Psy exam 3 review questions

Research by Bell & Ainsworth found that babies cried more (correlation of about .5) when their mothers were less responsive to the babies' crying. This is empirical support for ___________________________.

Attachment theory

The research question, "Compared to babies who are insecurely attached, do babies who are securely attached produce less cortisol when stressed?" would be of particular interest to a _____________________________________.

Developmental Psychologist

The research question, "What is the impact of the parental education on brain development?" would be of particular interest to a _____________________________________.

Developmental Psychologist

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with the brains reward system and addictions?

Dopamine

Among the primary functions of attachment is that the attachment figure serves as a "secure base." To what does this term refer?

The presence of the attachment figure allows the child to explore his or her environment more confidently.

Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

One-year old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him, yet resists her attempts to comfort him when she returns. Based on these behaviors, it seems that Tommy may have ___________________ with his mother.

anxious-ambivalent (also called insecure) attachment

As described in lecture, the medial forebrain and the nucleus accumbens are associated with which of the following primary motive systems?

appetitive

As described in lecture, the IAPS photos—such as a smiling baby, erotica, or mutilation—are rated high or low on two dimensions :

arousal and valence (pleasant or unpleasant)

The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s) is called ________.

attachment

As described in lecture, if the amygdala is lesioned, the fear-potentiated startle will ____________.

be reduced or even disappear

To a Developmental Psychologist, behavior that "resilient" is __________________.

behavior that each member of the species will develop even in widely different situations

Allport was a personality researcher who subscribed to the:

behavioral genetic approach

While still an experimental treatment, research suggests that PTSD may be prevented by:

Administering a beta-blocker within 24 hours of a traumatic event to prevent the formation of emotional memories.

According to the book, infants with what kind of attachment style are more likely to be disliked and mistreated by peers later in childhood?

Anxious

If you were to meet a man from the nation of Fiji but had never seen someone from there before, you would still recognize him as a human being. This cognitive process--which involves absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures-- is known as:

Assimilation

In lecture, we saw a video of researcher Janet Werker studying the capacity of infants to detect speech sounds. She trained them to turn their head at a sound change (such as "ba" to "pa"), then exposed them to speech sounds that do not exist in English. What were her findings?

Children exhibit universal adaptability

When Bruno Bettelheim attributed the cause of autism to "refrigerator mothers"--what did he mean?

He meant mothers who deprived their child of affection.

Which Type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease?

Hostility

Which of the following is a standardized set of more 800 pictures designed to evoke pleasant and unpleasant emotions?

IAPS

A young female meerkat with no offspring of her own is more likely to put herself at risk and give an alarm call when predators approach her group when she has more close relatives in the group in danger. This is an example of:

Inclusive Fitness

The ________ is the most extensively researched of all structured personality tests.

MMPI

Which of the following is the best example of the "feelings" aspect of an emotional response?

Michelle told Barack that she was disgusted to discover spicy cheese on her sandwich.

The fact that human females are pickier than males in choosing a mate is consistent with which of these:

Parental Investment Theory

Kohlberg's belief that the development of moral judgment is intricately related to the development of cognitive skills built on the work of ________.

Piaget

The "Great Debate" described in lectures on Developmental Psychology concerns

Piaget's stage theory versus theories that view development as continuous

When a child understands that the number of dots in a row is the same after the dots have been spaced farther apart, the child has left Piagets _______________ stage.

Preoperational

The proportion of a given population diagnosed with autism at a given time is known as __________.

Prevalence

Which of the following is NOT a level of organization in Allports approach to describing personality?

Primary

Raphael scores two standard deviations below the Psy 1001 class on the BFAS scale of Neuroticism. Which of the following behaviors is consistent with that score?

Raphael keeps his emotions under control and rarely feels blue.

Johnny just passed a note to Kelsey in math class. The note says that his friend Jake has a crush on her. What idea suggests that Kelsey will now find Jake more attractive?

Reciprocity

You are arranging to go on a first date with someone that you like. You hope that this date will lead the object of your desire to become attracted to you. According to the Two Factor Theory of Emotion, what activity might be best for increasing your dates attraction to you?

Riding roller coasters at an amusement park.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of Allports idiographic levels of organization from LEAST salient/characteristic and LEAST pervasive to MOST salient/characteristic and MOST pervasive?

Secondary, Central, Cardinal

Among the primary functions of attachment is that the attachment figure serves as a "safe haven." To what does this term refer?

The attachment figure provides comfort.

As discussed in lectures, "Universal Adaptability" refers to what ?

The finding that babies of eight months or less can discriminate among all speech sounds in all languages.

Your friend argues that people's behavior is influenced by the situations in which they find themselves and not by some innate enduring personality trait. As a Psy 1001 scholar, you recognize that your friend is making the same argument in the "Person-Situation debate" as ___________________.

Walter Mischel

According to Dr Gewirtz, Emotion responses have three aspects: Feelings, autonomic responses and somatic responses. Which of the following would describe Kitty's feelings response when she encountered a giant cockroach?

Wow, that cockroach is disgusting!

Maia arrives at her gymnastics meet feeling very unmotivated to perform. Her coach notices this and gives Maia a pep talk to get her pumped to perform her routines. Which psychological principle did Maia's coach employ?

Yerkes-Dodson law

Although most psychologists focus on the individual, a Developmental Psychologist wants to study the development of a child in the context of his or her family and neighborhood. They also want to consider the influence of institutions, such as schools and churches, on that child's development. In addition, since institutions are embedded in a larger social and cultural context, they also take account of these influences on the developing child. The terminology of Development Psychology would call this ________________________.

a "cells to society" approach

As described in lecture, a promising treatment for PTSD involves preventing the formation of painful emotional memories through the use of ______________.

a beta-blocker

Evidence that Autism has a biological basis includes _____________________.

a high co-morbidity with brain seizures

One advantage of a longitudinal design, as compared to a cross-sectional design, is that a longitudinal design:

can be completed quickly.

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________.

coronary heart disease

When they meet new people, Emma tends to be reserved and quiet whereas Jane tends to be outgoing and talkative. In all situations, in fact, Emma tends to be more reserved and Jane tends to be more outgoing. The observation that people react differently to the same situation refers to __________ of personality.

distinctiveness

An important turning point for the conceptualization of autism came when researcher Bernard Rimland __________________________________.

documented a relationship between autism and seizure disorder

As discussed in lecture, the appetitive motive system in the brain is associated with behaviors such as:

eating, drinking, reproduction, nurturing young.

Dave is a self-centered guy who expects his instinctual needs will be satisfied immediately, regardless of the needs of others around him. A Freudian psychologist would therefore say that Dave has a weak _________.

ego

The Minneapolis police force sent a group of officers to a special program to train them in the facial signs—the "micro-expressions" —of deception. The developer of this special program believes that facial expressions are simply a visible display of specific categories of emotions—anger, contempt, disgust, and so on—and that people can be trained to read facial expressions just as one can read a book. The developer of this course evidently believes that:

emotions are discrete categories of feelings.

Spearman, an early intelligence researcher, observed that scores on many different kinds of intelligence tests were correlated. He determined that one general concept, "g," could account for these correlations by using the statistical approach known as ________________.

factor analysis

post hoc fallacy

false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event

If our behaviors and physiological reactions can give rise to our emotion changes, holding a pen with our teeth would most likely make us feel...

happier

As discussed in lecture, the blink response of individuals diagnosed as psychopaths has been measured on IAPS images rated as pleasant, neutral or unpleasant. The researchers found that, compared to normal subjects, psychopaths....

have the same startle response to unpleasant images as they have to pleasant images

Randeep had been studying hard for a while in the Lind Hall library for an upcoming Psychology exam. When his friend Annelise came over and said hello, his heart rate decreased, he stretched back in his chair, he gave her a big smile, and said "I'm so happy to see you!" According to Dr. Gewirtz's definition, when Randeep's saw his friend, the somatic aspect of his emotional response is that

he gave her a big smile

Benoit's internal working model--"I cannot depend on others"--

helps him lower and contain his distress in stressful situations.

Ann screamed in terror while watching the classic horror film, "A Nightmare on Elm Street." It seems likely that _________________ was more active in her brain during these fear-filled scenes.

her amygdala

The ___________ operates on the pleasure principle, whereas the ___________ operates on the reality principle.

id...ego

A famous psychologist, Gordon Allport, corresponded with one Jenny Gove Masteron. He used her 301 letters as the basis of an intensive study of her personality. The best name for the approach that Allport used in this case (which emphasizes the unique aspects of an individual's personality) is ____________.

idiographic

As discussed in lecture, the appetitive and defensive motive systems in the brain are regulated by the _________________:

impulse control system

A research study follows a group of children as they develop, and gives them surveys at age 5, age 10, and age 15. What is the design of this study?

longitudeional

Daniel is interested in studying how children's behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research, and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a __________ study

longitudinal

One statistical procedure allows researchers to aggregate the findings of many similar studies. In this procedure, known as ______________________, results are weighted by sample size and then averaged across studies.

meta-analysis

Professor Smith conceptualizes personality as a limited number of traits that everyone has to some degree. People can be compared on these traits—that is, some people may be high on one trait, some average, some low. As described in lecture, Professor Smith is using a ____________ approach to personality

nomothetic

Piaget overestimated the degree to which

object permanence takes time to develop in children.

As described in lecture, a fear-potentiated startle response in animals...

occurs in the presence of a conditioned stimulus.

As described in lecture, Walter Mischel launched the 20-year old Person-Situation debate after his research found that:

personality does not predict how people will behave in different situations.

In one classic research study, students were paired at random during freshman "Welcome Week" for a 2.5 hour date and dance to give them a chance to get acquainted. What predicted whether the partners were interested in a second date?

physical attractiveness as rated by their partners

Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully, but most of his friends have. Johnny's decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality.

postconventional

The evolutionary function of attachment that keeps an infant close to its caregiver is known as ________________.

proximity

The purpose of the defense mechanisms, according to Freud, is to...

reduce anxiety

Anna is anxious about moving away from her family to go to college. As shes packing, she decides to take her favorite childhood teddy bear and blanket along. Freud might suggest that this is an example of which defense mechanism?

regression

Andrés, nine years old, loud and pushy, is disliked by most of his fourth-grade classmates. Very few of the kids in his class like him. A child psychologist, observing this pattern, would classify Andrés' peer status as ___________________.

rejected

When one-year old Madison was startled by the loud music, she ran to her mother and cuddled. This calmed her down. This little scenario illustrates which evolutionary function of attachment?

safe haven

The males of some animals invest less in raising offspring and, as a consequence, need to compete more for access to females. In these species, one is more likely to find ____________

sexual dimorphism

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

The Big Five personality traits are identified across data sets, and across race and ethnicities, the old and young, and men and women. This evidence indicates that ____________________.

the Big Five model is basic to our understanding of personality.

The finding that high SES children hear thirty million more words before the age of four than low SES children has captured the public's imagination. The conclusion that the number of words heard before the age of four causes the achievement gap at age ten is an example of _______________________.

the Post-Hoc fallacy

The investment made in children by the Chicago Longitudinal Study was evaluated when those children were 26. At that time, ___________________________________.

the Return on Investment was found to be around $11 for each dollar invested in the program.

Researchers show a baby a little scenario. When the curtains open, the baby sees one mouse and watches as a second mouse joins the first mouse. The curtain comes down. When the curtain goes up again, the baby sees only one mouse. If the baby seems surprised by this (indicated by staring longer at this improbable event) the researchers can conclude that:

the baby has rudimentary number concepts.

A fear-potentiated startle is...

the difference between a startle response in a neutral condition and in a high arousal condition

Diane has been feeling sad for the past two days. Her sister suggests that if Diane smiled more she might feel better. This suggestion is consistent with...

the facial feedback hypothesis.

The idea that language will have words for all important personality characteristics (so a researcher can uncover the structure of personality using the dictionary) is known as ____________________.

the lexical hypothesis

The first major force in the field of personality psychology was

the psychoanalytic theory.

The Yerkes-Dodson law describes the relationship between arousal and motivation as ____________.

upside-down U-shaped

What should a psychologist test to determine whether a given child is in the concrete-operations stage or the formal-operations stage?

whether the child can answer abstract and hypothetical questions