PSYC 1200 Exam 1
Gestalt movement
" the whole is greater than the sum of its parts", a psychological movement that makes us take a look at the whole picture instead of separate instances, founded by German psychologist Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler
René Descartes
17t century French philosopher, mind and body are separate yet intertwined (dualism)
William James
1842-1910, functionalism, studied how humans use perception to function in our environment, pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth
Carl Rogers
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
what is the relationship between REM and dreams?
80% of the time when people are awakened during REM sleep, they report dreaming
Mary Whiton Calkins
American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation, founded psychoanalysis
Drugs that enhance GABA
Benzodiazepines: increases opening frequency
Charles Darwin
Darwin's theory of evolution
As Dr. O'Malley begins an experiment, he reviews the factors that might affect participants' willingness to take part. Dr. Quick is providing a detailed explanation to participants who have just completed a study. What is Dr. O'malley doing? What is Dr. Quick doing?
Dr. O'Malley is obtaining informed consent, Dr. Quick is debriefing
Structuralism
Identify the basic parts, or structures, of the conscious mind, Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener
Locked-in syndrome
Individual is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate
precious was woken up in the middle of a dream about dragons shopping for umbrellas while dancing a polka. precious was most likely experiencing ___ when she was woken up.
REM sleep
One of the four main goals of science is control. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to: a) directly infleunce the conditions under which a phenomenon occurs b) access to publications about a phenomenon. c) the institutions that research a phenomenon. d) the literature on a certain phenomenon.
a the causes of a phenomenon
descriptive studies
a research method that involves observing and noting the behavior of people or other animals to provide a systematic and objective analysis of the behavior
according to the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are
acting out what they think is expected of them
the neural impulse, or ___, is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
action potential
If you were relaxed with your eyes closed and were given an EEG, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG? Select one: a. beta waves b. alpha waves c. theta waves d. sleep spindles
alpha waves
brain structure associated with the formation of memories
amygdala
While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived. This experience supports the idea that:
automatic processing does not require awareness
according to the nature/nuture debate, the nature view states that individual psychological characteristics are a result of
biological influences
Jonas has experienced a relatively severe right hemisphere stroke. As a result, he has been diagnosed with hemineglect. That is, he is unable to notice anything on the left side of his body. The location of the stroke is most likely within the: A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Occipital lobe
c.
The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.
central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord make up the
central nervous system
after a short period of unconsciousness, janine is showing signs of mental confusion, dizziness, and memory problems. what is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
concussion
Suppose a researcher studying social anxiety in children uses a measure of "fidgeting" that indexes hyperactivity instead of social anxiety. what type of validity is this measure lacking?
construct
difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for psychological phenomena
critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific supporter conclusions
ethnomusicology examines music preferences from the ___ level of analysis
cultural
which area of psychology studies how shared ideas and behaviors are passed from one generation to the next?
cultural
DeMarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state. Which of the following behaviors is DeMarco most likely to exhibit?
deliberate movements such s following a pencil with his eyes
behaviorism
describe behavior in response to environmental stimuli, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
Functionalism
describe how the conscious mind aids adaptation to an environment William James, Charles Darwin
a researcher studying ADHD is gathering info on how many children receive an ADHD diagnosis each year. which of the four primary goals of science is she addressing?
description
in correlational studies, we cannot interpret which variable may be the cause and which variable may be the effect. this phenomenon is known as
directionality problem
idea that the mind and body are separate but intertwined describes the viewpoint of
dualism
Which cultural group is most likely to focus on an entire image rather than the single elements of its foreground
eastern, Gelstalt
the ____ system is a communication system that influences thoughts, behaviors, and actions via hormones
endocrine system
Paul researches how cooperation in humans increases our ability to survive and successfully raise children. Paul uses a ____ approach in his research
evolutionary
Wilhelm randomly assigns participants to two groups and compares the group that receives a treatment with the group that receives no treatment. The group that gets the treatment is the ________ group.
experimental
what is likely to be associated with observer bias?
experimenter expectancy
cognitivism
explore internal mental processes that influence behavior, George Miller, Ulric Neisser
Wilhelm Wundt
father of psychology, established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
John B. Watson
founder of behaviorism
Brad has experienced a relatively severe left hemisphere stroke. As a result, he is unable to move his right arm and has a great deal of difficulty with planning and with maintaining attention. The location of his stroke is most likely the:
frontal
early psychologists learned that the reporting of mental experience changes the experience. this was a problem for the methods of
functionalism
which variables of behavioral genetics can be examined with adoption studies?
genetics and environment
Almost anywhere you travel in the world you can find a McDonald's restaurant or T-shirts with American logos. Researchers theorize that this phenomenon is part of a process that accelerates cultural evolution. What is this process called?
globalization
suppose a college is planning to turn a grassy area into a parking lot, and a researcher wants to investigate student's response about this change. to conduct her study, she plans to give a questionnaire to a random sample of students. It is likely that
her students would generalize to the population of interest to her
Dr. Nick studies how people turn to religious faith to cope with difficult situations. Which approach is Dr. Nick using in his research?
humanistic/positive psychology
if the difference between two groups is statistically significant, it suggests that
if the experiment were repeated, the same results would likely occur
major biases in thinking
ignoring evidence (confirmation bias), failing to accurately judge source credibility, misunderstanding or not using statistics, seeing relationships that do not exist, accepting after-the-fact explanations, taking mental shortcuts, and failing to see our own inadequacies
an injection of testosterone in a healthy adult man will ___ sexual behavior
increase
Workplace training and job placement would be of interest to which type of psychologist?
industrial/organizational psychology
regarding the role they play in behavior, neurotransmitters
influence behavior because of the action of a particular post-synaptic neurons function
a myelin sheath is like
insulation of a wire
suppose a researcher studying the effect of having a pet on elderly people's subjective well-being does not use a control group in his study. what type of validity is this measure lacking?
internal
humanistic psychology
investigate how people become happier and more fulfilled, focus on the basic goodness of people, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
what can be said about the use of deception in psychological research
it is occasionally necessary to safeguard the validity of the research
George is looking for a research project. He could make use of theory because:
lead to a testable hypothesis
"I think therefore I behave," a version of Descartes's statement "I think therefore I am" indicates the importance of ____ on behavior and would not be agreed with by a behaviorist.
mental functions
after a period of sleep deprivation, you would expect a person to exhibit
microsleeps
Maria wants to determine whether genetics or environment has a greater influence on intelligence. the best technique for determining this influence would be a study using
monozygotic twins reared apart
after appearing to emerge from a coma, a patient is considered to be experiencing unresponsive wakefulness syndrome if she regains her ability to respond to external stimuli after one...
month
A child's brain looks and behaves very differently than an adult's brain due to changes in the structure of the brain over the lifetime. This phenomenon is due to a property known as:
neural plasticity
Our body's nervous system is built from billions of nerve cells, which are called
neurons
what is the main characteristic that sets case studies apart from other types of studies?
number of people studied
in which type of study would the concept of reactivity be most relevant?
observation study
in general, who is most likely to experience insomnia?
older adults specifically women
Why is the range often the LEAST useful measure of central tendency?
only uses two numbers
amiable skepticism
openness and wariness, critical thinking
keisha has just analyzed her preliminary data and found an exciting result. how should she share her initial findings?
paper, conference
historically psychology was influenced by theoretical developments in
philosophy and physiology
what is the term for the neurons on the sending site of a synapse?
pre-synaptic neuron
The mutation that became the recessive characteristic for sickle-cell anemia is adaptive in:
providing resistance to malaria
"Why am I so depressed?"asked Phia. "Obviously you have inner, unconscious turmoil that we need to explore." Dr. Fox takes a ___ approach to psychology
psychoanalytic
George A. Miller
psychologist; found that short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (plus or minus 2) items, established the Center for Cognitive Science at Harvard University
in order to maximize the likelihood that experimental and control groups are similar before any treatment is begun, researchers typically use
random assignment
Clara is working on a study to examine shy children's behavior with peers they have not met before. She is developing theories, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to determine if her theory is supported by the data. In what process is she engaged?
scientific process
A recent survey found that 80 percent of high school students believed that they were above average on reading, writing, and math skills. Given that only 50 percent of any group can be above average on any dimension, this is an example of
self-serving bias
what was the human genome project?
sequencing and mapping of the entire human genome
the restorative theory is used to explain which phenomenon?
sleep
as you get older, you have fewer ___ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping?
sleep spindles
if you want to know how far apart scores in a data set tend to be, you could use the
standard deviation
Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to objectively report on his own sensations, which is similar to how the __________ school investigated psychology.
structuralist
In order to most effectively alter behavior, subliminal messages should target a person's:
subconscious
latent content is to _____ as manifest content is to ____
symbols, memory
what part of the neuron releases chemical signals?
terminal buttons
If a researcher defined happiness based on the number of times a person smiled in a 15-minute period, the number of smiles would be:
the operational definition of happiness
phantom limb syndrome
the perception of sensations, including pain, in a limb that has been amputated
psychological science
the study of mind, brain, and behavior
which of the following formal elements of the scientific method consists of a set of interconnected ideas or concepts?
theory
why do scientists and researchers use statistical methods to determine whether their results are statistically significant?
they want to find out whether their findings would be likely to occur by chance
according to the structuralists, the goal of psychology is
understand conscious experience by breaking it down into basic components
psychoanalytic theory
understand how unconscious thoughts cause psychological disorders, Sigmund Freud
what is true about subliminal perception?
when stimuli get processed by sensory systems but because of their short durations or subtle forms do not reach consciousness
what should you look for when considering if there is "well supported evidence" to support a scientific claim?
whether the results were published in a peer-reviewed paper
the fertilized egg is known as the
zygote