immature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that 14-year-olds date. Hillary is a physically mature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that students delay dating until age 16. Which adolescent is more likely to date? A) Hillary B) Jesse C) neither Hillary nor Jesse is likely to date D) both Hillary and Jesse are likely to date

B) Jesse

Intimacy between parents and adolescents tends to A) increase throughout the course of adolescence. B) experience a slight decrease until mid-adolescence and then increases as young people move toward young adulthood. C) decrease throughout the course of adolescence. D) increase until mid-adolescence and then decrease.

B) experience a slight decrease until mid-adolescence and then increases as young people move toward young adulthood.

Sixteen-year-old Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status likely to be? A) achievement B) foreclosure C) diffusion D) moratorium

B) foreclosure

What is the context in which a typical adolescent female is likely to experience her first sexual liaison? A) masturbation B) in an effort to enhance an emotional connection within a romantic relationship C) as a means of satisfying feelings of intense sexual arousal D) with a friend or casual acquaintance as a means of exploring sexual feelings

B) in an effort to enhance an emotional connection within a romantic relationship

Sullivan emphasized the social aspects of growth, suggesting that psychological development can be best understood when looked at in A) societal terms. B) interpersonal terms. C) identity terms. D) medical terms.

B) interpersonal terms

Political thinking in adolescence changes in all of the following ways, except: A) it becomes more abstract. B) it becomes more conservative. C) it becomes more principled. D) It becomes less rigid.

B) it becomes more conservative

Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of ________, whereas for females it is more linked to feelings of _______________. A) intimacy; recreation B) recreation; intimacy C) enjoyment; guilt D) guilt; enjoyment

B) recreation; intimacy

By definition, intimate relationships involve all of the following except A) emotional attachment. B) sexual involvement. C) common interests. D) self-disclosure.

B) sexual involvement

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects: A) the drive toward positive self-esteem. B) the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves. C) a false sense of self-concept. D) her identity foreclosed identity status

B) the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called: A. a crowd. B. a clique. C. a reference group. D. a youth culture.

B. a clique.

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions: A. intelligence level; sociability B. adult orientation; peer orientation C. maturity; identity D. demandingness; responsiveness

B. adult orientation; peer orientation

One recent brain imaging study that was investigating individual differences in susceptibility to peer pressure found that individuals who showed a heightened sensitivity to social rejection were: A. more likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions. B. less able to resist peer influences. C. less likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions. D. more able to resist peer influences.

B. less able to resist peer influences

As children approach adolescence, children become somewhat _____ oriented toward their parents; and _____ oriented toward their peers, and peer pressure begins to _____. A. more; less; subside B. less; more; escalate C. more; more; decline D. less; less; decrease

B. less; more; escalate

Which of the following descriptions about boy's friendships is inaccurate? A) Boys' friendships are more oriented toward shared activities. B) Boy's friendships are less oriented toward the explicit satisfaction of emotional needs. C) Boy's conflicts with their friends are typically resolved when one friend apologizes. D) Boy's conflicts are more likely than girls' conflicts to escalate into physical aggression

C) Boy's conflicts with their friends are typically resolved when one friend apologizes.

Which of the following statements regarding the sex differences in moral reasoning is true? A) It is a well-known fact that men are more moral in some contexts and women are more moral in other contexts. B) Many popular books have been based on scientific research that demonstrates that men and women think differently about ethical issues. C) Studies have not supported the notion that men and women approach moral problems differently. D) In general, women are more moral than men.

C) Studies have not supported the notion that men and women approach moral problems differently.

Which of the following statements about identity development is false? A) A coherent sense of identity generally is not established before the age of 18. B) Boys tend to lag behind girls in identity development in early and middle adolescence but catch up by late adolescence. C) There is clearly a decline with age in the proportion of individuals who are in a state of moratorium, diffusion, or achievement. D) Few differences in identity statuses are observed in samples of teenagers in the middle adolescent years.

C) There is clearly a decline with age in the proportion of individuals who are in a state of moratorium, diffusion, or achievement.

Until recently, what aspect of teenage sexuality did social scientists focus on? A) Until the late 1990s, it was taboo to study teenage sex. B) Just like identity, autonomy, and intimacy, researchers have always studied the normative aspects of adolescent sexuality. C) Until fairly recently, researchers only focused on the problematic aspects of adolescent sexuality (precocious sex, promiscuous sex, unsafe sex, etc.). D) Until fairly recently, most researchers were preoccupied with understanding adolescent sexuality and, as a result, important topics, such as promiscuous sex and unsafe sex, were neglected.

C) Until fairly recently, researchers only focused on the problematic aspects of adolescent sexuality (precocious sex, promiscuous sex, unsafe sex, etc.).

In regard to adolescent risk-taking behavior, researchers working from a behavioral decision theory framework have proposed that adolescents: A) use different cognitive processes than adults to make decisions. B) are more likely than adults to feel invulnerable and untouchable. C) are more attuned to the potential rewards than adults. D) are more irrational and illogical than adults in social decision-making situations.

C) are more attuned to the potential rewards than adults.

When asked to describe himself, Aaron stated, "Most of my friends think I don't care about school, but I really study a lot at night because school is important to me." This is an example of how adolescent self-conceptions become more: A) detailed. B) logical. C) differentiated. D) intensified.

C) differentiated

The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is: A) identity achievement. B) family relationships. C) interactions with others. D) peer relationships.

C) interactions with others

According to Sullivan's theory, which of the following is the correct sequence of interpersonal needs? A) need for contact with people; need for integration into adult society; need for intimacy B) need for intimacy and consensual validation; need for adult participation; need for sexual contact C) need for intimacy; need for sexual contact; need for integration into adult society D) need for playmates; need for contact with people; need for sexual contact

C) need for intimacy; need for sexual contact; need for integration into adult society

Jane, the adolescent daughter of the local police chief, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Jane has most likely adopted a: A) false-self behavior. B) negative peer culture. C) negative identity. D) inauthentic self

C) negative identity

About ___ of American ninth-graders have had sexual intercourse; compared to about ____ of American twelve-graders. A) 50%; 90% B) 10%; 85% C) one-third; two-thirds D) one-fifth; three-fifths

C) one-third; two-thirds

Research has found that the most rare form of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's framework, in which society's rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as absolute and definitive, is known as: A) preconventional reasoning. B) conventional reasoning. C) postconventional reasoning. D) prosocial reasoning.

C) postconventional reasoning

Being securely attached in adolescence is associated with all of the following outcomes, except: A) more stable romantic relationships than their insecure counterparts. B) better academic success. C) rejection sensitivity in adulthood. D) better social competence.

C) rejection sensitivity in adulthood.

Numerous studies show that ________ are far more important in influencing girls' involvement in sexual intercourse than boys'. A) biological factors B) age factors C) social factors D) academic factors

C) social factors

For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse? A) increased levels of androgens B) availability of birth control C) the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity D) receiving sex education in school

C) the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity

Which statement about conformity to peers is most true? A. Conformity is higher during later adolescence. B. Conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial. C. Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial. D. Conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence.

C. Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial.

What generalization can you make about the nature of peer influence in adolescence? A. Girls are more susceptible to the influences of their peers than boys. B. Peers are more likely to encourage adolescents to behave in ways that adults disapprove than to encourage each other to engage in activities that adults approve, such as school. C. It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences. D. The majority of peers encourage each other to value academic achievement.

C. It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled: A. a gang. B. a reference group. C. a crowd. D. a clique.

C. a crowd.

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called: A. mainstreaming. B. tracking. C. age grading. D. reference grouping.

C. age grading

10. By the end of high school, crowds: A. have become a defining influence in the adolescent's life. B. increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent's identity. C. become less important to adolescents. D. peak in their importance to adolescents.

C. become less important to adolescents.

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as __________. A. reactive formation; reactive aggression B. Machiavellian aggression; instrumental aggression C. instrumental aggression; reactive aggression D. relational aggression; instrumental aggression

C. instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

A(an) _____ is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique. A. liaison; isolate B. hopper; loner C. isolate; liaison D. isolate; mixer

C. isolate; liaison

Jeannette, a 17-year-old, has decided to engage in sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Tammy, also 17, has decided to abstain from sex until she is older. Which adolescent is more likely to experience psychological disturbances? A) Jeannette B) Tammy C) Neither Tammy nor Jeannette, because they have made mature decisions. D) Normative sexual activity during late adolescence is not associated with psychological disturbance.

D) Normative sexual activity during late adolescence is not associated with psychological disturbance.

Which of the following is not true with regard to having sexual intercourse before age 16? A) Early sexual activity (sex before 16) is more common among teenagers growing up in single-parent households. B) Early sexual activity (sex before 16) is associated with lower interest in academic achievement. C) Early sexual activity (sex before 16) is associated with higher rates of delinquency and drug and alcohol use. D) There is no evidence that early sexual activity is associated with other problems.

D) There is no evidence that early sexual activity is associated with other problems.

Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for all of the following reasons, except: A) this is the first substantial reorganization and restructuring of the sense of self at a time when an individual can fully appreciate the significance of the changes. B) the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in self-image. C) adolescents are capable of thinking in systematic ways about hypothetical and future events. D) adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going.

D) adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going.

It is important to keep in mind that an individual's relationships with parents, siblings, peers, and romantic partners A) vary drastically in form and function. B) have a reverse causal relation. C) are spuriously related. D) are correlated.

D) are correlated.

Changes in the adolescent's conceptions of moral, political, and religious issues is primarily a result of the development of: A) emotional autonomy. B) physical autonomy. C) behavioral autonomy. D) cognitive autonomy.

D) cognitive autonomy

Research assessing the link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships in adolescence and young adulthood finds: A) a consistent link between infant attachment and healthy adolescent relationships. B) little continuity between infant attachment and adolescent relationships. C) stability of attachment over time that withstands the pressures of major life events. D) early relationships set the stage for later interpersonal relationships.

D) early relationships set the stage for later interpersonal relationships.

Studies of ethnic identity development have shown that, relative to ethnic minorities, White adolescents are more likely to: A) identify their specific heritage (e.g., German, Irish). B) have a stronger sense of ethnic identity. C) avoid using "panethnic" labels to describe themselves. D) identify themselves as "American" rather than a specific heritage label.

D) identify themselves as "American" rather than a specific heritage label

According to the textbook, adolescent conflicts among girls are typically resolved when A) moms get involved. B) teachers get involved. C) both parties just "let it go." D) one friend apologizes.

D) one friend apologizes.

Dr. Smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the idea of: A) individuation. B) separation. C) crystallization. D) psychosocial moratorium.

D) psychosocial moratorium

Researchers have identified all of the following factors as critical components of the development of identity during adolescence, except: A) self-esteem. B) sense of identity. C) self-conception. D) self-regulation.

D) self-regulation

Young children's conceptions of friendship are more focused on ____ than the conceptions of friendship of older children and adolescents. A) shared values B) loyalty C) trust D) shared activity

D) shared activity

Chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a New Year's Eve party across town. A few days after the argument, Chris's anger subsided because he realized his parents were worried about his safety. Which cognitive process did Chris use to reach this conclusion? A) implicit personality theory B) mutual role-taking C) automatization D) social perspective-taking

D) social perspective-taking

Kikko hates country music but told Keith, who is a big Garth Brooks fan and her latest love interest, that she adored country music and would love to go with him to see Garth in concert. This type of behavior is called: A) the negative identity. B) code switching. C) identity confusion. D) the false-self.

D) the false-self.

All of the following are examples of the ways adolescents display intimacy with their friends, except A) they know what their friends worry about. B) their behaviors and emotional states are frequently synchronized. C) they respond sensitively to their friends' feelings. D) they become less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements.

D) they become less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements.

Which of the following is not a way that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership? A. Adolescents often imitate the behavior of crowd leaders. B. Crowds establish social norms, values, and expectations that members strive to follow. C. When crowd members behave in ways that are consistent with the crowd norms, they are reinforced for doing so. D. Being part of a crowd contributes to social development.

D. Being part of a crowd contributes to social development

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except: A. an increase in the amount of time adolescents spend with their friends. B. a decrease in the amount of adult supervision. C. an increase in contacts with opposite sex friends. D. a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

D. a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what? A. reactive aggression B. friendly fire aggression C. relative aggression D. relational aggression

D. relational aggression

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is: A. physical attractiveness. B. academic achievement. C. being good at sports. D. social competence.

D. social competence.