PSY Exam 3

social norms

expected standards of conduct

humor

"At least your router isn't talking back at you! I can't get my digital assistant to shut up."

distraction

"Okay, let's put the connection speed issue aside for later and work on changing your password for our company website."

positive reappraisal

"Think of it this way: When we're done, your connection will be faster than it ever was before."

two-factor theory

A bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion.

James-Lange Theory

A bodily response leads to emotion.

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

categorization

A grocery store places all produce in one area and all dry goods in another.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A person signed a petition for her town to build a youth center. The next week, the same person agreed to help raise funds for the building.

postdecision dissonance

Adrienne decides to vacation in Thailand rather than Mongolia. Once she arrives in Thailand, which has gorgeous beaches, she thinks about how much better it is than Mongolia, which has no beaches

justification of effort

Adrienne decides to vacation in Thailand rather than Mongolia. Once she arrives in Thailand, which has gorgeous beaches, she thinks about how much better it is than Mongolia, which has no beaches.

low balling

After a man decides to buy a plane ticket for $300, he finds that the final amount including taxes and fees is $365, but he still goes ahead with the purchase

biologically innate

An instinct is a tendency that is __________.

Cannon-Bard theory

Bodily response and emotion are separate but experienced simultaneously.

insufficient justification

Dana is shoveling the snow from her driveway. Her neighbor, Mike, asks if she can shovel his driveway too since she is already outside. Even though she is tired and doesn't really want to, Dana shovels Mike's driveway. She justifies her behavior because she likes her neighbor.

exemplar model

Even though Joe has never seen that unusual breed of cat before, he can quickly identify it as a cat—as opposed to a dog—since it most closely matches other instances of cats in his memory.

dispositional attribution

explaining behavior based on a person's internal characteristics

group polarization

Group members believe something even more strongly after discussing it.

situational attribution

explaining behavior based on external factors

-We may eat some types of meat but not others or possibly avoid meat altogether. - We find some foods tasty that people in other countries dislike, and vice versa. -We eat certain foods in certain settings (for instance, popcorn in a movie theater).

Identify the examples of learning and culture that play a role in what we eat.

social loafing

Individual effort decreases as group size increases.

door in the face

Jan refused to buy a $20 package of wrapping paper from the student fund-raiser, but then agreed to buy a $5 bar of chocolate.

fundamental attribution error

John believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish

drive

Josie has the urge to take a nap

set point

Josie typically gets eight hours of sleep a night

mental maps

Maps in our minds of places we have been and places we have only heard of.

overcoming functional fixedness

Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever.

overcoming a mental set

Michael keeps looking for his car keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually, he checks in his pocket and finds them.

framing

One may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described.

affective hueristic

One may make a choice thinking it will lead to happiness and be greatly disappointed.

availability heuristic

One may make a hasty decision by not taking time to gather information.

representiveness heuristic

One may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people.

risky-shift effect

People in groups tend to make bolder decisions than people on their own

finding an analogy

Stacia travels all over the city using buses and subways. When she wants to find a way to travel to another state, she refers to a bus schedule.

shooter bias

Systematic, pervasive racial bias in the decision to shoot versus not shoot

Ilusory Correlation

The misperception that two chance events that happen at the same time are somehow related

fundamental attribution error

explaining behavior by overemphasizing a person's personality traits while underestimating the situation

outgroup homogeneity

The tendency to overestimate similarity between people of an outgroup and overestimate the differences within the outgroup

confirmation bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypothesis

Ingroup favoritism

The tendency to think and act in ways that would benefit the ingroup of members of the ingroup

Minimal group paradigm

This is a type of procedure or study technique where participants randomly assigned to bogus meaningless groups

ingroup

Those groups that we belong to

outgroup

Those that we do not belong to

actor-observer bias

Wally believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish, but if he was in a hurry, he would believe himself to be justified in cutting off another driver.

emotion is short term while mood is long term

What is the difference between emotion and mood?

Homeostasis

When Josie gets enough sleep, she doesn't nod off the next day.

-they find each other physically attractive -they look familiar to one another -they come into contact frequently -they are both kind and trustworthy -they have similar attitudes and background

Which of the following factors would make two people more likely to develop interpersonal attraction and friendship?

-promoting deliberate evaluation of information about threats -understanding the emotional content of facial expressions

Which of the following roles does the amygdala play in emotion?

-emotions are associated with changes in behavior -emotions are reactions to emotional events

Which of the following statements about emotion are generally accepted as true in psychology?

need

Without sleep, Josie will be unable to focus in school.

working backwards

Yolanda, an engineer, uses the load that a bridge is supposed to support in order to figure out how it should be designed.

prototype model

Young children can quickly identify an orange as a fruit, since they think of oranges as best representing that concept

set point

optimal level for a physiological state

analogical representation

a yellow sign with a picture of a fire truck

symbolic representation

abstract mental representations that consists of words or ideas

belonging and love

acceptance, friendship

prosocial behavior

acting in ways that tend to benefit others

compliance

agreeing to do things requested by others

conformity

altering one's behaviors to match the behaviors or expectations of other

cognitive dissonance

an uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior

exemplar

any member of a category

explicit attitude

attitude in which we are conscious

implicit attitudes

attitude in which we are unaware

secondary emotions

blends of primary emotions

activating

causing you to get up and do something

framing

decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized

need

deficiency that leads to a drive

differ in strength

degree of motivation changes based on internal and external forces

cognitive dissonance

disconnect between attitude and behavior

primary emotions

emotions that are expressed by people in all cultures (sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust, and happy0

obedience

following the orders of a person in authority

physiological

food, water, warmth, oxygen, sleep

informational influence

going along with the crowd due to the belief that others have a good reason for their behavior

normative influence

going along with the crowd to fit in and avoid looking silly

esteem

good self opinion, accomplishments, reputation

groupthink

groups can make bad decisions based on pressure to maintain the group's cohesiveness

sustain behavior

helping you to keep doing something until you get what you want

arousal

how activated the autonomic nervous system is

Valence

how negative or positive an emotion is (horizontal)

problem solving

involves getting from a present state to a goal state

problem solving

involves obstacles

decision making

involves ranking outcomes as better or worse

decision making

involves selection among alternatives

self-actualization

living to one's full potential , achieving personal dreams and aspirations

Homeostasis

maintaining equilibrium

affective hueristic

making decisions based on how one thinks each option would make one feel

availability hueristic

making decisions based on whatever information is quickest and easiest to recall

representiveness heuristic

making decisions by placing people or objects into categories

analogical representation

mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects

stereotype

mental shortcut for categorizing people

prejudice

negative attitudes or feelings about people based on a stereotype

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

the circumplex model

plots emotions among 2 dimensions

drive

psychological state that creates arousal

stereotype threat

psychological threats (anxiety, apprehension) about conforming negative stereotypes about one's group

safety

security, protection, freedom from threats

fast path

sensory information travels quickly through the thalamus directly to the amygdala for priority processing

slow path

sensory material travels from the thalamus to the cortex (the visual cortex or the auditory cortex), where the information is scrutinized in greater depth before it is passed along to the amygdala

directive

targeting specific needs or goals

symbolic representation

the ingredients list in a recipe

prototype

the single most typical member of a category

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe you could have predicted something after you learn the outcome

actor-observer bias

the tendency to explain your behavior using situational attributions but explaining other people's behavior using dispositional attributions

discrimination

unfair treatment of a person as a result of prejudice

sometimes having more options is worse than having fewer

what is the paradox of choice?

complex attitude

your behavior is not consistent with your attitude