Psy Cog 237 Chapter 7

Research shows that __________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

Increased firing in the neurons.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested.

__________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

consolidation.

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

distraction.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding.

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.

fragility.

In Slameka Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in pair with word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect.

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

location.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of _____________ in memory.

organization.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) _____ mindset.

relaxed.

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _________ memories.

remote

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

retrieval rehearsal.

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

retrieval.

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

survival.

_____________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

systems.

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

testing.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

Transfer-appropriate processing.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate.