PSY Chapter 2

What is the process where structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning?

Neuroplasticity

Autonomic Nervous System

Organs, glands, involuntary muscles

Spinal Cord

Pathway connect brain and peripheral nervous system

GABA

Sleep and movement (inhibitory)

Serotonin (5-HT)

Sleep, mood, anxiety, appetite (excitatory/inhibitory)

Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid filled substance called the

Synaptic Gap

Spoken language is controlled by the ____ hemisphere of the brain?

left

Pineal Gland

located in back of brain, secretes melatonin helps with sleep cycle

Pituatary Gland

located in brain below hypothalamus

Thyroid Gland

located in the side of neck, growth and metabolism (thyroxin)

Walking, raising hands, smelling a flower is using the

somatic nervous system

Damage the medulla could likely cause problems with which of the following function?

swallowing

Active if you had an automobile accident

sympathetic division

Parasympathetic Division

restoring body to normal functioning after stressful situation

Right and Left part of the brains processing info difference

right: info all at once left: breaks into parts

Gonads

sex glands (ovaries, testes)

CT scan

shows stroke damage, tumors, injuries, abnormal brain structure

When you touch a hot stove and pull your hand away this is because of

reflex arc

Scientists investigate the use of stem cells to

repair damage or diseased brain tissue

EEG

(1924 Hans Burger) sleep, seizures, tumors,

Types of neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, GABA, Glutamate, Endorphins

The venom of a black widow spider acts like an______ by mimicking the effect of acetylcholine

Agonist

Acetylcholine

Arousal, attention, memory, muscle contractions(Excitatory/Inhibitory)

Norepinephrine

Arousal, mood (excitatory)

Central Nervous system is made up of

Brain and Spinal Cord

Functional MRI

Changes in O2 levels (fMRI Alzheimer's)

Dopamine (DA)

Control of movement and sensations of pleasure (Excitatory)

Associated with pain relief

Endorphins

Brain

Interprets and stores info, sends orders around body

Glutamate

Learning, memory, nervous system develp, synaptic plasticity (Excitatory)

Hormones

The chemicals secreted by endocrine glands

Peripheral Nervous system

Transmits information to and from central nervous system

Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary muscles of the nervous system

exhaustion

When body's resources are gone

Neurons

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses

The first identified neurotransmitter was

acetylcholine

The neurons of the sensory pathway contain

afferent neurons

resistance

alarm lessens

general adaption syndrome

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Neurons fire in a ________ fashion

all-or-none

lessioning studies

animals, damage part of brain to study effects

Which part of the neuron carries messages to the other cells?

axon

single photon emission commuted tomography (SPECT)

brain blood flow (more easily obtainable radioactive tracers)

Not having to consciously think about muscle tone, balance, or posture is due to the roll of the

cerebellum

ADHD is most commonly diagnosed in

children

Pancreas

controls level of blood sugar

brain stimulation

current does no damage to neurons

Components of a neuron

dendrites, soma, axon

MRI provides more ______ than at CT scan

detail

positron emission tomography (PET)

different levels of brain activity- energy consumption

Neurotransmitters

endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission (transmit signals across a chemical synapse)

Myelin

fatty substance that insulates axon and speeds up transition of neural message

Damage to the cerebellum could likely result in the malfunction of

fine motor movement

Endocrine Glands

have no ducts and secrete their chemicals directly into blood stream

Sympathetic Division

helping the body deal with stress

If the pancreas secretes too much insulin, it results in a condition known as

hypoglycemia

Greater amounts of corticalization, or wrinkling, in the cortex is associated with

increase in brain size and complexity

alarm

increased heart rate, blood pressure, and supply of blood sugar (fever nausea headache)

Schwann Cells

insulate (myelinate) individual nerve fibers (axons)

MRI

magnetic, detailed , doctors can see effects of very small strokes

Agonist

mimic the effects of neurotransmitters naturally found in the human brain

Ability to reach and pick up a book is due to the functions of the ______ pathway of the _______ nervous system

motor, somatic

When a neuron's resting potential is occurring the neuron is ______ charged on the inside

negative

The charge inside the ion of a neuron is____ and the outside is ________

negative, positive

The brain is primarily composed of two different kinds of cells

neurons and glial cells

Glial Cell

non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons

After suffering from a concussion, Raymond began having trouble with his vision. Which area was damaged?

occipital lobes

adrenal glands

one on top of each kidney, release epinephrine and norepinephrine to relieve stress

Endorphins

pain relief (Inhibitory)

oligodendrocytes

produce milen type of glial cell

Antagonist

they block the brain's neurotransmitters