PSY Chapter 2
What is the process where structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning?
Neuroplasticity
Autonomic Nervous System
Organs, glands, involuntary muscles
Spinal Cord
Pathway connect brain and peripheral nervous system
GABA
Sleep and movement (inhibitory)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Sleep, mood, anxiety, appetite (excitatory/inhibitory)
Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid filled substance called the
Synaptic Gap
Spoken language is controlled by the ____ hemisphere of the brain?
left
Pineal Gland
located in back of brain, secretes melatonin helps with sleep cycle
Pituatary Gland
located in brain below hypothalamus
Thyroid Gland
located in the side of neck, growth and metabolism (thyroxin)
Walking, raising hands, smelling a flower is using the
somatic nervous system
Damage the medulla could likely cause problems with which of the following function?
swallowing
Active if you had an automobile accident
sympathetic division
Parasympathetic Division
restoring body to normal functioning after stressful situation
Right and Left part of the brains processing info difference
right: info all at once left: breaks into parts
Gonads
sex glands (ovaries, testes)
CT scan
shows stroke damage, tumors, injuries, abnormal brain structure
When you touch a hot stove and pull your hand away this is because of
reflex arc
Scientists investigate the use of stem cells to
repair damage or diseased brain tissue
EEG
(1924 Hans Burger) sleep, seizures, tumors,
Types of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, GABA, Glutamate, Endorphins
The venom of a black widow spider acts like an______ by mimicking the effect of acetylcholine
Agonist
Acetylcholine
Arousal, attention, memory, muscle contractions(Excitatory/Inhibitory)
Norepinephrine
Arousal, mood (excitatory)
Central Nervous system is made up of
Brain and Spinal Cord
Functional MRI
Changes in O2 levels (fMRI Alzheimer's)
Dopamine (DA)
Control of movement and sensations of pleasure (Excitatory)
Associated with pain relief
Endorphins
Brain
Interprets and stores info, sends orders around body
Glutamate
Learning, memory, nervous system develp, synaptic plasticity (Excitatory)
Hormones
The chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Peripheral Nervous system
Transmits information to and from central nervous system
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary muscles of the nervous system
exhaustion
When body's resources are gone
Neurons
a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses
The first identified neurotransmitter was
acetylcholine
The neurons of the sensory pathway contain
afferent neurons
resistance
alarm lessens
general adaption syndrome
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Neurons fire in a ________ fashion
all-or-none
lessioning studies
animals, damage part of brain to study effects
Which part of the neuron carries messages to the other cells?
axon
single photon emission commuted tomography (SPECT)
brain blood flow (more easily obtainable radioactive tracers)
Not having to consciously think about muscle tone, balance, or posture is due to the roll of the
cerebellum
ADHD is most commonly diagnosed in
children
Pancreas
controls level of blood sugar
brain stimulation
current does no damage to neurons
Components of a neuron
dendrites, soma, axon
MRI provides more ______ than at CT scan
detail
positron emission tomography (PET)
different levels of brain activity- energy consumption
Neurotransmitters
endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission (transmit signals across a chemical synapse)
Myelin
fatty substance that insulates axon and speeds up transition of neural message
Damage to the cerebellum could likely result in the malfunction of
fine motor movement
Endocrine Glands
have no ducts and secrete their chemicals directly into blood stream
Sympathetic Division
helping the body deal with stress
If the pancreas secretes too much insulin, it results in a condition known as
hypoglycemia
Greater amounts of corticalization, or wrinkling, in the cortex is associated with
increase in brain size and complexity
alarm
increased heart rate, blood pressure, and supply of blood sugar (fever nausea headache)
Schwann Cells
insulate (myelinate) individual nerve fibers (axons)
MRI
magnetic, detailed , doctors can see effects of very small strokes
Agonist
mimic the effects of neurotransmitters naturally found in the human brain
Ability to reach and pick up a book is due to the functions of the ______ pathway of the _______ nervous system
motor, somatic
When a neuron's resting potential is occurring the neuron is ______ charged on the inside
negative
The charge inside the ion of a neuron is____ and the outside is ________
negative, positive
The brain is primarily composed of two different kinds of cells
neurons and glial cells
Glial Cell
non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons
After suffering from a concussion, Raymond began having trouble with his vision. Which area was damaged?
occipital lobes
adrenal glands
one on top of each kidney, release epinephrine and norepinephrine to relieve stress
Endorphins
pain relief (Inhibitory)
oligodendrocytes
produce milen type of glial cell
Antagonist
they block the brain's neurotransmitters
