psy final
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
John Wyane
stanford prision experiment
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
social psychology
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding _____
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
The process was highly subjective.
In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.
5 factor
3DS
Delirium, depression, and dementia
In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?
Populations of developed nations are living longer.
attentional saturation
When we see things very often, we may reach what can be called attentional saturation.
When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.
conscientiousness
Parts of a neuron
dendrites, cell body, axon
Rizzolatti
discovered mirror neurons in monkeys first, then moved on to humans. mirror neurons help explain empathy
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
introspection
Marshmallow Experiment
-Done by Walter Mischel at Stanford -Delayed Reinforcement: Kids could eat one or wait so then they could eat two. -Kids that could show SELF CONTROL and delay gratification were shown to be better adjusted at age 18 and scored higher on the SAT test than kids that couldn't wait.
2 C's
2 C's of riboflavin deficiency: Cheilosis (inflamm of lips, angular stomatosis) Corneal vascularization FAD and FMN are derived from riboFlavin - 2 ATPs
contex effect
A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down design. The concept is supported by the theoretical approach to perception known as constructive perception.
Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?
A dissertation
why cant we remeber a penny
ATTENTIONAL SATURATION You aren't able to recall what the back of a penny really looks like because that information was never really encoded into memory in the first place.
Sections of a journal article
Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References
Walter Mischel
Believes human behaviour is largely determined by the situation rather than traits
Paul Rozin
Did a study with amnesia patients, recieved food after 20 minutes 3 times in a row. Suggesting that part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?
Francis Cecil Sumner
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of
Gestalt psychology
grey matter vs white matter
Grey matter- unmyelinated axons White matter- myelinated axons
Harvard IAT
Implicit Association Test https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?
It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur.
Dr Moseley
Michael Mosley embarks on three journeys to understand science's last great frontier - the human mind - as he traces the history of the attempts to understand and manipulate the brain.
Dan Ariely
Scientific experiments shows almost all people lie and cheat by small amount (10-15%) at every opportunity they can To decrease dishonesty: pledge, signatures, moral reminders, and supervision No effect on dishonesty: amount of money to be gained, probability of being caught Increase dishonesty: ability to rationalize, conflicts of interest, creativity, one immoral act, being depleted, others benefitting from our dishonesty, watching others behave dishonestly, culture that gives examples of dishonesty
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.
conditioned response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
McGurk Effect
an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.
Biopysychosocial
biological psychologist study how the struce and function of the nervous system generate behavior
muzar sherif
conducted a study to overcome __________. split 22 boys at a camp into 2 different groups. introduced groups to each other a week later, strong emotions towards one another. Tried to reverse the study by having both groups achieve an overarching goal
Solomon Asch
conformity; showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect ; in a famous study in which participants were shown cards with lines of different lengths and were asked to say which line matched the line on the first card in length
Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.
developmental
Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?
favoring women over men
Simon LeVay
found that cell clusters in the hypothalamus of homosexuals were larger than those of heterosexuals
Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
humanism
neutral stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
change bindness
indivviduals failure to notice large visual changes in environment
Stanley Milgram
obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
observation of phenomena.
informational social influence
people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous
normative social influence
people conform to fit in feel good and to be accepted
placebo effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of
personality
Coping strategies for stress
problem focused emotion focused
Phillip Zimbardo
social psychology; Stanford Prison Study; college students were randomly assigned to roles of prisoners or guards in a study that looked at who social situations influence behavior; showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by
studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
Cisgender
term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
What is psychology?
the scientific study of mind and behavior
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition