HP - Connect Ch. 6

The earliest contribution to stress research was _____.

Walter Cannon's description of the fight-or-flight response

Chronic neuroendocrine activation associated with overcommitment to work or work overload can contribute to _____.

cardiovascular disease

Minor stressful events are also called

daily hassles

Children who come from risky families face difficulties with _____.

emotional regulation

Identify the stressors that Hans Selye used in his study.

extreme cold fatigue

Research studies show that men are more distressed by _____.

financial strain and work stress

Working mothers are often known to experience _____.

greater role conflict

According to Repetti and colleagues, "risky families" are families that have _____.

high conflict or abuse and low warmth or nurturance

Working women who have children at home are known to have _____.

higher cardiovascular reactivity

In response to stress, the _____ releases the corticotrophin releasing hormone during HPA activation to stimulate the pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

Information from the cortex is transmitted to the _____, which initiates one of the earliest responses to stress namely the sympathetic nervous system arousal.

hypothalamus

A way of studying stress is to _____ and then assess whether they get ill and how ill they get.

intentionally expose people to viruses

Negative events produce _____ compared to positive events.

more psychological distress

According to the acute stress paradigm, people who experience stressful events show _____.

psychological distress

____ is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.

stress

Stressful events that researchers focused on are called _____.

stressors

According to a research study, people who experience more stress are more likely to show a(n) _____ than people whose lives are less stressful.

stronger immune response

What are the effects of sympathetic nervous system arousal?

Increased blood pressure Constriction of peripheral blood vessels

According to research, _____ are more distressed by adverse changes at home.

women

Negative events produce _____ than positive events.

more stress

The first set of pathways identified by researchers through which stress leads to poor health involves direct effects on _____.

physiology

People who live with chronic stress have _____ than others.

poorer health habits

Stress is a consequence of ____ ____, which occurs as a person is trying to understand what an event is and what it will mean.

primary appraisal

____ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress.

reactivity

The inability to _____ may be a marker for the cumulative damage that stress has caused.

recover from a stressful event

____ ____ occurs when a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.

role conflict

Cannon proposed that when an organism perceives a threat, the body is rapidly aroused and motivated via the _____.

sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

According to the ____ ____ ____ theory, in addition to fight or flight, people and animals respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward the offspring. Listen to the complete question

tend-and-befriend

Stress may impair the immune system's ability to _____.

terminate inflammation

_____ is an example of a minor stressful event.

Being stuck in traffic

_____ is a result of stress that is implicated in diseases such as coronary heart disease.

Chronic inflammation

Identify the indicators of allostatic load.

Decreases in cell-mediated immunity Elevated blood pressure

_____ is tied to role conflict and role ambiguity.

Elevated heart rate

Identify the physiological responses of experimental rats after they were exposed to a variety of stressors in Hans Selye's study. (Check all that apply.) Ulceration of the colon Enlarged lymph glands Enlarged adrenal cortex Shrinking of the thymus

Enlarged adrenal cortex Shrinking of the thymus

True or false: According to the general adaptation syndrome developed by Hans Selye, an individual's response to a stressor is specific to the stressor and the cause of the threat.

False

True or false: Unlike life events, chronic stress is much easier to measure objectively.

False

What are the main stressors reported by people in the United States? (Check all that apply.) Family health problems Money Work Personal safety

Family health problems Money Work

What are the predisposing factors that make some people more biologically reactive than others?

Genetic make up Prenatal experiences

Identify the factors which can be appraised in stressful events. (Check all that apply.) Joy Harm Challenge Threat

Harm Challenge Threat

Match the factors in events (in the left column) to their appropriate descriptions (in the right column). Harm Threat Challenge The assessment of the damage that has already been done The potential to overcome or profit from an event The assessment of possible future damage

Harm : The assessment of the damage that has already been done Threat : The assessment of possible future damage Challenge : The potential to overcome or profit from an event

What are the positive effects of combining home and work responsibilities, especially for women?

Improvement in self-esteem Better sense of self-efficacy

Why is research relating chronic stress to health outcomes difficult to conduct?

Inventories that assess chronic strain may tap psychological distress and neuroticism. It is difficult to show that a particular chronic stressor is the factor that caused illness.

Identify the resultant effects of a chronic stressor.

It can affect immune system recovery. It can impair cardiovascular recovery.

What is the effect of prolonged cortisol secretion in response to stress?

It is related to the destruction of neurons in the hippocampus.

identify the function of catecholamines.

It modulates the immune system.

Which of the following processes is included as direct physiological effects of stress?

Lowered immune system functioning Changes in lipid levels

Identify the true statements regarding cortisol levels after repeated activation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress.

People have exaggerated cortisol levels in response to a challenge. People have elevated cortisol levels long into the afternoon or evening.

What are the aftereffects of a stressful event?

Psychological distress Shortened attention span

_____ are most at risk for health problems.

Single women raising children on their own

Who are the pioneers of stress research who created an inventory of stressful life events by developing ratings of these events based on the amount of change the events cause?

T. H Holmes and R. H. Rahe

Which of the following systems is activated in response to stress?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

What are the benefits of challenge assessments? (Check all that apply.) They reduce cholesterol levels. They improve extrasensory perception. They lower blood pressure. They have more favorable emotional reactions.

They lower blood pressure. They have more favorable emotional reactions.

True or false: According to the American Psychological Association (2008), family responsibilities and economy are among the top stressors for people in the United States.

True

Identify a true statement about the general adaptation syndrome developed by Hans Selye (1956). The response of the general adaptation syndrome is specific with respect to a stressor. The physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes result from chronic stress. When a person confronts a stressor, the general adaptation syndrome mobilizes itself for action. Allostatic load begins to accumulate in childhood, affecting multiple disease risks across the lifespan.

When a person confronts a stressor, the general adaptation syndrome mobilizes itself for action.

It is seen that even when _____ is short-term, it often compromises health habits.

acute stress

The ____ ____ ____ involves exposing people in a laboratory to short-term stressful events, and observing the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses.

acute stress paradigm

Sympathetic nervous system arousal in response to stress stimulates the _____.

adrenal medulla

Adverse ____ ____ ____ often persist long after the stressful event itself is no longer present and include poor performance on intellectual tasks and cognitive disruptions.

aftereffects of stress

The concept of ____ ____ has been developed to refer to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress.

allostatic load

According to a research study, chronic stress can increase the risk of _____ among people.

cardiovascular diseases

When events are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are identified by the _____.

cerebral cortex

In context of physiological recovery from a stressful event, researchers have paid special attention to prolonged _____ responses that occur under conditions of high stress.

cortisol

Repeated activation of the HPA axis in response to chronic or recurring stress can drastically alter daily _____ levels.

cortisol

Worry and chronic work overload can result in altered _____ levels.

cortisol

In response to stress, the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete catecholamines such as _____.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Destruction of neurons in the hippocampus as a result of stress can lead to problems with _____.

verbal functioning and memory

According to T. H. Holmes and R. H. Rahe, _____.

when a person must adjust to a changing environment, the likelihood of stress increases

The tend-and befriend theory is especially true among _____.

women