psy final

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

John Wyane

stanford prision experiment

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding _____

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective.

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

5 factor

3DS

Delirium, depression, and dementia

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

attentional saturation

When we see things very often, we may reach what can be called attentional saturation.

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

Parts of a neuron

dendrites, cell body, axon

Rizzolatti

discovered mirror neurons in monkeys first, then moved on to humans. mirror neurons help explain empathy

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Marshmallow Experiment

-Done by Walter Mischel at Stanford -Delayed Reinforcement: Kids could eat one or wait so then they could eat two. -Kids that could show SELF CONTROL and delay gratification were shown to be better adjusted at age 18 and scored higher on the SAT test than kids that couldn't wait.

2 C's

2 C's of riboflavin deficiency: Cheilosis (inflamm of lips, angular stomatosis) Corneal vascularization FAD and FMN are derived from riboFlavin - 2 ATPs

contex effect

A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down design. The concept is supported by the theoretical approach to perception known as constructive perception.

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

A dissertation

why cant we remeber a penny

ATTENTIONAL SATURATION You aren't able to recall what the back of a penny really looks like because that information was never really encoded into memory in the first place.

Sections of a journal article

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

Walter Mischel

Believes human behaviour is largely determined by the situation rather than traits

Paul Rozin

Did a study with amnesia patients, recieved food after 20 minutes 3 times in a row. Suggesting that part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of

Gestalt psychology

grey matter vs white matter

Grey matter- unmyelinated axons White matter- myelinated axons

Harvard IAT

Implicit Association Test https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?

It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur.

Dr Moseley

Michael Mosley embarks on three journeys to understand science's last great frontier - the human mind - as he traces the history of the attempts to understand and manipulate the brain.

Dan Ariely

Scientific experiments shows almost all people lie and cheat by small amount (10-15%) at every opportunity they can To decrease dishonesty: pledge, signatures, moral reminders, and supervision No effect on dishonesty: amount of money to be gained, probability of being caught Increase dishonesty: ability to rationalize, conflicts of interest, creativity, one immoral act, being depleted, others benefitting from our dishonesty, watching others behave dishonestly, culture that gives examples of dishonesty

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

McGurk Effect

an error in perception that occurs when we misperceive sounds because the audio and visual parts of the speech are mismatched.

Biopysychosocial

biological psychologist study how the struce and function of the nervous system generate behavior

muzar sherif

conducted a study to overcome __________. split 22 boys at a camp into 2 different groups. introduced groups to each other a week later, strong emotions towards one another. Tried to reverse the study by having both groups achieve an overarching goal

Solomon Asch

conformity; showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect ; in a famous study in which participants were shown cards with lines of different lengths and were asked to say which line matched the line on the first card in length

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

Simon LeVay

found that cell clusters in the hypothalamus of homosexuals were larger than those of heterosexuals

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

humanism

neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

change bindness

indivviduals failure to notice large visual changes in environment

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation of phenomena.

informational social influence

people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous

normative social influence

people conform to fit in feel good and to be accepted

placebo effect

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of

personality

Coping strategies for stress

problem focused emotion focused

Phillip Zimbardo

social psychology; Stanford Prison Study; college students were randomly assigned to roles of prisoners or guards in a study that looked at who social situations influence behavior; showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Cisgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

What is psychology?

the scientific study of mind and behavior

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition