psy 8

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? cerebellum hippocampus primary cortex amygdala

cerebellum

Engram refers to the ________. mental trauma that creates a memory physical trace of a memory sensory component of a memory emotional focus of a memory

physical trace of a memory

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? anterograde amnesia reconstruction misinformation effect paradigm suggestibility

suggestibility

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis? He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze. He observed rats with brain damage gradually learn the correct route through a maze and then apply that knowledge to get through a different maze. He compared rats with brain damage to rats without brain damage on how quickly they could solve a puzzle to get food. He timed rats with brain damage and rats without brain damage to see which could complete a maze quicker.

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? engrams equipotentiality hypothesis Stroop effect visual encoding

Stroop effect

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. effortful acoustic visual semantic

acoustic

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? flashbulb theory equipotentiality hypothesis engram hypothesis arousal theory

arousal theory

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. elaborative rehearsal mnemonic device persistence chunking

chunking

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. construction; reconstruction equipotentiality; amnesia coding; recoding information; misinformation

construction; reconstruction

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. effortful processing effortless processing encoding failure enigmatic processing

encoding failure

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. forgetting intrusion imposition distortion

forgetting

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. sensory semantic explicit implicit

implicit

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

What is semantic memory? information about events we have personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things storage of facts and events we personally experienced

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color happy memories are processed better than sad memories short-term memory itself has different forms

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. an engram effortless processing relearning encoding

relearning

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? self-reference effect Atkinson-Shiffrin model sensory memory Stroop effect

self-reference effect

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? semantic encoding effortful encoding acoustic encoding visual encoding

semantic encoding

________ encoding is the encoding of images. visual semantic effortful acoustic

visual