PSY Exam 3
social norms
expected standards of conduct
humor
"At least your router isn't talking back at you! I can't get my digital assistant to shut up."
distraction
"Okay, let's put the connection speed issue aside for later and work on changing your password for our company website."
positive reappraisal
"Think of it this way: When we're done, your connection will be faster than it ever was before."
two-factor theory
A bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion.
James-Lange Theory
A bodily response leads to emotion.
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
categorization
A grocery store places all produce in one area and all dry goods in another.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
A person signed a petition for her town to build a youth center. The next week, the same person agreed to help raise funds for the building.
postdecision dissonance
Adrienne decides to vacation in Thailand rather than Mongolia. Once she arrives in Thailand, which has gorgeous beaches, she thinks about how much better it is than Mongolia, which has no beaches
justification of effort
Adrienne decides to vacation in Thailand rather than Mongolia. Once she arrives in Thailand, which has gorgeous beaches, she thinks about how much better it is than Mongolia, which has no beaches.
low balling
After a man decides to buy a plane ticket for $300, he finds that the final amount including taxes and fees is $365, but he still goes ahead with the purchase
biologically innate
An instinct is a tendency that is __________.
Cannon-Bard theory
Bodily response and emotion are separate but experienced simultaneously.
insufficient justification
Dana is shoveling the snow from her driveway. Her neighbor, Mike, asks if she can shovel his driveway too since she is already outside. Even though she is tired and doesn't really want to, Dana shovels Mike's driveway. She justifies her behavior because she likes her neighbor.
exemplar model
Even though Joe has never seen that unusual breed of cat before, he can quickly identify it as a cat—as opposed to a dog—since it most closely matches other instances of cats in his memory.
dispositional attribution
explaining behavior based on a person's internal characteristics
group polarization
Group members believe something even more strongly after discussing it.
situational attribution
explaining behavior based on external factors
-We may eat some types of meat but not others or possibly avoid meat altogether. - We find some foods tasty that people in other countries dislike, and vice versa. -We eat certain foods in certain settings (for instance, popcorn in a movie theater).
Identify the examples of learning and culture that play a role in what we eat.
social loafing
Individual effort decreases as group size increases.
door in the face
Jan refused to buy a $20 package of wrapping paper from the student fund-raiser, but then agreed to buy a $5 bar of chocolate.
fundamental attribution error
John believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish
drive
Josie has the urge to take a nap
set point
Josie typically gets eight hours of sleep a night
mental maps
Maps in our minds of places we have been and places we have only heard of.
overcoming functional fixedness
Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever.
overcoming a mental set
Michael keeps looking for his car keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually, he checks in his pocket and finds them.
framing
One may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described.
affective hueristic
One may make a choice thinking it will lead to happiness and be greatly disappointed.
availability heuristic
One may make a hasty decision by not taking time to gather information.
representiveness heuristic
One may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people.
risky-shift effect
People in groups tend to make bolder decisions than people on their own
finding an analogy
Stacia travels all over the city using buses and subways. When she wants to find a way to travel to another state, she refers to a bus schedule.
shooter bias
Systematic, pervasive racial bias in the decision to shoot versus not shoot
Ilusory Correlation
The misperception that two chance events that happen at the same time are somehow related
fundamental attribution error
explaining behavior by overemphasizing a person's personality traits while underestimating the situation
outgroup homogeneity
The tendency to overestimate similarity between people of an outgroup and overestimate the differences within the outgroup
confirmation bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypothesis
Ingroup favoritism
The tendency to think and act in ways that would benefit the ingroup of members of the ingroup
Minimal group paradigm
This is a type of procedure or study technique where participants randomly assigned to bogus meaningless groups
ingroup
Those groups that we belong to
outgroup
Those that we do not belong to
actor-observer bias
Wally believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish, but if he was in a hurry, he would believe himself to be justified in cutting off another driver.
emotion is short term while mood is long term
What is the difference between emotion and mood?
Homeostasis
When Josie gets enough sleep, she doesn't nod off the next day.
-they find each other physically attractive -they look familiar to one another -they come into contact frequently -they are both kind and trustworthy -they have similar attitudes and background
Which of the following factors would make two people more likely to develop interpersonal attraction and friendship?
-promoting deliberate evaluation of information about threats -understanding the emotional content of facial expressions
Which of the following roles does the amygdala play in emotion?
-emotions are associated with changes in behavior -emotions are reactions to emotional events
Which of the following statements about emotion are generally accepted as true in psychology?
need
Without sleep, Josie will be unable to focus in school.
working backwards
Yolanda, an engineer, uses the load that a bridge is supposed to support in order to figure out how it should be designed.
prototype model
Young children can quickly identify an orange as a fruit, since they think of oranges as best representing that concept
set point
optimal level for a physiological state
analogical representation
a yellow sign with a picture of a fire truck
symbolic representation
abstract mental representations that consists of words or ideas
belonging and love
acceptance, friendship
prosocial behavior
acting in ways that tend to benefit others
compliance
agreeing to do things requested by others
conformity
altering one's behaviors to match the behaviors or expectations of other
cognitive dissonance
an uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior
exemplar
any member of a category
explicit attitude
attitude in which we are conscious
implicit attitudes
attitude in which we are unaware
secondary emotions
blends of primary emotions
activating
causing you to get up and do something
framing
decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized
need
deficiency that leads to a drive
differ in strength
degree of motivation changes based on internal and external forces
cognitive dissonance
disconnect between attitude and behavior
primary emotions
emotions that are expressed by people in all cultures (sad, fear, anger, surprise, disgust, and happy0
obedience
following the orders of a person in authority
physiological
food, water, warmth, oxygen, sleep
informational influence
going along with the crowd due to the belief that others have a good reason for their behavior
normative influence
going along with the crowd to fit in and avoid looking silly
esteem
good self opinion, accomplishments, reputation
groupthink
groups can make bad decisions based on pressure to maintain the group's cohesiveness
sustain behavior
helping you to keep doing something until you get what you want
arousal
how activated the autonomic nervous system is
Valence
how negative or positive an emotion is (horizontal)
problem solving
involves getting from a present state to a goal state
problem solving
involves obstacles
decision making
involves ranking outcomes as better or worse
decision making
involves selection among alternatives
self-actualization
living to one's full potential , achieving personal dreams and aspirations
Homeostasis
maintaining equilibrium
affective hueristic
making decisions based on how one thinks each option would make one feel
availability hueristic
making decisions based on whatever information is quickest and easiest to recall
representiveness heuristic
making decisions by placing people or objects into categories
analogical representation
mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects
stereotype
mental shortcut for categorizing people
prejudice
negative attitudes or feelings about people based on a stereotype
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
the circumplex model
plots emotions among 2 dimensions
drive
psychological state that creates arousal
stereotype threat
psychological threats (anxiety, apprehension) about conforming negative stereotypes about one's group
safety
security, protection, freedom from threats
fast path
sensory information travels quickly through the thalamus directly to the amygdala for priority processing
slow path
sensory material travels from the thalamus to the cortex (the visual cortex or the auditory cortex), where the information is scrutinized in greater depth before it is passed along to the amygdala
directive
targeting specific needs or goals
symbolic representation
the ingredients list in a recipe
prototype
the single most typical member of a category
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe you could have predicted something after you learn the outcome
actor-observer bias
the tendency to explain your behavior using situational attributions but explaining other people's behavior using dispositional attributions
discrimination
unfair treatment of a person as a result of prejudice
sometimes having more options is worse than having fewer
what is the paradox of choice?
complex attitude
your behavior is not consistent with your attitude
