PSYC 1200 Exam 1

Gestalt movement

" the whole is greater than the sum of its parts", a psychological movement that makes us take a look at the whole picture instead of separate instances, founded by German psychologist Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler

René Descartes

17t century French philosopher, mind and body are separate yet intertwined (dualism)

William James

1842-1910, functionalism, studied how humans use perception to function in our environment, pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

Carl Rogers

1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

what is the relationship between REM and dreams?

80% of the time when people are awakened during REM sleep, they report dreaming

Mary Whiton Calkins

American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation, founded psychoanalysis

Drugs that enhance GABA

Benzodiazepines: increases opening frequency

Charles Darwin

Darwin's theory of evolution

As Dr. O'Malley begins an experiment, he reviews the factors that might affect participants' willingness to take part. Dr. Quick is providing a detailed explanation to participants who have just completed a study. What is Dr. O'malley doing? What is Dr. Quick doing?

Dr. O'Malley is obtaining informed consent, Dr. Quick is debriefing

Structuralism

Identify the basic parts, or structures, of the conscious mind, Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener

Locked-in syndrome

Individual is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate

precious was woken up in the middle of a dream about dragons shopping for umbrellas while dancing a polka. precious was most likely experiencing ___ when she was woken up.

REM sleep

One of the four main goals of science is control. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to: a) directly infleunce the conditions under which a phenomenon occurs b) access to publications about a phenomenon. c) the institutions that research a phenomenon. d) the literature on a certain phenomenon.

a the causes of a phenomenon

descriptive studies

a research method that involves observing and noting the behavior of people or other animals to provide a systematic and objective analysis of the behavior

according to the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are

acting out what they think is expected of them

the neural impulse, or ___, is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

action potential

If you were relaxed with your eyes closed and were given an EEG, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG? Select one: a. beta waves b. alpha waves c. theta waves d. sleep spindles

alpha waves

brain structure associated with the formation of memories

amygdala

While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived. This experience supports the idea that:

automatic processing does not require awareness

according to the nature/nuture debate, the nature view states that individual psychological characteristics are a result of

biological influences

Jonas has experienced a relatively severe right hemisphere stroke. As a result, he has been diagnosed with hemineglect. That is, he is unable to notice anything on the left side of his body. The location of the stroke is most likely within the: A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Occipital lobe

c.

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.

central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord make up the

central nervous system

after a short period of unconsciousness, janine is showing signs of mental confusion, dizziness, and memory problems. what is the most likely cause of her symptoms?

concussion

Suppose a researcher studying social anxiety in children uses a measure of "fidgeting" that indexes hyperactivity instead of social anxiety. what type of validity is this measure lacking?

construct

difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for psychological phenomena

critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific supporter conclusions

ethnomusicology examines music preferences from the ___ level of analysis

cultural

which area of psychology studies how shared ideas and behaviors are passed from one generation to the next?

cultural

DeMarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state. Which of the following behaviors is DeMarco most likely to exhibit?

deliberate movements such s following a pencil with his eyes

behaviorism

describe behavior in response to environmental stimuli, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

Functionalism

describe how the conscious mind aids adaptation to an environment William James, Charles Darwin

a researcher studying ADHD is gathering info on how many children receive an ADHD diagnosis each year. which of the four primary goals of science is she addressing?

description

in correlational studies, we cannot interpret which variable may be the cause and which variable may be the effect. this phenomenon is known as

directionality problem

idea that the mind and body are separate but intertwined describes the viewpoint of

dualism

Which cultural group is most likely to focus on an entire image rather than the single elements of its foreground

eastern, Gelstalt

the ____ system is a communication system that influences thoughts, behaviors, and actions via hormones

endocrine system

Paul researches how cooperation in humans increases our ability to survive and successfully raise children. Paul uses a ____ approach in his research

evolutionary

Wilhelm randomly assigns participants to two groups and compares the group that receives a treatment with the group that receives no treatment. The group that gets the treatment is the ________ group.

experimental

what is likely to be associated with observer bias?

experimenter expectancy

cognitivism

explore internal mental processes that influence behavior, George Miller, Ulric Neisser

Wilhelm Wundt

father of psychology, established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany

John B. Watson

founder of behaviorism

Brad has experienced a relatively severe left hemisphere stroke. As a result, he is unable to move his right arm and has a great deal of difficulty with planning and with maintaining attention. The location of his stroke is most likely the:

frontal

early psychologists learned that the reporting of mental experience changes the experience. this was a problem for the methods of

functionalism

which variables of behavioral genetics can be examined with adoption studies?

genetics and environment

Almost anywhere you travel in the world you can find a McDonald's restaurant or T-shirts with American logos. Researchers theorize that this phenomenon is part of a process that accelerates cultural evolution. What is this process called?

globalization

suppose a college is planning to turn a grassy area into a parking lot, and a researcher wants to investigate student's response about this change. to conduct her study, she plans to give a questionnaire to a random sample of students. It is likely that

her students would generalize to the population of interest to her

Dr. Nick studies how people turn to religious faith to cope with difficult situations. Which approach is Dr. Nick using in his research?

humanistic/positive psychology

if the difference between two groups is statistically significant, it suggests that

if the experiment were repeated, the same results would likely occur

major biases in thinking

ignoring evidence (confirmation bias), failing to accurately judge source credibility, misunderstanding or not using statistics, seeing relationships that do not exist, accepting after-the-fact explanations, taking mental shortcuts, and failing to see our own inadequacies

an injection of testosterone in a healthy adult man will ___ sexual behavior

increase

Workplace training and job placement would be of interest to which type of psychologist?

industrial/organizational psychology

regarding the role they play in behavior, neurotransmitters

influence behavior because of the action of a particular post-synaptic neurons function

a myelin sheath is like

insulation of a wire

suppose a researcher studying the effect of having a pet on elderly people's subjective well-being does not use a control group in his study. what type of validity is this measure lacking?

internal

humanistic psychology

investigate how people become happier and more fulfilled, focus on the basic goodness of people, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

what can be said about the use of deception in psychological research

it is occasionally necessary to safeguard the validity of the research

George is looking for a research project. He could make use of theory because:

lead to a testable hypothesis

"I think therefore I behave," a version of Descartes's statement "I think therefore I am" indicates the importance of ____ on behavior and would not be agreed with by a behaviorist.

mental functions

after a period of sleep deprivation, you would expect a person to exhibit

microsleeps

Maria wants to determine whether genetics or environment has a greater influence on intelligence. the best technique for determining this influence would be a study using

monozygotic twins reared apart

after appearing to emerge from a coma, a patient is considered to be experiencing unresponsive wakefulness syndrome if she regains her ability to respond to external stimuli after one...

month

A child's brain looks and behaves very differently than an adult's brain due to changes in the structure of the brain over the lifetime. This phenomenon is due to a property known as:

neural plasticity

Our body's nervous system is built from billions of nerve cells, which are called

neurons

what is the main characteristic that sets case studies apart from other types of studies?

number of people studied

in which type of study would the concept of reactivity be most relevant?

observation study

in general, who is most likely to experience insomnia?

older adults specifically women

Why is the range often the LEAST useful measure of central tendency?

only uses two numbers

amiable skepticism

openness and wariness, critical thinking

keisha has just analyzed her preliminary data and found an exciting result. how should she share her initial findings?

paper, conference

historically psychology was influenced by theoretical developments in

philosophy and physiology

what is the term for the neurons on the sending site of a synapse?

pre-synaptic neuron

The mutation that became the recessive characteristic for sickle-cell anemia is adaptive in:

providing resistance to malaria

"Why am I so depressed?"asked Phia. "Obviously you have inner, unconscious turmoil that we need to explore." Dr. Fox takes a ___ approach to psychology

psychoanalytic

George A. Miller

psychologist; found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (plus or minus 2) items, established the Center for Cognitive Science at Harvard University

in order to maximize the likelihood that experimental and control groups are similar before any treatment is begun, researchers typically use

random assignment

Clara is working on a study to examine shy children's behavior with peers they have not met before. She is developing theories, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to determine if her theory is supported by the data. In what process is she engaged?

scientific process

A recent survey found that 80 percent of high school students believed that they were above average on reading, writing, and math skills. Given that only 50 percent of any group can be above average on any dimension, this is an example of

self-serving bias

what was the human genome project?

sequencing and mapping of the entire human genome

the restorative theory is used to explain which phenomenon?

sleep

as you get older, you have fewer ___ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping?

sleep spindles

if you want to know how far apart scores in a data set tend to be, you could use the

standard deviation

Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to objectively report on his own sensations, which is similar to how the __________ school investigated psychology.

structuralist

In order to most effectively alter behavior, subliminal messages should target a person's:

subconscious

latent content is to _____ as manifest content is to ____

symbols, memory

what part of the neuron releases chemical signals?

terminal buttons

If a researcher defined happiness based on the number of times a person smiled in a 15-minute period, the number of smiles would be:

the operational definition of happiness

phantom limb syndrome

the perception of sensations, including pain, in a limb that has been amputated

psychological science

the study of mind, brain, and behavior

which of the following formal elements of the scientific method consists of a set of interconnected ideas or concepts?

theory

why do scientists and researchers use statistical methods to determine whether their results are statistically significant?

they want to find out whether their findings would be likely to occur by chance

according to the structuralists, the goal of psychology is

understand conscious experience by breaking it down into basic components

psychoanalytic theory

understand how unconscious thoughts cause psychological disorders, Sigmund Freud

what is true about subliminal perception?

when stimuli get processed by sensory systems but because of their short durations or subtle forms do not reach consciousness

what should you look for when considering if there is "well supported evidence" to support a scientific claim?

whether the results were published in a peer-reviewed paper

the fertilized egg is known as the

zygote