PSY-Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
What are ways to enhance extinction?
1. Increase # of extinction trials 2. Spacing of extinction trials 3. Introduce extinction right after acquisition 4. Repeating extinction/test cycles 5. Reducing renewal
What are the 2 basic behavioral effects of extinction?
1. Target response decreases when the response no longer results in reinforcement; 2. But before the response can decrease, extinction first produces an increase in response variability.
What is the renewal effect?
A recovery of conditioned responding when the contextual cues that were present during extinction are changed. Context different from the extinction context causes a reappearance of conditioned responding. Memories of extinction are specific to the cues that were present during the extinction phase.
How does reducing renewal help enhance extinction?
By conducting extinction in multiple contexts, you will increase impact of extinction in several different contexts. *Renewal can be attributed to lack of generalization of extinction to other situations from the extinction context to other situations. **By conducting extinction in several different contexts, it may serve to increase the stimulus generalization of extinction.
Why should non-reinforcement produce an inhibitory S-R association?
Extinction involves a special type of non-reinforcement. It involves non-reinforcement after a history of conditioning w/ repeated presentations of the reinforcer.
Can extinction produce strong emotional effects?
Frustration can be produced through extinction. Frustrate non-rewards energize behavior. Could even possibly induce aggression.
What is spontaneous recovery?
If a rest period is introduced after extinction, responding will come back. Nothing is done during rest period to produce recovery. The recovery will not be at the same rate as it was during acquisition, but there will be some form of conditioned responding.
How will increasing the number of extinction trials enhance extinction?
Increasing the # of trials produces a more profound decrease in conditioning responding.
What does presenting retrieval cues for extinction during tests of recovery of extinguished behavior do?
It can reduce spontaneous recovery; Extinction cues may also reduce the renewal effect by reactivating extinction performance in the renewal context.
What does extinction involve?
It involves omitting the US, or reinforcer.
What is the partial-reinforcement (intermittent) extinction effect?
It permits organisms to learn about non-reward so as to immunize them agains't the effects of extinction.
How does introduction of immediate extinction after acquisition enhance extinction?
Memory consolidation takes time, so before the acquisition response is stored in long term memory, conduct extinction trials before acquisition can be consolidated; this can promote extinction trials.
What is a reconsolidated window?
Presentation of CS serves to activate memory acquisition. Once activated, the memory is in a labile, or modifiable state in which it can be changed b4 the memory is reconsolidated & returned to long-term store.
What is resurgence?
Reappearance of an extinguished response caused by the extinction of another behavior. Individuals can do a variety of things & their experience w/ one response may influence how often they do something else.
What is reinstatement?
Recovery of conditioned behavior that occurs when the individual encounters the US again.
What associations survive extinction procedures?
S-O & S-R associations
How does spacing of extinction trails enhance it?
Spaced trials don't produce spontaneous recovery.
What are the reverse effects of acquisition or the forms of recovery from extinction?
Spontaneous recovery; Renewal; Reinstatement; Resurgence
How does repetition of extinction trials enhance it?
Within the first extinction trial, you are likely to get spontaneous recovery. But, with repeated extinction trials, recovery declines.