Unit 4 Test Review

Soil horizon B (subsoil)

- less weathered - higher in clay (increases over time) (clay from A deposited) (silt and sand weathering into) - less life - low in organic matter - lighter colored - clay pan- impermeable layer, high in clay - hard pan- impermeable layer, high in iron

Aquifer

A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.

Oxidation

A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust

estuary

A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.

delta

A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake

karst topography

A type of landscape in rainy regions where there is limestone near the surface, characterized by caverns, sinkholes, and valleys

alluvial fan

A wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range

Permeability

Ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it

characteristics of a good aquifer

An aquifer is defined as a body of rock or unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow through it. Unconsolidated materials like gravel, sand, and even silt make relatively good aquifers, as do rocks like sandstone. Other rocks can be good aquifers if they are well fractured.

watershed

An ecosystem where all water runoff drains into a single body of water

Speleothems

Collective term for the dripstone features found in caverns

carbonic acid

H2CO3

Which type of weathering occurs when tree roots break sidewalks?

Interactions with organisms also cause physical weathering. If you've ever seen a sidewalk that has buckled because of a tree root, you've seen this process in action. Roots grow into small spaces and cracks in rock; when they expand, they exert pressure on the rock around them and widen the cracks.

Features of mature stage of a river

Meanders and oxbow lakes

features of an old age river

Old Age: A stage in the development of a landscape when streams have a low gradient (slope) and meander back and forth across broad floodplains. The landscape is marked by meander scars, oxbow lakes, levees, point bars and swamps. Its course is graded to base level and running through a peneplain, or broad flat area

Deposition

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

ice wedging

Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, then freezes and expands.

Erosion

Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation)

Which type of weathering is wind abrasion?

Rocks break down into smaller pieces through weathering. Rocks and sediment grinding against each other wear away surfaces. This type of weathering is called abrasion, and it happens as wind and water rush over rocks. The rocks become smoother as rough and jagged edges break off

The order of sediment deposition, from 1st to last

Sediment in rivers gets deposited as the river slows down. Larger, heavier particles like pebbles and sand are deposited first, whilst the lighter silt and clay only settle if the water is almost still

Which type of weathering occurs from acidic groundwater making caves

Sometimes, chemical weathering dissolves large portions of limestone or other rock on the surface of the Earth to form a landscape called karst. In these areas, the surface rock is pockmarked with holes, sinkholes, and caves.

zone of saturation

The lower zone where water accumilates between small rock particles.

porosity

The percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces.

chemical weathering

The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes

bedrock

The solid layer of rock beneath the soil

Which factors influence how far sediment is carried in a river

The two main flow factors in sediment transport are the settling rate and the boundary layer shear stress

water table

The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater

What happens to the water table during a drought

The water level in the aquifer that supplies a well does not always stay the same. ... If a well is pumped at a faster rate than the aquifer around it is recharged by precipitation or other underground flow, then water levels in the well can be lowered. This can happen during drought, due to the extreme deficit of rain

Water table well and artesian well

There are two types of well____________ & ____________.

How does a sea stack/sea stump form

They are formed when part of a headland is eroded by hydraulic action, which is the force of the sea or water crashing against the rock. ... Erosion causes the arch to collapse, leaving the pillar of hard rock standing away from the coast—the stack. Eventually, erosion will cause the stack to collapse, leaving a stump

how do rounded river rocks get their shape?

Transport of pebbles in a stream causes them to collide and rub against one another and the stream bed, and the resulting abrasion produces the familiar smooth and rounded shape of river rocks

Features of youthful stage of a river

Waterfalls, V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs

type of climate with fastest weathering

Weathering occurs fastest in hot, wet climates

The agents of erosion that cause landslides and mudflows

What causes mass movement and is an agent of erosion? Gravity causes mass movements. Landslides, mudflows, creeps, and slopes are agents of erosion. Running water, glaciers, waves, and wind are glaciers of erosion

the effect of acid rain on limestone rocks

When sulfurous, sulfuric, and nitric acids in polluted air and rain react with the calcite in marble and limestone, the calcite dissolves. In exposed areas of buildings and statues, we see roughened surfaces, removal of material, and loss of carved details

sinkhole

a circular depression formed when the roof of a cave collapses

Which type of weathering is oxidation

chemical

watershed divide

higher elevation (ridge) separating two watersheds

Cone of depression

lowering of the water table around a pumping well

humus

material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter

Salt water intrusion

near the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer

soil horizon c

parent material

leaching

removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards

Gulf of Mexico watershed of Virginia

the Gulf of Mexico watershed

flood plain

the flat, wide area of land along a river

physical weathering

the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

Chesapeake Bay watershed of Virginia

the watershed of Chesapeake Bay

North Carolina Sounds watershed

the watershed that Henry Co. is located in

soil profile a

topsoil

zone of aeration

upper soil layers that hold both air and water