PSY 6

higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

The invisible fence that had kept the dog in the yard stops working, and the dog eventually begins to wander outside of the yard again.

Extinction

Leo manages the assembly line at a factory and wants to increase the quantity of output of his workers. He sets up a system so that the employees can earn a longer lunch break if production increases. Which schedule of reinforcement would he use to increase the productivity?

Fixed ratio

A cat mistakes the sound of her owner pouring breakfast cereal into a bowl for the sound of cat kibble and is drawn into the kitchen from a nearby room.

Generalization

After a few weeks of being exposed to cards being shuffled, a toddler stops being agitated by the sound.

Habituation

Which scenario represents the step in the modeling process known as reproduction?

Koko the chimp bounces a ball after observing another chimp do it on the previous day.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Laura demonstrates various frisbee throwing techniques to her son.

Live

When Marge feeds her dog, she uses a step ladder to the get the food from the top shelf of the pantry. The dogs ignore the ladder.

Neutral stimulus

Cognitive or social

Observational condition

Conscious

Operant condition

While watching a cartoon, Juan learns that crossing the street without looking both ways can be dangerous.

Symbolic

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Extinction occurs when ________.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Which are examples of the unlearned behavior known as reflex?

A person removing their hand from a hot surface A person's pupils expanding in a low-light environment

A baby learns to associate being placed in a high chair with eating and begins to salivate as soon as she is placed in the chair.

Acquisition

Dorothy rescues feral cats in her neighborhood and allows them to live in various shelters in her yard. When she returns home from work each evening, she promptly feeds the cats their daily meal of tuna. Because the cats are often scattered throughout the property, she blows a whistle to alert them to their feeding time. Within a few days, all of the cats begin to associate the sound of the whistle with the tuna and come promptly to their feeding area when the whistle is blown. Over the following week, Dorothy notices that the cats have already gathered at the feeding area before she blows her whistle because they have heard the sound of her car pulling into the driveway each evening and have begun to associate this sound with feeding time as well. In this scenario, what does the tuna represent in the context of classical conditioning? What in the scenario represents higher order conditioning?

UCS The sound of the car in the driveway

A sign in the school cafeteria reminds students to return their trays to the dishwashing area when they are finished eating.

Verbal

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Unconscious

classical condition

Which type of associative learning is linked with Pavlov?

classical conditioning

BF Skinner discounted the role of _____ in learning.

cognitive process

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding.

increases; decreases

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

John notices his classmates are rewarded with five additional minutes of recess time for tidying up their desks before the recess begins. He resolves to tidy up his own desk in the minutes before recess. What type of reinforcement is being demonstrated in this scenario?

vicarious

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change