psy chap stress, Psychology 150 Chapter 10, Chapter 10 psych quiz questions, Lesson 25-28, Psychology Chapter 11, Chapter 11 psychology- quiz questions, PSY 100 Final study guide CH. 9, 10, 11, & 12, Psychology: Chapter 11

After being appreciated for her recent presentation at work, Hea Jung is keen on putting in a lot more effort for her next presentation. Through her presentation skills, she is determined to impress her boss and colleagues once again. Hea Jung's behavior is being influenced by ______. A) extrinsic motivation B) the need for affiliation C) the over-justification effect D) intrinsic motivation

A

Which of the following best describes acquired immunity?

A defense system that produces immunity through medication

what is a reaction range?

A genetically determined range within which a given trait may fall

In the context of needs, which of the following is true of human behavior?

A lack of belongingness leads to physical and psychological problems.

Lawrence is part of his school's soccer team. According to the theories of Yerkes and Dodson, in which of the following games is Lawrence likely to perform his best?

A midseason game against an equally skilled team, with several fans present

Which of the following is an example of a motivated behavior?

A musician learning a new piece

A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate?

A parallel distributed network

Which of the following statements is true of male sexual behavior?

A part of the corpus callosum is thicker in homosexual men as compared to heterosexual men.

130-140

A person is usually described as 'gifted' if he or she has an IQ in the range of __________.

When Samantha meets Brenda, who has a laidback attitude and long hair, she promptly concludes that Brenda is Californian even before interacting with her. However, there are many English women who have a laidback attitude and long hair. On what is Samantha's initial judgment based?

A representativeness heuristic

autism

A savant is most likely to suffer from __________.

Which of the following best describes narcolepsy?

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles

What do alpha brain waves indicate?

A state of drowsiness and relaxation

Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience?

A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas

Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience? A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas

A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas

Sternberg's triangular theory of love

A theory that sees love as having three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment

four types of responses can affect potential relationship intimacy in different ways.

Active and constructive: Authentic, enthusiastic, supportive Passive and constructive: Understated support Active and Destructive: Pointing out only the negative Passive and Destructive: Ignoring the event

____________ are enduring aspects of our personalities that set the threshold for the occurrence of particular emotional states.

Affective traits

Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic?

After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.

Three solution strategies

Algorithms: step by step problem solving Insight: Sudden solution that comes in flash outside the box: requires breaking free of self imposed conceptual constraints

Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one motivated and elevates mood?

Amphetamines

Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device?

An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.

Andy's father moved to the United States 12 years ago. When he moved to the United States from Italy with his mother eight years again, Andy was six and his sister, thirteen. Who among the following is likely to have the least strength of accent while learning the non-native language (English)?

Andy, as childhood is a better time to speak a second language without an accent

Which of the following is an example of critical thinking in the context of news about unidentified sightings?

"It needs to be corroborated by watertight evidence so that we know these really are UFOs."

Three effects that can be associated with aggression

- violent screenings - violent video games - weapons

4 sources of sexual orientation

-Hormonal influences - Animal observation - Neuroscience -Genetics

What is the optimal learning time for language acquisitions?

0-12 years

The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC.

0.08

David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to:

12 years of age

Harry is 16 years old. His younger sister Janice is 12 years old and is able to solve math problems that the children of Harry's age solve. According to Alfred Binet, Janice's mental age is ________.

16

Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about:

18 months

The ideal body mass index (BMI) is _____.

19-24

This ratio of positive and negative interactions is found in couples likely to divorce.

1:1

What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Stayer?

2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements.

By age 1, the REM sleep drops to about:

28 percent

a child can form adult like sentences at around:

3 years of age

A child enters the sentence phase at around:

30 months.

Adults move through about ________ different cycles of non-REM and REM sleep every night, with each cycle lasting roughly ________ minutes.

4-6; 90

If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row.

5

How long does it usually take for one to make the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of sleep?

5-7 minutes

Identify the essence of Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theory

Neurosis stems from basic hostility and basic anxiety

Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness?

New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically.

Which of the following is a powerful stimulant that is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue?

Nicotine

Given that Lynn practices mindfulness meditation, which of the following will she be required to do when she meditates?

Note experiences and emotions as they occur without clinging to them.

Which of the following is true of second-language learning and the brain?

People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one.

Which of the following does Friedman and Rosenman hypothesize about the Type A Behavior Pattern?

People who exhibit the TABP under provocation are at greater risk for heart disease than those who do not.

Which of the following indicates that a test demonstrates predictive validity?

People who score high on a particular test tend to earn more in the future.

In the context of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach, which of the following statements is true of the possible connection between dopamine and thrill seeking in humans?

People who seek out thrills should have the long form of the DRD4 gene

Which of the following is true about people who sleepwalk?

People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up.

Which of the following is a mother's characteristic that explains differences in the timing of the child's vocabulary development?

Personality

_________________ is an attempt by a person or group to change our opinions, beliefs, or choices by explaining or arguing their position.

Persuasion

Which of the following fields is considered a "parent" of the discipline of scientific psychology?

Philosophy

__________ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole.

Base rate

Which of the following acts as a stage for the main event of the brain at a given moment in time?

Consciousness

Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate?

Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.

Which of the following tests is used to study sustained attention?

Continuous Performance Test (CPT)

broaden-and-build model

Fredrickson's model for positive emotions which help widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire more useful life skills

Which psychologist coined the term preconscious?

Freud

Veata feels her stomach growling for food while she is attempting a math test. Which of the following hormones is most likely responsible for stimulating Veata's hunger and need for food?

Ghrelin

Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma?

Glasgow Coma Scale

______ are the hormones that are responsible for maintaining the activation of physiological systems during emergencies.

Glucocorticoids

What are the 3 factors that play a role in accumulating positive deposits for a healthy relationship

Gratitude Forgiveness Spending meaningful time

In the context of socioemotional learning, PATHS (Providing Alternative Thinking Strategies) is a concept designed by:

Greenberg and Kusché.

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

Growth of new neurons

________ proposed a three-stage model to describe the physiological changes that occur during exposure to severe stressors.

Han Seyle

______ proposed a three-stage model to describe the physiological changes that occur during exposure to severe stressors.

Hans Seyle

According to the longitudinal study by Bruce Headey (2008) which of the following is true of happiness?

Happiness will decrease over time for people who most value material goals.

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory?

Having experiences repeated over a short period of time

Paul usually makes claims, without basing them on verified evidence. He usually does not verify or validate his beliefs through experimentation. He seldom ever questions his own thinking, while readily dismissing others' claims though they may be based on conclusive proofs. Considering these characteristics, which of the following does Paul lack?

Metacognitive thinking

According to the cardiovascular (CVR) model, which of the following is true of Type A personalities who display hostile tendencies?

Hostility increases the likelihood of heart disease through at least two causal routes.

What does the physiological reactivity model examine?

How a sustained physiological activation associated with stress response affects the occurrence of illness

Why does linguist Noam Chomsky argue for an inbuilt device for language acquisition?

Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences.

Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis?

Hypnotized people are in reality awake.

. narrow intelligence

In Carroll's classification, sequential reasoning for fluid intelligence, reading and spelling are a part of __________.

Quantitative reasoning

In addition to assessing fluid and crystallized intelligence, what does the newest version of the Stanford-Binet test assess?

Incubation

In the creative problem-solving process, which of the following refers to putting a problem aside for a while and working on something else for a time?

Which of the following holds true for a minimally conscious person?

Inability to communicate

Lauren is anxious and under a lot of pressure over her impending divorce. Not only does she worry about the huge fees due to her lawyer, she also fears losing custody of her only daughter. Of late, she has been having memory-related issues, especially when it comes to remembering important dates. Which of the following is most likely to be causing Lauren's problems with her memory?

Increased rates of cortisol release that can cause hippocampal dendrites to shrink and interfere with memory

In the creative problem-solving process, which of the following refers to putting a problem aside for a while and working on something else for a time?

Incubation

the best explanation of social loafing

Individuals tend to relax their standards in the presence of others.

______________ allow us to determine how likely it is that two or more samples came from the same population.

Inferential statistics

Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep?

Infradian rhythm

Constanza was given some doses of a neuropeptide as part of a research project. Ever since, she has felt an urge to help the poor people in her neighborhood and provide them with food and medicines. Which of the following parts of her brain structure is most likely responsible for her empathy toward others?

Insula

Which of the following is NOT one of the environmental influences on language as enlisted by Erika Hoff?

Intelligence

Which of the following best describes the two main views of intelligence?

Intelligence as a single general ability versus intelligence as a collection of multiple abilities

Which of the following is most closely related to the concept of emotional intelligence?

Interpersonal intelligence

Shane's father wants him to train as an investment banker and join the family business. Although Shane respects his father's opinion, he is very clear that he wants to be an author considering that he is extremely passionate about writing. Which of the following is guiding Shane's choice of profession?

Intrinsic motivation

Javier, Adriana, and Jon together set up a small event management startup after college. The startup later grows into a big firm with several branches spread across the country. Which of the following will be true for the firm?

Intrinsic motivation for all employees will be higher during the early stages.

Which of the following is true of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)?

It activates the respiratory system.

Which of the following makes human language unique?

It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.

Which of the following is true of heavy alcohol consumption?

It can lead to a serious liver condition known as cirrhosis.

Which of the following is a possible advantage of one to two drinks of alcohol, especially with food, a day?

It can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.

Which of the following is true about implicit memory?

It cannot be directly recalled.

Identify a major limitation of measuring stress using the Hassles and Uplists Scale

It does not consider the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors.

Identify a major limitation of measuring stress using the Hassles and Uplists Scale.

It does not consider the differences in people's emotional responses to stressors.

Why is matrix reasoning considered as a fluid intelligence?

It does not depend on acquired knowledge

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

It governs changes in heart rate.

Why has the concept of emotional intelligence been so readily applied to the field of education?

It has led to higher grade point average (GPA) in adolescents.

Which of the following is true of emotional intelligence?

It improves cognitive function.

Which of the following is true of nicotine?

It increases respiration rate.

Which of the following is true of primary appraisal?

It involves a quick assessment of the meaning of a given environment even for an individual

identify an accurate statement about crystallized intelligence.

It is more influenced by culture and environment than fluid intelligence

Identify a true statement about visual representation.

It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.

How does sustained activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis affect the immune system?

It leads to a sustained release of cortisol.

Which of the following is true of appraisal in the emotion process?

It may occur automatically, outside of awareness.

Which of the following is true of homeostasis?

It pertains to the idea of maintaining physiological balance.

How does cognitive fixation affect individuals solving problems?

It prevents many people from seeing possible solutions to a problem.

In the context of Atkinson's model of motivation, identify a true statement about an individual's motivation to succeed.

It refers to an individual's extent to which he or she wants to be successful.

Which of the following statements about Mason's studies in the early 1970s challenged Selye's assumptions about stress?

It showed that an animal's response to a stressor differed depending on its psychological state.

Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning?

It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

How did the K-ABC differ from the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests?

It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence.

According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis?

Jack, who takes part in running races

Who among the following best exemplifies an individual motivated by perceived organizational support?

James' sales efforts have doubled after his team hosted a dinner party for acquiring an important contract.

Which of the following people would most likely be considered a prodigy?

Jamie, who has average intelligence, but is extremely gifted in music.

in the context of measuring intelligence, the Wechsler test failed to take into account:

Jean Piaget's work on cognitive development

Which of the following is a marker of Stage 2 sleep?

K-complexes

Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking?

Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.

Which of the following is true of weight loss?

Lack of sleep leads to a natural process of weight loss.

Which of the following is associated with the Wernicke's area?

Language comprehension

Norman uses a language that has no word for "infinity" and hence cannot think of the concept. Which of the following is associated with Norman's inability to think of the word and concept?

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

Which language theory states that when there are no words for certain objects or concepts in one's language, it is not possible to think about those objects or concepts?

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other?

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

Which of the following theories describes how language influences but does not determine thinking and perception?

Linguistic relativism

What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do?

Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time

Social structure theory

Maintains that sex differences result from changes in society and social roles occupied by men and women

Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS?

Marijuana

From the following scenarios, which of the following behavioral geneticists is most likely using the quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach to study personality?

Martin is tracking down genetic markers associated with compassion

Identify the theory that states that the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women.

Maslow's hierarchical theory

Who among the following was/were the first to conduct a direct study of human sexual responses?

Masters and Johnson

Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness?

Meditation

Which of the following is true of life thousands of years ago?

Memory of events in recent past

Which of the following is true of gender differences in emotional responses?

Men tend to withdraw from conflict while women are more vocal.

Which of the following is NOT an example of Circadian rhythms?

Menstrual cycle

Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions?

Mental representation

Which of the following pushes us into action?

DRIVES

__________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it.

Metacognitive thinking

Who among the following introduced the concept of flow to describe how people perform under optimal conditions?

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

______ represents a false dichotomy because our thoughts, feelings, and ideas result from the functioning of the brain.

Mind-body dualism

Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true?

Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity.

The ____________ is used by psychotherapists to assess the degree and kind of a person's psychiatric personality traits, such as depression, paranoia, or psychopathic deviance.

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Which of the following brain cells fire when an individual performs a task or observes another person do the same task?

Mirror neurons

Leticia suffers an accident which makes it impossible for her to open her eyes. Additionally, she also becomes unresponsive to any stimulus. What is the most likely reason for her enduring loss of consciousness?

Damage to the reticular formation of the brain.

Which of the following is a characteristic of children with chronic sleep disturbances?

Decreased neural connectivity in the brain

Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On the basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. In which of the following is Neil engaged?

Deductive reasoning

What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal?

Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes.

Rachael is a 10-year-old girl. She imagines how her life will pan out in the next ten years when she attends college. Which term aptly describes Rachael's thought?

Mental representation

Which of the following is a term used by psychologists to describe an image or idea in the mind that stands for an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present?

Mental representation

Which of the following statements is true about the link between the Big Five personality dimensions and Alzheimer's disease?

Most studies report no significant change on the agreeableness dimension of the Big Five traits.

Who among the following have a greater risk of having a baby with Down syndrome?

Mothers who opt to have a child later in life

GABA is:

a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity.

Helen Mayberg stumbled on a surprising and counterintuitive discovery; she found that:

a particular part of brain is overactive in depressed people.

expressive suppression

a response-focuses strategy for regulation emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion

Intelligence

a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning and problem solving

glucose

a simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain

antecedent event

a situation that may lead to an emotional response

Rita flunked a test. Her father, Larry, thinks that this happened because the test was too hard. In this scenario, Larry's belief is an example of

a situational attributions

Duchenne smile

a smile that express true enjoyment

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

a widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face

Most language theorists agree upon the perspective that:

acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.

sexual behavior

actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm

Four types of responses that can affect potential relationship intimacy

active and constructive passive and constructive active and destructive passive and destructive

the ______ component of an attitude includes the feelings or emotions associated with a belief

affective

moods

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emtions

In the context of intelligence tests, the Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children or K-ABC differed from the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests in that the K-ABC:

assessed different types of learning styles

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________.

associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

The psychological process that binds concepts together is termed as:

association

When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?

association

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that:

associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.

A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts.

associative network

Annie has learnt to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used:

at the end of a sentence.

when do babies express one-word utterances?

at the end of the babbling stage

The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as:

awareness.

For some people, LSD use can lead to panic and negative experiences known as:

bad trip

Why do scientist think that the evolution of language and evolution of the brain were intertwined?

because the development of fully grammatical language is a big and unusual step

Thelma is trying to quit smoking. Her therapist tells her to reward herself with a dollar every time she successfully fights off the craving for a cigarette. The therapist is using a ______ technique in helping Thelma to quit smoking.

behavioral medification

The need for affiliation corresponds to the _____________ level of needs in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

belongingness

A study found that adults who had been adopted as children were much closer in weight to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. This indicates that:

biological factors play an important role in determining adult weight.

Drives come from the ________ environment, while incentives come from the ________ environment.

biological, external

emotion

brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation

According to evolutionary psychology, language and science are examples of _____________.

by-products of adaptation

A major drawback of behavioral measures is that they:

can be time-intensive.

With regard to stress, results from animal research indicate that a variety of stressors such as maternal separation, inescapable shock, abrupt temperature change, and loud noise:

can weaken responses to antigens.

Who among the following argues that humans are born with an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language?

chomsky

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems.

circadian rhythm

The automatic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in the stress responses by regulating chiefly the ___________ and ___________ systems.

circulatory; respiratory

Prescription cough medicines today often include _______, a safer alternative to heroin.

codeine

Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be?

cognitive

Research findings show that the emotional processing is highly interlinked with ____________.

cognitive processing

Buddy knows that when his owner Sally picks up his leash, she is likely to take him for a walk. Therefore, he runs to the door. Sally started ringing a bell just before picking up Buddy's leash for a few days. She presented the bell along with the leash to Buddy over and over again; Buddy ran to the door. Then she tried presenting the bell alone to see if Buddy might now link the bell with the leash. Buddy salivated to the bell alone. Learning theorists would say that Buddy is ______.

conditioned

Spontaneous recovery occurs when a(n):

conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________.

conditioning of reflexes

In research analysis and reports, data are never directly aligned with an individual respondent, thereby protecting his or her identity. Thus, ____________ is maintained.

confidentiality

Replication of a study is important to:

confirm the results of the study.

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______.

confirmation bias

When people look only for information that confirms what they already believe and seldom look for information that disconfirms what they think, they are said to be characterized by a(n) ______.

confirmation bias

Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior?

confirmation-bias

Maria buys pink and green shoes because everyone in her school wears shoes of the same colors. Maria's behavior is an example of

conformity

_________________ occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms.

conformity

According to Hans Eysenck's biological theory of personality, introverted people have a higher level of ____________ than do extraverted people.

cortical arousal

According to Hans Eysenck, ____________ refers to how active the brain is at a resting state as well as how sensitive it is to stimulation.

cortical arousal

In the context of stress hormones and the brain, _____ has a profound effect on the hippocampus, a brain structure that plays a pivotal role in memory.

cortisol

Which of the following is commonly known as the stress hormone?

cortisol

With regard to personality dimensions, ________ can be defined as anything done by an employee that is intentionally negative for his or her organization.

counterproductive work behaviors

The ___________ states that social support is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not a person is under stress.

direct effects hypothesis

In the context of electronic interactions, being publicly private means:

disclosing a lot of details of your private life.

Which of the following emotions is known to slow down heart movement?

disgust

Which of the following is a basic emotion?

disgust

Which of the following is generally associated with "stomach sensations" across cultures?

disgust

Rebecca was extremely jealous of her brother earning a full college scholarship, yet she knew she had to act happy for him. Her behavior is an example of ____________.

display rules

Professor Wagner told her psychology class that they must have performed poorly on their midterm exam because they were lazy and did not study. Professor Wagner's belief is an example of a(n)

dispositional attribution

Professor Wagner told her psychology class that they must have performed poorly on their midterm exam because they were lazy and did not study. Professor Wagner's belief is an example of a(n) ________________.

dispositional attribution

A graph of frequency scores is known as a _____________

distribution

A person's body mass index (BMI) is determined by:

dividing weight by height to yield a weight-to-height ratio.

A flawed belief that physicians had about anyone who was vegetative was that the individual:

does not react to stimuli from the environment.

Which of the following is a true statement about the relationship between emotions and drives?

drives are linked to very specific needs or triggers, whereas emotions are not.

Charles Darwin asserted that facial expressions evolved

due to their functional role in survival.

Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing.

effortful; automatic

Among the three provinces of the human mind derived by Freud that control and regulate impulses, the ________ is the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world.

ego

A boss is talking with a newly-appointed executive in his office. While pleading with the boss to postpone an upcoming deadline, the executive begins to cry. Reacting to the executive's distress, the boss becomes upset as well. The boss decides to help the executive in order to relieve his own distress. According to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, the boss's decision to help the executive is due to ______ motivation.

egoistic

In the context of emotional responses, what are display rules?

emotional responses dictated by society

A child begins to cry when the mother refuses to buy a doll that the child liked. Hearing the child's cries, the mother becomes distressed. The mother buys the doll to reduce the child's distress. According to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, the mother's decision to buy the doll is due to ______ motivation.

empathic

perceived organizational support

employee's belief about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being

How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective:

encoding

Which of the following can be associated with intrinsic motivation?

enjoyment

one of the advantages that group living offers to human evolution is

ensured safety and cooperation

Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in:

episodic buffer

appraisal

evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare, drives the process by which emotions are elicited

In humans, a surge of melatonin release occurs during the:

evening

Jack is a psychologist. Rather than just describing what the mind does, he is more interested in the functions of the human mind. Jack is most likely a practitioner of ______________ psychology.

evolutionary

Dr. Singh, a scientist, wants to study how anxiety affects adolescents. For this purpose, he measures the electrical changes in their heart rates, their sweating and respiration patterns, as well as the hormonal changes in their blood. Which psychological measure has been used by Dr. Singh in this scenario?

Physiological measures

______ can be defined as measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state.

Physiological measures

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, arrange the correct sequence of needs in order from lowest to highest

Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualizaiton

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, arrange the correct sequence of needs in ascending order.

Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization

Which of the following studies has employed forward conditioning?

Presenting a loud noise before a puff of air is blown on a cat's face

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

Pride

Which of the following coping strategies is one most likely to employ when he or she views the stressor as one that can be directly dealt with?

Problem-focused coping

Erica is having a hard time with studies. Though she knows she is not a bad student, she finds her social life a lot more appealing than studying for tests and examinations. With her exams drawing closer, she resolves to cut down on her social life and study more—at least until she finishes her exams. What strategy is Erica using in order to cope with the demands of the circumstances?

Problem-focused strategy

Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?

Psilocybin

Which of the following best describes Arthur Jensen's conclusions regarding IQ?

Racial-ethnic differences in IQ must be at least partly genetic in origin.

Rajesh heads the creative team at an advertising company. The members of his team comprise artists and designers who are expected to be quite creative and time conscious in order to deliver campaigns on time. Which of the following will help Rajesh in making sure that the campaigns are inspired by creativity?

Rajesh should have managers who know when to put controls on the creative process and when not to.

In which of the following does each participant have an equal chance of being placed in each group?

Random assignments

What does REM stand for?

Rapid eye movement

________, as a defense mechanism, occurs when an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse is turned into its opposite.

Reaction formation

Which of the following is a function of cytokines?

Regulating immune response

Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?

Rehearsing the stored process

Though pianist Lewis usually eats in moderation, his intake increases dramatically when he is affected by performance pressure. He says eating ice creams in particular soothes his agitated mind and makes him feel better. Which of the following is responsible for the "good feeling" that he experiences after eating?

Release of endorphins

3 roles of culture in sexual behavior

Restrictive societies: No sex before & outside marriage Semirestrictive societies: Formal prohibitions on pre and extra marital sex Permissive societies: Few/no restrictions on sex

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of exposure to violent programs or video games on aggressive behavior?

Results from a recent meta-analysis suggest the effects of watching violence on aggressive behavior have been exaggerated.

Which of the following is more important for extrinsic motivation than for intrinsic motivation?

Reward

________ are ways of knowing that affect how one views his or her social world.

Schemas

Which of the following is true about schemas?

Schemas function like lenses through which one filters his or her perceptions.

Edwin saw a gang of teenagers throw stones at his car. He saw the damage this caused and became very angry. He chased the teens, and although he could not get hold of them, he was able to recognize them. Edwin knew that it would be better to seek compensation for the damage done, rather than trying to retaliate. He reported the incident to the police, and swore he would sue the parents of the boys to make them pay for the damages to the car. Which of the following was the antecedent event in Edwin's emotion-charged situation?

Seeing the teens throw stones at his car

According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true?

Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.

What was the radically new view of sexual orientation proposed by Alfred Kinsey in the 1940s?

Sexual orientation exists on a continuum from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual.

Which of the following emotions can only be experienced if a person possesses a sense of self and the ability to reflect on his own actions?

Shame

What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences?

Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement

Forgiveness

Showing grace and mercy and pardoning someone for what they have done wrong

Which of the following types of scientific studies helps in avoiding the possibility that participants will behave in a biased way?

Single-blind studies

The _____ is an instrument to quantify stress in terms of major life changes

Social readjustment rating scale

Which of the following is one of Howard Gardner's eight forms of intelligence?

Spatial intelligence

In which stage of sleep do short periods of extremely fast and somewhat higher energy sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep?

Stage 2

The intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman is known as the _____.

Stanford-Binet test

Which of the following holds true for the transactional view of stress?

Stress can be examined in terms of how people respond to stressors and cope with possible stress.

Which of the following refers to the central tenet of psychosomatic theory?

Stress increases a person's susceptibility to diseases.

Which of the following would prove to be the most useful for a researcher trying to understand the relationship between emotions and physiological changes?

Study of the autonomic nervous system

Which of the following refers to a state consisting of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect?

Subjective well-being

What happens in the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model to an animal exposed to a stressor?

The animal's body diverts resources from the maintenance of normal body functions to fight the threat.

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

The cocktail party effect

flexibility

The cognitive aspects of creative thought involves ______.

Which area in the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain?

The cortical area

Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of educational psychology?

The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques

Which of the following is true for intrinsic motivation in the workplace?

The enjoyment component of intrinsic motivation drops only a little over the course of one's career.

To which model of motivation would the theory of "survival of the fittest" most likely belong?

The evolutionary model

To which model of motivation would the theory of survival of the fittest most likely belong?

The evolutionary model

FOMO

The feeling or perception that others are having more fun, living better lives, or having better experiences than you.

Newborn Kayla smiles when she sees her father smile. This is most likely a result of which of the following physiological processes?

The firing of mirror neurons

Which of the following is true about the principles of research design?

The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group.

Martha is taking a test which requires her to solve problems through inductive and deductive reasoning. Which part of the brain will she use the most?

The frontal lobe

Most intelligence tests determine a person's overall intelligence score by his or her scores on specific subtests. On which of the following theories are such tests based??

The g-factor theory

Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct?

The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.

Which of the following is activated when we are watching something funny on television that puts us in a good mood?

The parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following explains the word "syntax"?

The rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences

Which of the following refers to the manifest content of a dream?

The superficial part

Paulo is trekking along a hillside when he comes across a bear. He is very frightened and tries to find the best way to escape. Which of the following systems is responsible for Paulo's emotional reaction in this scenario?

The sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following, in all probability, creates a consolidation of discrete experiences that evokes a holistic experience of something?

The synchrony of cell assemblies

Which of the following refers to conformation bias?

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs

Which of the following refers to a measure of immunity usually used as a dependent variable?

The toxicity of tumor-fighting cells

Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What is the independent variable in Dr. Adriana's study?

The type of uniform worn—made from old or new material

Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk?

The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system

Which of the following is true with regard to the visual system?

The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system.

Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies?

They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

According to Sigmund and Anna Freud, which of the following is true about psychological defense mechanisms?

They deny and distort reality in some way.

Which of the following is true of display rules?

They discard the universalitiy of facial expressions by bringing about the cultural differences in emotions.

as argued by Sternberg and Gardner, what is a drawback of Wechsler and Stanford-binet tests?

They do not measure social, musical, and naturalistic forms of intelligence

What did Takeuchi and his colleagues find in their research which sought to measure creativity and neural connectivity?

They found a direct and positive relationship between the subjects' creativity scores and their neural connectivity in the frontal lobe.

Which of the following is a characteristic of children who have attended socioemotional (SEL) programs?

They have higher grade point average (GPA) scores.

Why are people not very good at detecting whether or not someone is lying?

They overinterpret ambiguous nonverbal cues.

How did Kahneman and Tversky debunk a long-held belief about the decisions people make?

They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making.

In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal?

Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas.

What did Rosenman and his colleague find when they conducted a follow-up study on their original participants whom they had tested twenty-two years earlier?

Type A behavior did not predict death from heart disease in this group.

A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness. comatose

Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.

Which of the following is a difference between sexual responses in men and women?

Unlike women, men have a refractory period in which orgasm is not possible.

Which of the following is a component of crystallized intelligence?

Using cultural knowledge in problem-solving

_____ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

Visual imagery

The Alternate Uses test

Which of the following tests can a person take to assess her creativity?

Working memory

Which type of memory can retain about seven bits of information for a short while and aids in solving an immediate problem?

______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

Visual imagery

Which of the following is true of visual perception?

Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present.

What is the difference between the WISC and the WAIS?

WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults.

What are the two aspects of consciousness?

Wakefulness and awareness

In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, which of the following refers to the two types of categories?

Well-defined and fuzzy

WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults

What is the difference between the WISC and the WAIS?

When does an individual attain a flow state?

When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks.

Which of the following reflects the fundamental attribution error?

When making attributions of other people's behavior, individuals tend to think that dispositional characteristics matter the most.

Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something?

When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together

Which of the following is true of positive emotions?

When people are in positive moods they perform poorly on tasks of selective attention that require a narrow focus.

Which of the following statements about cognitive dissonance is true?

When people experience cognitive dissonance, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it.

When can a person in a vegetative state be said to exhibit intentional thought?

When the brain responds to commands

Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness?

When the various sensory elements get integrated.

Intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline

Which of the following best describes Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence?

Openness to experience

Which of the following is a personality trait commonly found among highly creative individuals?

Which of the following is true of the parental investment theory?

Women are reluctant to engage in casual sex for fear of pregnancy.

Which of the following is true of sexual behavior in men and women?

Women can have multiple orgasms, while men cannot.

Spatial intelligence

Which of the following is one of Howard Gardner's eight forms of intelligence?

Standard deviation

_____________ is a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean.

what is a emotional bank account

a concept that suggests that we make deposits or withdrawals from our significant other.

achievement motivation

a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles

frustration

a emotional response to anger, annoyance, disappointment.

For most people in most environments, the reaction range for IQ is about 25 points. This means that _____.

a given person may end up scoring anywhere in a 25-point range on an IQ test, depending on the kind of environment in which he or she is raised

function fixedness

a mind set where one is blind to unusual uses of common everyday things or procedure

John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John's brain would reveal that he has a damaged:

frontal lobe.

The growling in our stomach when we are hungry results primarily as a result of:

gastric secretions.

In 1946, Austrian physiologist Hans Selye coined the term ___________ to describe the common pattern of responses to prolonged exposure to stress.

general adaptation syndrome

The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ______ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

ginkgo biloba

The most important source of energy for the body is _____.

glucose

Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. This phenomenon is called ________________.

groupthink

Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

hallucination

When an individual engages in synchronization, she or he:

has a conscious experience.

Salim likes to have coffee. He has begun to consume several cups of coffee even when he has nothing much to keep himself busy. He says that coffee keeps his spirits up by alleviating boredom. This indicates that Salim

has developed a psychological dependence on coffee.

Core sciences are those that:

have many other disciplines organized around them.

Which of the following is most likely to increase people's overall happiness over time?

having a healthy diet

According to the g-factor theory of intelligence, people who achieve high scores on the verbal section of an intelligence test are likely to have:

high scores in the spatial, perceptual, and quantitative sections.

Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions?

hippocampus

Which of the following plays a pivotal role in memory?

hippocampus

For over a month, Timothy studies day and night in order to perform well in his final exams, which are fast approaching. Though he does quite well in his exams, Timothy takes ill shortly after his exams are over. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) model, Timothy shows signs of __________.

exhaustion

Spearmans G factor

existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures

According to John Atkinson, the _____ refers to an individual's evaluation of the likelihood of succeeding at a task.

expectation of success

A(n) ___________ is characterized by the experimental manipulation of a predicted cause.

experience

Ivanna saw a couple of teenagers damage her porch with spray paint and graffiti. However, she did not express anger at the teenagers; instead, she just requested them to leave her property. In this situation, Ivanna chose _____________ to regulate her emotions.

expressive-suppression

The deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward display of an emotion is known as _____.

expressive-suppression

If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row.

five

In a ______, reinforcement produces a response pattern in which the rate of response immediately following reinforcement is low. The response rate accelerates as the time of reinforcement approaches.

fixed-interval schedule

hierarchical model

focuses on fulfilling one's needs in a certain sequence before realizing one's potential.

optimal arousal model

focuses on keeping the optimal level of arousal. humans are motivated to be in situations that are ideally arousing

drive reduction model

focuses on the drives that help an organism maintain homeostasis and keep physiological systems at the set point

evolutionary model

focuses on the drives that help an organism reproduce. includes food, water, sex, oxygen.

Much of the research on the amygdala has centered on its pivotal role in ____________.

forming quick appraisals during threatening or fear-inducing situations

When the body's blood sugar level drops, the _____________ triggers the drive to obtain food.

hypothalamus

One common way to determine how much of a trait is due to genetic influence is to compare:

identical twin pairs to fraternal twin pairs

passive and destructive

ignoring the event

The implicit association test (IAT) was designed to measure

implicit biases

Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her:

implicit memory.

A gaggle of baby geese instinctually form a bond with their mother. This is an example of ___________

imprinting

when does abstract intelligence peak?

in early adulthood

Which of the following refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in her or his surroundings?

inattentional blindness

According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8-week meditation training program showed a(n):

increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing.

Talking while driving

increases activity in areas associated with language processing.

In the creative problem-solving process, which of the following refers to putting a problem aside for a while and working on something else for a time?

incubation

In the context of the immune system, ___________ is a process by which tissues are restored following injury.

inflammation

________ occurs when people conform to the behavior of others because they view them as a source of knowledge about what they are supposed to do.

informational social influence

needs

inherently biological states of deficiency that compel drives

sally pushed Tisha out of the way so that Sally could get to the cake first. Sally exhibited _____ aggression.

instrumental

2 types of aggression

instrumental - Aggression is used to achieve some type of goal hostile: when aggression stems from feelings of anger

The _____________ is the brain structure most involved in perceiving interoception or sensations within the body.

insula

Which of the following hormones is produced by the pancreas and transports glucose to target cells?

insulin

When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us. This attitude is known as __________.

intellectual honesty

In the context of evolutionary explanations of personality, identify a true statement about naturally and sexually selected personality traits.

intelligence and creativity are sexually selected traits because people are attracted to intelligent and creative people

Gardners theory of intelligence

intelligence consists of eight distinct capacities: Linguistic, logical, mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic (LLIMMBKSIIN)

If following Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, an employer sifting through candidates for the role of a team leader would look for someone with high levels of _____.

interpersonal intelligence

According to culture and personality dispositions, Asian cultures emphasize the trait of ________ much more than Western cultures do.

interpersonal relatedness

According to culture and personality dispositions, Asian cultures emphasize the trait of ____________ much more than Western cultures do.

interpersonal relatedness

In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to ______ the results and determine whether they are significant and whether they closely fit the prediction.

interpret

Fluid intelligence

involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never seen before

While sleeping, a person's awareness:

is greatly diminished.

What is the result of extended periods of sympathetic arousal on an individual?

it can make an individual ill

Skinner's explanation of language could not fully explain how humans learn languages because:

it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.

In the context of humanistic-positive psychological theories of personality, which of the following statements is true of positive psychology?

it embraces and generates empirical research

According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than the optimum duration as long as:

it falls in the appropriate circadian circle.

identify a characteristics of creative intelligence

it includes the to come up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems

which of the following statements is true in the context of language development in infants?

it is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area

According to Freud's provinces of the human mind, which of the following is true about the id?

it is the part of our personality that we do not yet own; it owns or controls us

identify a true statement about prejudice

it operates both inside and outside a person's awareness

identify an accurate statement about the babbling stage of language development in humans

it overlaps with cooing

which of the following statements is true about cortisol?

it regulates the immune system by reducing the number of immune cells in the bloodstream.

Which of the following statements describes linguistic determinism hypothesis?

language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world

According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the:

latent level

display rules

learned norms or rules about when it's appropriate to express certain emotions

If Alex engages in innately guided learning, it suggests:

learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning.

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite?

leptin

according to Eder and R. Eisenberger (2008), when employees work at companies that care about their well-being, they are _____.

less likely to experience stress

Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests:

lysergic acid diethylamide-25.

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that:

males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

To do a ______, the researcher converts the findings of each study into a standardized statistic known as effect size.

meta-analysis

After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.

metacognitive

To study _______________, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word.

midlevel processing

According to the view of René Descartes regarding mind-body dualism, the _______.

mind controls the body

People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:

minimally conscious.

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?

modeling

When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, he/she is in a(n) ________ state.

moderately conscious

Research reveals that individuals exposed to high levels of testosterone in the womb are likely to be:

more attracted to women.

extrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises

intrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery and autonomy.

According to Karen Horney's psychological theory, neurotically ________ involves consistently needing or clinging to other people, belittling oneself, getting people to feel sorry for "poor little me," and almost completely repressing feelings of anger and hostility.

moving towards others

Removing foreign substances from the body through processes that are inborn refers to __________.

natural immunity

________ is a kind of conformity that occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure.

obedience

Conformity

occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms.

Linguists define human language as a(n) __________ and __________ communication system.

open; symbolic

Which of the following sexual phases do women often bypass altogether?

orgasm

Evolutionary psychologists propose that due to differences in ________________, men are more interested in short-term mating than are women.

parental investment

Informed consent to participate in a psychological study means that the:

participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits.

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation and is accompanied by physiological changes and arousal.

passion

Spending meaningful time

people naturally seek to expand their capacity. Engaging in more challenging and novel activities will result in a higher satisfaction.

Which of the following does Friedman and Rosenman Hypothesize about the Type A behavior pattern?

people who exhibit the TABP under provocation are at greater risk for heart disease than those who do not.

A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that:

people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer.

Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the:

phonological loop.

Dr. Singh, a scientist, wants to study how anxiety affects adolescents. For this purpose, he measures the electrical changes in their heart rates, their sweating and respiration patterns, as well as the hormonal changes in their blood. Which psychological measure has been used by Dr. Singh in this scenario?

physiological measures

The suprachiasmatic nucleus influences the release of melatonin by its effect on the:

pineal gland.

The major male sex hormone, testosterone, is produced by the _____________ glands.

pituitary

active destructive

pointing out only the negative

Efren is not thinking about his girlfriend at this very moment. However, someone asks him to describe her, and without much thought, he describes her eyes, hair, and smile. Thus, according to Freud's three levels of consciousness, this information about his girlfriend is likely to be stored in the ______ layer of Efren's consciousness.

preconscious

Due to its involvement in planning, impulse control, and working memory, the ______ of the human brain plays a role in the appraisal and reappraisal of emotion.

prefrontal cortex

Salama is known to be a happy and cheerful girl. However, ever since she met with a ski accident a few months ago, she has been showing major signs of depression. It is likely that the accident has damaged the ________ of her brain.

prefrontal cortex

The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage.

primary

When someone is determining whether an event is potentially harmful to him or her, he or she is involved in ______.

primary appraisalIn one of the methods to examine the relationship among genetics, behavior, and personality, behavioral geneticists look for the location of specific bits of DNA on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors. This method is referred to as the ___________.

Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex.

priming

Five percent is the most frequent choice made by psychological researchers, regarding an acceptable level of chance, and is referred to as the __________.

probability level

________ focuses attention on the stress-provoking situation, and people are most likely to use it when they think they can change the situation.

problem-focused coping

Convergence thinking

problems that have a known solution and require analytic thinking and use of learned strategies

Divergent thinking

problems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following psychological defense mechanisms applies to a situation where people deny and repress their own particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and direct them at others?

projection

Alan dislikes his elder brother, Sebastian, because he feels that his parents are partial toward him. He is always eager to pick a fight with Sebastian but he tells his friends that Sebastian does not like him and is always looking for ways to get back at him. According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, Alan's behavior best exemplifies

projection

Alan dislikes his elder brother, Sebastian, because he feels that his parents are partial toward him. He is always eager to pick a fight with Sebastian but he tells his friends that Sebastian does not like him and is always looking for ways to get back at him. According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, Alan's behavior best exemplifies ___________.

projection

In the context of verbal representations of one's thoughts and perceptions, the best-fitting example of a category is known as a(n) ______.

prototype

Hilda, a 6-month-old infant, has stopped using sounds that are not used in her native language. She loses the ability to perceive nonnative sounds as she grows up. This is known as:

pruning.

James has received training in medicine and has an MD degree; in addition to offering therapy he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a:

psychiatrist.

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's experiment with Little Albert showed that:

psychological studies can raise ethical issues.

In one of the methods to examine the relationship among genetics, behavior, and personality, behavioral geneticists look for the location of specific bits of DNA on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors. This method is referred to as the

quantitative trait loci approach

In one of the methods to examine the relationship among genetics, behavior, and personality, behavioral geneticists look for the location of specific bits of DNA on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors. This method is referred to as the ___________.

quantitative trait loci approach

Kamal often takes illicit drugs recreationally. Even though he knows it is illegal and potentially deadly, he says to himself, "I only do it once in a while, and I won't get caught or become addicted!" In order to reduce cognitive dissonance, Kamal is engaging in ________________.

rationalization

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, salivation is a ______, an automatic response to a particular stimulus (food) that requires no learning.

reflex

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior.

reinforcer

When do people respond easily to hypnosis?

relax

The _____ focuses on the physiological changes that occur when an individual encounters an excessively challenging situation.

response view of stress

In a classic study of sexual behavior and culture, Clellan Ford and Frank Beach categorized societies into ____________ societies.

restrictive, semirestrictive, and permissive

which of the following explains the word "syntax"?

rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences

A subset of a population is called a ___________.

sample

Gregory suffers a mild heart attack. His doctor tells him that his sedentary lifestyle is taking a toll on his body. Additionally, he suggests that Gregory must exercise and completely avoid ________.

saturated fats

___________ entails collecting observations, or data, from the real world and evaluating whether those data support our ideas or not.

science

According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the central executive will have trouble _____________ in people who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes.

screening out irrelevant information from the environment

Chen is attending a lecture where his professor requests all students to give their undivided attention to an important concept he intends to explain. The professor is actually interested in the students'________ attention.

selective

Which of the following creates gaps in attention and perception?

selective attention

Gita is spiritual, is in touch with her emotions, and is kind to others. According to Maslow's theory, Gita has most likely reached the level of ____________.

self-actualization

Emotions that require considering oneself in relation to the expectations of others are called _____ emotions.

self-conscious

Emotions that require considering oneself in relation to the expectations of others are called ________ emotions.

self-conscious

Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory.

senmatic

basic emotions

set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

A theory is defined as a:

set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made.

The normal human body temperature of 98.6° F is the _____ for that particular bodily system.

set point

Mike thinks that women should not be promoted to managerial positions because he feels that women lack management skills. His thinking is an example of ________________.

sexism

Which of the following emotions can only be experienced if a person possesses a sense of self and the ability to reflect on his own actions?

shames

With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that:

sleep changes throughout the night.

Meditation:

stabilize attention

affective traits

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses. sets threshold for occurrence of certain emotional states

In which stage of sleep do short periods of extremely fast and somewhat higher energy sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep?

stage 2

nicotines

stimulant

Tracy was bitten by her neighbor's dog, and now she will not go near any household pets. This is an example of ___________.

stimulus generalization

In which of the following approaches to psychology was introspection the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behavior?

structualism

While studying ______________ processing, researchers ask questions such as "Is the word in capital letters?"

structural

The feeling of being in love is attributed to:

subjective consciousness.

which of the following sets of hormones is consistently related to high levels of aggression?

testosterone and serotonin

ideational fluency

the ability to produce many ideas

emotional intelligence

the ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others and skills for regulating emotion in oneself and others

which of the following is a principle of language development?

the ability to understand words develops before the ability to produce words

Christopher is three years of age. which of the following will hold true in the context of his brain development?

the brain reaches about 80 percent of adult size

In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, none of the witnesses to her stabbing came to her aid. Psychologists later called this phenomenon ________________.

the bystander effect

subjective experience of emotion

the change sin the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses

emotion regulation

the cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions

Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day?

the cognitive theory

Social loafing occurs most likely as a result of ________________.

the diffusion of responsibility

sexual orientation

the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual) or both sexes (bisexual). thought to be caused by both biological and environmental exposures

motivation to succeed

the extent to which you really want to be successful

FOMO

the feeling or perception that others are having more fun, or living a better life than you

what does the Hassles and Uplifts Scale measure?

the frequency and intensity of minor irritations and positive events of daily life that may counteract their damaging effects

set point

the idea fixed setting of a particular physiological system such as internal body temperature

James-Lange theory of emotion

the idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience

fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective;

self-actualization

the inherent drive to realize one's full potential

Crystallized intelligence

the knowledge that one gains from experience, learning, education and practice

according to scientist, children employ the recency effect when learning language. It means that children usually tend to learn:

the last word in a sentence first

According to scientists, children employ the recency effect when learning languages. It means that children usually tend to learn:

the last word in a sentence first.

The fact that newborns and infants spend so much more time in REM sleep than adults has led some researchers to hypothesize that:

the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development.

According to Atkinson, the tendency to achieve includes all the following EXCEPT:

the need for affiliation.

metabolism

the rate at which we consume energy

According to Ekman's neurocultural theory of emotion, which of the following may be different across cultures?

the regulation of emotions in the presence of others

Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because:

the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.

The focus on ___________ is known as the stimulus view of stress.

the situations that cause stress

hostile expectation bias

the tendency to assume that people will react to potential conflicts with aggression

hostile attribution bias

the tendency to perceive hostile intent in others

hostile perception bias

the tendency to perceive social interactions as being aggressive

Esther took a science test on Monday. She took the same test again on Wednesday. Her intelligence quotient (IQ) scores on the test were different on both occasions. Even though the test items are correlated with each other, the science professor claims that the test did not adequately test the concept taught in the class. which of the following statements is true about the test?

the test has internal reliability

Psychoanalysis assumes that:

the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior.

motivation

the urge to move toward one's goals, to accomplish tasks

incentive value

the value of success at a task to an individual. stems from the importance of the task and the difficulty of the task

As one moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 sleep, an EEG will show the waves change from ________ to ________ waves.

theta; delta

According to the research done by Teresa Amabile and her colleagues, which of the following is true of companies that most successfully motivate their employees and inspire their creativity?

they create positive emotions in workers, such as satisfaction, pride, and elation

Creativity

thinking and behavior that is both novel, original, and useful

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.

unable to form new memories

In order for an association to form between them, the ____________ must be paired or presented very close together in time.

unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus

passive and constructive

understated support

Homeostasis is best described as the idea that:

unless provoked, all organisms operate at an even-keeled baseline state and return to the same state after stress.

Brian, 6 months of age, utters a string of single syllables yet to be recognized as words. With regard to the stages of language development, Brian is:

uttering gibberish.

What stage does wakefulness without awareness suggest?

vegatative

in the context of cultural views on intelligence, western cultures differ from African cultures in that western cultures emphasize:

verbal skills

As part of an experimental study on neuropeptides and their effect on emotions, Hilda administers a certain chemical to a group of teenagers, which has been chosen as the sample. The effects of this chemical include a feeling of elation and a need for affiliation. The group of teenagers considered for research exhibits a need to socialize more with the people on campus. Which of the following is the group of teenagers likely to have been given? A) Oxytocin B) Ghrelin C) Lutein D) Melanin

A

Constanza was given some doses of a neuropeptide as part of a research project. Ever since, she has felt an urge to help the poor people in her neighborhood and provide them with food and medicines. Which of the following parts of her brain structure is most likely responsible for her empathy toward others? A) Insula B) Right prefrontal cortex C) Olfactory tract D) Hypothalamus

A

Ivanna saw a couple of teenagers damage her porch with spray paint and graffiti. However, she did not express anger at the teenagers; instead, she just requested them to leave her property. In this situation, Ivanna chose _____________ to regulate her emotions. A) expressive-suppression B) reappraisal C) displacement D) reaction formation

A

Javier, Adriana, and Jon together set up a small event management startup after college. The startup later grows into a big firm with several branches spread across the country. Which of the following will be true for the firm? A) Intrinsic motivation for all employees will be higher during the early stages. B) Extrinsic motivation will lose its significance as the firm establishes itself. C) Intrinsic motivation will increase in importance over the life of the firm. D) Extrinsic motivation factors will be ineffective during the beginning phases.

A

Loreta, a 10-year-old girl, is a budding singer and, her parents ask her to showcase her talents every time they have guests at home. Loreta likes it when everybody praises her. Therefore, she attends classes and practices singing regularly. Which of the following is influencing her the most? A) Extrinsic motivation B) The need for affiliation C) The overjustification effect D) Intrinsic motivation

A

Paulo is trekking along a hillside when he comes across a bear. He is very frightened and tries to find the best way to escape. Which of the following systems is responsible for Paulo's emotional reaction in this scenario? A) The sympathetic nervous system B) The parasympathetic nervous system C) The immune system D) The cardiovascular system

A

Shane's father wants him to train as an investment banker and join the family business. Although Shane respects his father's opinion, he is very clear that he wants to be an author considering that he is extremely passionate about writing. Which of the following is guiding Shane's choice of profession? A) Intrinsic motivation B) Extrinsic motivation C) Altruism D) Peer pressure

A

Who among the following best exemplifies an individual motivated by perceived organizational support? A) James' sales efforts have doubled after his team hosted a dinner party for acquiring an important contract. B) Rafaela loves her work because it gives her the opportunity to travel and meet new people. C) Alexandro does not like his job much, but he continues because it pays well and he needs the money. D) Julia sets herself high targets each month because she receives a commission on every sale, in addition to her salary.

A

According to Ekman's description, which of the following best describes an emotion family?

A broad category, such as fear, consists of specific emotions like anxiety and nervousness.

Which of the following best describes habituation?

A change in response that stems from experience

As indicated by research, which of the following physiological changes are seen when a confession occurs?

A decrease in sympathetic nervous system activation making a person revert to a relaxed state

_____ is the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare.

Appraisal

is the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare.

Appraisal

Which of the following is a criterion used to assess the reliability of an intelligence test?

Are the results obtained by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?

When the UCS precedes the neutral stimulus

As per the criteria laid out by Pavlov, in which of the following instances is stimulus-response conditioning between unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) LEAST likely to occur?

When do babies express one-word utterances?

At the end of the babbling stage

Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?

Attending to a stimulus

What does mindfulness meditation encourage?

Attention to the details of momentary experience

active and constructive

Authentic, enthusiastic, supportive

Which of the following is an essential factor in intrinsic motivation?

Autonomy

As part of a research to record the effects of sensory deprivation, Aurelia has been locked up in a dark room for four consecutive days. Post the sensory deprivation experiment, which of the following results are most likely to be observed in Aurelia? A) She will likely to emerge refreshed and energetic. B) She is likely to experience hallucinations. C) She is likely to be able to concentrate better after the experiment. D) Her cognitive abilities are likely to increase twofold.

B

Eun Sun is a young and enthusiastic intern in a law firm and puts a lot of effort into her work. Her boss, however, never appreciates her work; he rather increases her workload every time she submits something for his approval. Though she is quite content with the nature of the work and the pay, Eun Sun is personally discontent with the work culture. On the basis of these factors, which of the following is most likely true of Eun Sun? A) Eun Sun lacks intrinsic motivation. B) Eun Sun lacks perceived organizational support. C) Eun Sun lacks extrinsic motivation. D) Eun Sun lacks both intrinsic and organizational support.

B

Gita is spiritual, is in touch with her emotions, and is kind to others. According to Maslow's theory, Gita has most likely reached the level of ____________. A) egocentrism B) self-actualization C) reaction formation D) expressive suppression

B

Jason believes that the best way to motivate his employees is through increments and promotions. However, Sara believes that the best way to motivate employees is by letting employees come up with their own ideas and creating scope for challenging and interesting tasks at work. On the basis of their characteristics, it can be said that Jason believes in ______ model of motivation, whereas Sarah believes in ______ model of motivation. A) intrinsic; extrinsic B) extrinsic; intrinsic perceived C) organizational support; intrinsic D) extrinsic; perceived organizational support

B

Juliana, an independent stakeholder of a pharmaceutical company, has a very competitive spirit toward business. She works toward excellence in all that she does, and she makes effort to overcome her shortcomings. She usually sets targets for herself and aims to better her previous best. Considering these characteristics, which of the following is Juliana said to be expressing? A) The need to belong B) The need to excel C) The need for association D) The need for affiliation

B

Lawrence is part of his school's soccer team. According to the theories of Yerkes and Dodson, in which of the following games is Lawrence likely to perform his best? A) A practice game at the beginning of the season, with no fans present B) A midseason game against an equally skilled team, with several fans present C) A championship game against his team's rival, with the arena filled with screaming fans D) A high-energy finale against an aggressive opponent with absolutely no support from fans

B

Veata feels her stomach growling for food while she is attempting a math test. Which of the following hormones is most likely responsible for stimulating Veata's hunger and need for food? A) Orexin B) Ghrelin C) Insulin D) Leptin

B

Which of the following is most likely true of Amara, whose amygdala was damaged during a car accident? A) She cannot experience the emotion of happiness. B) She has a difficult time expressing fear and its related emotions. C) She cannot concentrate for a long period of time. D) She is completely unemotional.

B

Which of the following is true of homeostasis? A) It is central to the idea of drive augmentation. B) It pertains to the idea of maintaining physiological balance. C) It argues that humans are motivated to be in situations that are neither too stimulating nor not stimulating enough. D) It is based on the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance.

B

Which of the following people is motivated by an extrinsic factor? A) Salma opted out of a corporate job and started her own business so that she could work independently. B) Kim decides to help her mother do the dishes after Kim is promised a candy for doing it. C) Though most people find it difficult, Debbie enjoys learning Japanese because it gives her a sense of personal accomplishment. D) Despite her fear of heights, Becky indulges in mountain climbing because she loves the challenge of overcoming her fear. References

B

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?

B lymphocytes

Which of the following is considered impractical for large-scale studies?

Behavioral measures

Who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language?

Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir

who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language?

Benjamin Whorf and Edward Spair

Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of an animal's instincts, or natural predispositions, on their ability to learn?

Biological constraints will make some behaviors more or less likely to be learned.

Which of the following is true about the effect of Botox on emotions?

Botox can affect one's ability to read emotions in others.

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

Bridgette wants her parents to buy her the latest music CD because all her friends have it.

How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?

By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses

Which of the following best describes free radicals?

By-products of oxygen metabolism.

Edwin saw a gang of teenagers throw stones at his car. He saw the damage this caused and became very angry. He chased the teens, and although he could not get hold of them, he was able to recognize them. Edwin knew that it would be better to seek compensation for the damage done, rather than trying to retaliate. He reported the incident to the police, and swore he would sue the parents of the boys to make them pay for the damages to the car. Which of the following was the antecedent event in Edwin's emotion-charged situation? A) Becoming angry B) Chasing the teens C) Seeing the teens throw stones at his car D) Being unsuccessful in catching the teens

C

Salama is known to be a happy and cheerful girl. However, ever since she met with a ski accident a few months ago, she has been showing major signs of depression. It is likely that the accident has damaged the ____________ of her brain. A) corpus callosum B) olfactory lobe C) prefrontal cortex D) uncus

C

Who among the following would be considered obese? A) Ahmed's body mass index (BMI) is 15. B) Abiba has body mass index (BMI) of 24. C) Bai's body mass index (BMI) is 32. D) Feng has a body mass index (BMI) of 26.

C

Of the following personality questionnaires, the ____________ is a measure of nonpathological or normal personality traits such as sociability, responsibility, dominance, or self-control.

California personality inventory.

Identify the theorist whose signature idea was that the unconscious has two distinct forms, namely personal and collective.

Carl Jung

______ is the immune response that occurs when T lymphocytes fight antigens.

Cellular immunity

four steps that can be taken to minimize FOMO.

Change your focus Keep a journal Seek out real connections Focus on gratitude

Which of the following best describes child-directed speech?

Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

_____________ was the first modern thinker to formally propose that facial expressions reveal different emotions.

Charles Darwin

Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language?

Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.

_________________ is the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at odds with one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person.

Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone?

Conjunction fallacy

Which of the following is true of the relationship between the central nervous system and immune system?

Connections between the central nervous system and immune system are bidirectional.

Adriana joined a weight loss program after reading an advertisement in the newspaper. According to the study by Wing and Jeffery, which of the following will increase her chances of losing weight during the program? A) Drinking only a few glasses of water everyday B) Eating each meal as fast as possible C) Cutting down food intake to one meal a day D) Enrolling with friends who can provide social support

D

Jenita has just entered middle school. Although a shy adolescent by nature, she has a great desire to make friends and be accepted in school. Therefore, she decides to be more open to making new friends and maintaining cordial relationships with her classmates. On the basis of Jenita's actions, which of the following is he expressing? A) The need for achievement B) The need to excel C) The need to be motivated D) The need for affiliation

D

Rajesh heads the creative team at an advertising company. The members of his team comprise artists and designers who are expected to be quite creative and time conscious in order to deliver campaigns on time. Which of the following will help Rajesh in making sure that the campaigns are inspired by creativity? A) Rajesh should try to hire people of similar backgrounds as it will help them in being more creative. B) Rajesh should refrain from eliciting and championing ideas from anyone in the company. C) Rajesh should choose executives who think they are the only source of good ideas. D) Rajesh should have managers who know when to put controls on the creative process and when not to.

D

Rebecca was extremely jealous of her brother earning a full college scholarship, yet she knew she had to act happy for him. Her behavior is an example of ____________. A) vicarious reinforcement B) reappraisal C) the Yerkes-Dodson laws D) display rules

D

Which of the following individuals is NOT expressing a basic emotion? A) Sarita is happy that she got an A grade on her final exam. B) Jessica is surprised that she got a C grade on her final exam. C) Kevin is disgusted that he got a D grade on his final exam. D) Billy is ashamed that he got an F grade on his final exam.

D

Which of the following is an example of a self-conscious emotion? A) Feeling surprised after receiving a gift B) Feeling ashamed after being caught lying C) Feeling happy after winning a prize D) Feeling disgusted after looking at stale food

D

Which of the following people is motivated by an intrinsic factor? A) Though he dislikes sales, Roberto takes up a sales job hoping to become a manager in his company. B) Kim resolves to stay less active on social media for a month prior to her exams in order to get a good grade. C) Jean works hard to learn a computer program she dislikes because she knows it can increase her chances of a promotion. D) Despite her fear of heights, Donna begins mountain climbing because she loves the challenge of overcoming her fear.

D

Who among the following would be considered overweight, but not obese? A) Chloe's BMI is 15. B) Salma has a BMI of 36. C) Chao's BMI is 32. D) Maria has a BMI of 27.

D

Yousuf has just moved to a new city to look for work. According to Maslow's theory, which of the following needs will he seek to fulfill first?

Food

_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic.

Delirium tremens

____________ can be defined as measures that are used to describe and summarize research.

Descriptive statistics

Which of the following is true of dieting?

Dieting, particularly in the pattern of losing and regaining weight, can alter immune function.

Which of the following is generally associated with "stomach sensations" across cultures?

Disgust

Which of the following is true about dispositional attributions?

Dispositional attributions are otherwise known as internal attributions.

According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), which of the following terms best implies that a behavior is not wanted and causes stress for either the person suffering from it or the individual's family, friends, and social contacts?

Distressing

What produce does William stern use to determine a person's intelligence score?

Dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100

Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of _____.

Down syndrome

Which of the following explains inductive reasoning?

Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

What does the AIM theory argue?

Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity.

Which of the following statements is true of dreams?

Dreams can occur in non-REM stage

Which of the following pushes us into action?

Drive

neurocultural theory of emotion

Ekman's explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated withe motion, are universal and other such as emotion regulation are culturally derived

Which of the following coping strategies aims to regulate the experience of distress?

Emotion-focused coping

Martha, recently widowed, is a young working mother who remains stressed for a major part of the day. Loneliness, professional pressure, and the need to single-handedly look after her toddler are making her distraught. She visits a psychiatrist who instructs her to write about a traumatic emotional experience she recently had but could not share with anyone. She gives her fifteen minutes to do the same. In this scenario, which of the following technique is Martha's psychiatrist employing?

Emotional disclosure

In the context of emotional responses, what are display rules?

Emotional responses dictated by society

Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma?

Emotional responsiveness

Which of the following is true when viewing emotions from an evolutionary perspective?

Emotions are adaptations to particular problems in our ancestral past.

Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies?

Endocannabinoids

The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because:

Environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are.

conducted some of the earliest research in perception and laid the groundwork for what later became known as psychophysics.

Ernst Weber

Eun Sun is a young and enthusiastic intern in a law firm and puts a lot of effort into her work. Her boss, however, never appreciates her work; he rather increases her workload every time she submits something for his approval. Though she is quite content with the nature of the work and the pay, Eun Sun is personally discontent with the work culture. On the basis of these factors, which of the following is most likely true of Eun Sun?

Eun Sun lacks perceived organizational support.

Which of the following is true of food habits?

Food habits and preferences are shaped by the culture in which a person lives.

Eun Sun is a young and enthusiastic intern in a law firm and puts a lot of effort into her work. Her boss, however, never appreciates her work; he rather increases her workload every time she submits something for his approval. Though she is quite content with the nature of work and the pay, Eun Sun is personally discontent with the work culture. On the basis of these factors, which of the following is most likely true of Eun Sun?

Eun Sun lacks perceived organizational support.

Which of the following best describes secondary appraisal?

Evaluating the resources available to cope with stress

In the context of evolution of language in humans, what do scientists think about the development of grammatical language?

Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.

According to Masters and Johnson, which of the following is the correct sequence of human sexual responses in the ascending order of occurrence?

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Three factors involved developing initial attraction

Exposure, similarities, associative mating

Gratitude

Expressing gratitude for other results in higher regard for the friend and more comfort voicing relationship concerns between eachother.

Loreta, a 10-year-old girl, is a budding singer and, her parents ask her to showcase her talents every time they have guests at home. Loreta likes it when everybody praises her. Therefore, she attends classes and practices singing regularly. Which of the following is influencing her the most?

Extrinsic Motivation

Loreta, a 10-year-old girl, is a budding singer and, her parents ask her to showcase her talents every time they have guests at home. Loreta likes it when everybody praises her. Therefore, she attends classes and practices singing regularly. Which of the following is influencing her the most?

Extrinsic motivation

Which of the following is an example of a self-conscious emotion?

Feeling disgusted after looking at stale food

Which of the following physiological conditions is generally associated with the emotion of fear?

Feeling weak in the knees

A factory pays its employees on Wednesdays, and on Thursdays employee productivity seems to be a little slow. The productivity gradually increases over the week and reaches its peak on Wednesday. This is an example of which of the following types of schedules?

Fixed-interval schedule

Which of the following is NOT one of G. Stanley Hall's achievements?

He coined the term psychophysics.

Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true?

He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.

What was Lewis Terman's contribution to intelligence testing?

He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test.

What happens when there is a sustained physiological activation in response to stress?

Heart rate and blood pressure remain elevated.

According to the optimal arousal model of motivation, which of the following is true?

High arousal leads to poor performance.

Which of the following is an example of prejudice?

Hilda says that all women should be able to cook

Which of the following is true of the personality dimensions across species?

Horses high in neuroticism are most susceptible to pain.

According to the cardiovascular (CVR) model, which of the following is true of Type A personalities who display hostile tendencies?

Hostility increase the likelihood of heart disease through at least two causal routes

According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true?

Language influences rather than determines our thinking.

Which of the following statements reflects Skinner's belief on language?

Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped.

Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit?

Operant conditioning

As part of an experimental study on neuropeptides and their effect on emotions, Hilda administers a certain chemical to a group of teenagers, which has been chosen as the sample. The effects of this chemical include a feeling of elation and a need for affiliation. The group of teenagers considered for research exhibits a need to socialize more with the people on campus. Which of the following is the group of teenagers likely to have been given?

Oxytocin

Down syndrome

Pauline was born with a chromosomal disorder. She was diagnosed to have three rather than two number 21 chromosomes. She also suffered from learning disabilities. Her intellectual disability is a result of __________.

According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English?

She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.

Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. From a scientific viewpoint, why was it important for Dr. Ariana to randomly assign the players to wear new or old uniforms?

She wanted to ensure that each player had an equal chance of wearing the new or old uniform.

What are the 3 main challenges facing relationships today

Substance abuse Intimate partner violence internet online

The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles.

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which of the following is an attentional process that helps determine the contents of consciousness at any given moment in time?

Sustained attention

Which of the following fight antigens through the process of cellular immunity?

T lymphocytes

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of emotion-focused coping?

Taking assertive action

Which of the following holds true of the brain?

Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep.

Which hormone plays a key role in determining the ability to perform better on tests of spatial ability for men, women, and animals?

Testosterone

According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times?

Texting

Social exchange theory

That its values of benefits and costs of each relationship determine whether or not we continue our social association

which of the following is true for the commonly-used intelligence tests?

The Stanford-binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect?

The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.

divergent thinking

The ability to generate original ideas or develop a novel solution to problems is known as __________.

corpus callosum

The absence of a ___________ means that information processed in one of the brain's hemispheres cannot be communicated to the other hemisphere. This is a condition sometimes observed in savants.

What happens when one switches from one simple task to another?

The amount of lost time is low.

According to the study conducted by Rosenberg et al, what did the study on coronary patients undergoing the Type A Structured Interview show?

The blood supply to the heart muscles was more likely to be obstructed when patients displayed facial expressions of anger.

The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw pleasant films after the fear film.

The blood supply to the heart muscles was more likely to be obstructed when patients displayed facial expressions of anger.

According to Hans Selye, what happens when an animal is alarmed?

The body's resources are mobilized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system

According to Hans Selye, what happens when an animal is alarmed?

The body's resources are mobilized by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Christopher is three years of age. Which of the following will hold true in the context of his brain development?

The brain reaches about 80 percent of adult size.

Which of the following would most likely be studied by a student of affective neuroscience?

The brain regions involved in emotions

. neurons; myelin

The brains of creative people have both more connections between ___________ and more ___________ than less creative people.

Dan, a 60-year-old, feels lonely and finds it distressing to do even the most mundane of things. Compounding his problem is the fact that his children have grown up, moved out, and have lives of their own. He has recently started socializing with his neighbors and also begun sharing his emotional troubles. Which of the following best explains Dan's method of dealing with stress?

The buffering hypothesis

What did Fredrickson and Levenson find in their experiments that required participants to watch movies eliciting different emotions?

The cardiovascular activation elicited by the fear film returned to baseline levels more quickly in people who saw pleasant films after the fear film.

According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them?

The growth of new neurons was inhibited.

Which of the following regions of the brain plays a crucial role in sexual arousal?

The hypothalamus

Which of the following are the key structures in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress response?

The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands

Stanford-Binet test

The intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman is known as the __________.

interaction of genes with environmental forces can shape gene expression

The interpretation that genetics influences intelligence to such an extent that one's IQ levels are determined at conception is held erroneous because __________.

Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development?

The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.

Which of the following statements would be true about a sleeping person?

The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli.

Which of the following must occur for a minority to change the majority view?

The minority must present an unwavering message.

Jenita has just entered middle school. Although a shy adolescent by nature, she has a great desire to make friends and be accepted in her peer group in school. Therefore, she decides to be more open to making new friends and maintaining cordial relationships with her classmates. On the basis of Jenita's actions, which of the following needs is she primarily expressing?

The need for affiliation

Jenita has just entered middle school. Although a shy adolescent by nature, she has a great desire to make friends and be accepted in school. Therefore, she decides to be more open to making new friends and maintaining cordial relationships with her classmates. On the basis of Jenita's actions, which of the following is he expressing?

The need for affiliation

Which of the following is true with regard to second-language learning and the brain?

The neural density enhances if one learns the second language earlier in childhood and adolescence.

Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What is the dependent variable in Dr. Adriana's study?

The number of goals scored

A company that produces a sports drink hires a popular and successful tennis player to promote its product. It runs television, radio, and web commercials featuring the athlete winning tennis matches, and consuming the sports drink. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements is true?

The perceived credibility of the athlete enhances the credibility of the product.

While studying the interplay of stress and social connectedness in people's susceptibility to the common cold, what were the results of Cohen's research?

The perception of stress predicted whether or not a person developed a cold.

Which of the following describes the interrelation of concentration and attention?

The perceptual load model

Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior?

The perceptual load theory

Which of the following holds true when a person is fully awake?

The person can experience vacillating consciousness.

which of the following necessitates a reduction in the food intake of people living in industrialized nations today?

The prevalence of sedentary lifestyles

According to Ekman's neurocultural theory of emotion, which of the following may be different across cultures?

The regulation of emotions in the presence of others

Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second?

There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.

The mean score of a batch of students for the midterm exam was 78.2, and the standard deviation was 15.8. The batch's mean score on the final exam was 81.3, with a standard deviation of 4.5. Based on these statistics, which of the following can be interpreted?

There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than of the final exam.

Which of the following is true about brain waves?

Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves.

Which of the following is generally true of incentives?

They are an external motivating factor.

Which statement best describes the term descriptive designs?

They are design studies in which a researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything.

Which of the following is true of mental representations?

They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing

Which of the following is true of mental representations

They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.

Identify an accurate statement about scientific theories.

They are not facts.

The ability to solve problems of everyday life

Which of the following refers to practical intelligence?

Applying test results in an impartial way

Which of the following refers to test fairness?

The process by which the human body achieves stability through physiological change is known as __________.

allostasis

_________________ refers to a selfless concern for and giving of aid to others.

altruism

The part of the brain that plays a pivotal role in quick appraisals during threatening or fear-inducing situation is the ___________

amygdala

A study by neuroscientist Gert Holstege and his colleagues shows that the _____ of women's brains are deactivated while they experience orgasm.

amygdala and hippocampus

A study by neuroscientist Gert Holstege and his colleagues shows that the _____________ of women's brains are deactivated while they experience orgasm.

amygdala and hippocampus

reappraisal

an emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results

expectation of success

an individual's evaluation of the likelihood of succeeding at a task

Divergent thinking requires ______ intelligence.

analytical

The _____ region of the brain is active when people either recall or imagine emotional experiences.

anterior cingulate cortex

The ______ region of the brain is active when people either recall or imagine emotional experiences.

anterior cingulate cortex

Any foreign substance that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ______.

antigen

According to Cynthia Hazan and Phillip Shaver, adults who fall under the _________________ style of infant-caregiver attachment system tend to have less satisfying relationships, are more preoccupied with them, and fear that their partners do not want the intimacy they desire.

anxious

incentive

any external object or event that motivates behavior

in the context of language development, which of the following statements is true of the communication styles in apes?

apes in the wild tend to communicate only what they want other apes to do, not their internal states

The industrial side of industrial/organizational psychology:

applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance.

By saying the exact same sentence in almost every language, it can be demonstrated that the connection between sound and meaning is:

arbitrary.

The following is an excerpt from an in-depth paper Dr. Smith, a therapist, wrote about her client: "Irene experienced the loss of her parents at an early age. She is now 36, divorced, and has two children. Irene has difficulty maintaining steady employment. Eight months ago, she was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Irene is responding well to an experimental antidepressant and to cognitive behavioral therapy. She has a hopeful prognosis." This research method can be best termed as a(n) ___________.

case study

A weakness of facial muscles and muscles in limbs that people experience with narcolepsy is:

cataplexy.

With respect to verbal representation of one's thoughts, a _________ is a concept that organizes other concepts around what they all share in common

category

Judgments about whether one thing causes another thing are known as ______.

causal inferences

Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of _____.

cerebral toxins

How to minimize fomo

change focus keep a journal seek out real connections focus on gratitude

A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness.

comatose

Multitasking _____ learning.

compromises

In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific.

concept hierachy

Juan, a psychologist, is studying participants' perceptions of the attractiveness of several deodorants in a laboratory. However, as he conducts his study, people are cooking their lunches in the cafeteria nearby, and the smells of onions and fish are making their way into the laboratory. Juan should stop his experiment for the day because the odors of the food is most likely a __________.

confounding variable

When there is an abundance of food:

consumption of fatty foods becomes a liability rather than a benefit.

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.

Everyday fresh is a retail outlet that sells its products at a discounted rate. It expands its product base to a new division that primarily sells stationery. Jason buys a set of pencils and erasers and assumes that these products must have a discount too. This kind of reasoning is said to be ______.

deductive reasoning

In a descriptive research design, a researcher will:

define a problem and variable of interest.

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______.

extinction

Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is:

extremely drunk

After being appreciated for her recent presentation at work, Hea Jung is keen on putting in a lot more effort for her next presentation. Through her presentation skills, she is determined to impress her boss and colleagues once again. Hea Jung's behavior is being influenced by ______.

extrinsic motivation

Tom, a 10-year-old, plays the drums very well. His instructor gives him a candy every time he plays a drum pattern correctly and on time. Tom regularly practices drum patterns and strives to excel in it. This scenario shows that Tom is influenced by ________.

extrinsic motivation

Jason believes that the best way to motivate his employees is through increments and promotions. However, Sara believes that the best way to motivate employees is by letting employees come up with their own ideas and creating scope for challenging and interesting tasks at work. On the basis of their characteristics, it can be said that Jason believes in ______ model of motivation, whereas Sarah believes in ______ model of motivation.

extrinsic; intrinsic

If we get too hot, we sweat to cool off. If we get too cold, we shiver to warm up. This is part of the human body's mechanism to maintain ____________.

homeostasis

Yuan insulted Sylvia, who got really mad and slapped him. Sylvia's aggression is labeled ________________.

hostile

Tamara complains that her husband can actually sleep anywhere and anytime. He can sleep for more than 10 hours a day, notwithstanding the fact that he even dozes off during meals and in the middle of conversations. If Tamara's husband visits the doctor, the doctor is most likely to diagnose his problem as ______.

hypersomnia

The ________ links the nervous system to parts of the endocrine system relevant to emotions.

hypothalamus

According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis.

linguistic determinism

Chao, a sales executive in Shanghai, works for Vitte Glass House, which is headquartered at California. Richard, the global head for sales and marketing from California, visits Shanghai to discuss future sales plans. During the presentation, Richard uses ideas that are difficult to directly communicate in Chinese. Chao has certain queries but cannot put them into words because he is unable to translate them into English. This dilemma is best explained by the:

linguistic determinism hypothesis

Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness?

mediation

Fatema is a marketing head based in New York who is required to travel a lot. She is even required to travel frequently across Asian and African countries for short periods of time. The disruptive effects of jet travel make her disoriented, groggy, irritable, and fatigued. If she visits her doctor, which of the following will most likely be prescribed for her?

melatonin

Parental investment theory explains why

men are more eager to engage in casual sexual encounters than women

Parental investment theory explains why ____________

men are more eager to engage in casual sexual encounters than women

Parental investment theory explains why ____________.

men are more eager to engage in casual sexual encounters than women

Following the birth of his baby brother, five-year-old Ermen feels that he is no longer the center of his parents' attention. He resents this fact, but he is unable to express his dislike for his sibling for fear of being reprimanded. When Ermen is left to take care of his baby brother, he often resorts to hurting him but shows intense affection toward the baby in the presence of his family. According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, this is an example of ___________.

reaction formation

What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate?

real activity brain experience

During a poetry recitation, Jordan remembers only the last word of every line recited. When asked to recall what was said, he is unable to remember the words recited at the beginning of any line. This is an example of the:

recency effect

Aggression

refers to violent behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm

_________________ theory says that individuals help others because such behavior can be rewarding, but they will help only if the rewards will outweigh the costs.

soIn which of the following methods of personality assessment are participants provided an ambiguous stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see? Projective testscial exchanges

which of the following is true about attributions?

social psychologist Fritz Heider made an important distinction between internal and external attributions

The direct effects hypothesis states that:

social support is beneficial to mental and physical health of a person whether or not the person is under stress.

Thinking outside the box implies that _____.

solutions can be found by looking at a problem from a new perspective

universal

something that is common among all human beings

Jennifer says that she is good at solving problems which require her to navigate and visualize objects from different angles. Jennifer has a high level of:

spatial intelligence

False memories are an example of:

suggestibility.

According to Freud, the ____________ develops around age 2 or 3 and helps us acknowledge what is right and what is wrong.

superego

According to the evolutionary model of motivation, the major motives of living organisms involve ______.

survival and reproduction needs and drives

According to the evolutionary model of motivation, the biological purpose of any living organism is to _____.

survive and perpetuate itself

drives

the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension

The "goodness" or "badness" of stress depends on _____.

the perception of stress

emotional response

the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

homeostasis

the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point

Which of the following theories assumes that dispositions are the major force behind personality?

trait theory

Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called ______.

transcranial direct current stimulation

self-conscious emotions

types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions, occur as a result of ability to meet expectations

Anna and Johanna visit their hometown after a long time. They are disappointed to find the old local library razed to erect a mall. Johanna remarks that she still has such fond memories associated with the library that she vividly remembers how the librarian greeted them on every visit, and how she used to look forward to the arrival of new books every month. This is an example of:

visual imagery

What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator?

visual imagery

The parasympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system (ANS) is activated when ____________.

we experience amusement or happiness

The parasympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system (ANS) is activated when ___________

we experience amusement or happpiness