Psy of Women Exam 2 Review

T or F Males are more skilled than females in remembering life events, recognizing faces, and remembering objects they had seen previously. However, they are also skilled in remembering abstract shapes.

False Females are more skilled in remembering life events, recognizing faces, and remembering objects. However, they are BOTH equally skilled in remembering abstract objects.

T or F Boys learn early one that they should be aware of others emotions wheres girls are less likely to learn these skills.

False It's the opposite. Girls learn early on that they need to be aware of others emotions.

T or F When men and women provide attributions in private, their responses are typically complete opposites.

False They are similar. It's only different when other people are around. Men are more likely to credit their own abilities when other people are around.

T or F Parents who rate themselves as being tolerant of "girl-like behavior" in their sons, their sons tend to be highly intersted in babies and are more nurturing towards babies.

True

T or F The cognitive gender differences are not large enough to be relevant when people make career choices.

True

T or F Women and men are smilier in their achievement motivation and intrinsic motivation

True

T or F Women are somewhat more likely than men to express concern about social-justice issues such as racism and governmental spending on the military.

True

Define Sweatshop

a factory that violates labor laws regarding wages and working conditions.

Gender differences on spatial visualization tasks are minimal, except on ________________. a. Mental rotation b. perception tasks c. visualization task

a. Mental rotation Males are better. Differences in mental rotation task disappear when the task is described as a feminine one or when they receive training.

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research on "heroes," or people who risk their life to help other people? a. Tanika: "Men are likely to be more heroic than women when physical strength is required." b. Josh: "Men and women are equally heroic when the heroic action is done in private." c. Shoshona: "Men are likely to be more heroic than women when the action involves pain and the possibility of medical problems." d. Gerard: "Men were more likely than women to try to save Jews during the Nazi holocaust."

a. Tanika: "Men are likely to be more heroic than women when physical strength is required."

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the findings on gender and reading disability. a. When children are classified by the school system, many more boys than girls have reading disabilities; when classified by objective criteria, the gender differences are not as strong. b. When children are classified by the school system, there are no gender differences; when classified by objective criteria, more girls than boys have reading disabilities. c. Both the school system and objective criteria now show that more girls than boys have reading disabilities.

a. When children are classified by the school system, many more boys than girls have reading disabilities; when classified by objective criteria, the gender differences are not as strong.

According to the material in Chapter 6, the gender differences in social interactions are largest a. When other people are present. b. when the situation emphasizes factors other genders, such as work roles. c. When we are doing something routine, which we have done numerous times in the past. d. When we are talking about positive emotions, rather than negative emotions.

a. When other people are present.

The section on gender comparisons in friendship stated that a. both female friends and male friends are most likely to get together to "just talk. b. men appear to have somewhat more stable friendship patterns. c. women prefer to get together with friends for specific activities, rather than "just talk." d. men prefer to get together with friends to work on projects, rather than "just talk."

a. both female friends and male friends are most likely to get together to "just talk.

The search on complex cognitive tasks shows that a. females and males are smilier in their ability to solve complex problems. b. males typically earn significant higher scores than females on tests that measure creativity. c. females earn higher scores on tasks that require cooperation, whereas males earn high scores on tasks that involve competition. d. males perform significant faster than females on tasks that require forming concepts.

a. females and males are smilier in their ability to solve complex problems.

Gender stereotype encourages access discrimination because, Select all that apply. a. have negative stereotypes about women b. have many feminist beliefs c. when the position is of a "lower-level" d. believe that men lack appropriate characteristics e. believe that women lack "appropriate" stereotypically masculine charact eristics. f. pay attention to characteristics that are irrelevant foe the position women are seeking. g. believe that women are better in stereotypical masculine jobs.

a. have negative stereotypes about women e. believe that women lack "appropriate" stereotypically masculine characteristics. f. pay attention to characteristics that are irrelevant foe the position women are seeking

People who favor comparable worth legislation point out that we can attribute much of the gender gap in wages to a. occupational segregation b. stereotypes c. opportunity d. salaries

a. occupational segregation

The data on employment show that men and women often select careers in different fields. This tendency is called a. occupational segregation. b. comparable worth. c. entitlement. d. denial of personal disadvantage.

a. occupational segregation.

Gender differences are largest when? a. people are present b. Women are present c. family is present d. when alone

a. people are present

Men are more helpful on tasks that are ___________ dangerous or required in traditionally "masculine" area. a. physically b. emotionally c. mentally d. not

a. physically

For both men and women ________________ increases the intimacy of a friendship. a. self-disclosure b. friendship c. empathy d. justice

a. self-disclosure

Women are especially likely to to experience access discrimination when ? Select all that apply. a. the employer has strong gender stereotypes b. the applicant's qualifications are ambiguous c. the applicant is assertive d. the position is prestigious e. the position is of a "lower-level" f. the applicant is passive g. they apply for "gender-inappropriate" jobs

a. the employer has strong gender stereotypes b. the applicant's qualifications are ambiguous c. the applicant is assertive d. the position is prestigious g. they apply for "gender-inappropriate" jobs

Women in traditional female occupations report that a. they have the level of job satisfaction as people in other occupations b. they dislike their job more than people in other occupations c. wish they had more time with family d. wish they had more time to do house work

a. they have the level of job satisfaction as people in other occupations

From what you know about gender differences in the use of personal space, which of the following would you be least likely to see ? a. two men sitting to each to each other b. two women standing close to each other c. a small women standing close to each other d. an adult male and an adult female sitting close to each other.

a. two men sitting to each to each other

The current TANF policy has long-term consequences because ? a. women may be forced to leave a career oriented college program to earn money in a low-level job. b. women may be forced to be in this program longer than they way want to be. c. women may be forced to leave their children behind. d. too many women qualify for this program.

a. women may be forced to leave a career oriented college program to earn money in a low-level job.

Define Comparable worth

argues that women and men should receive equal pay for different jobs when those different jobs are comparable, that is when the jobs require equal training and equal ability.

When it comes to persuasion women find themselves in a no-win situation, why ? a. Women do not have the capability to persuade anyone because of the intensity of her voice. b. If she speaks confidently and uses competent non-verbal behavior she may not persuade the men, if she speaks tentatively and uses less competent nonverbal behavior, she might not persuade other women. c. If she wears clothing that are not considered feminine, she will loose the males, if she wears clothing that are considered more modest she will lose the females. d. If she has no educational background but verbally represents herself well, she will lose the men, if she act more non-competent she will lose the females.

b. If she speaks confidently and uses competent non-verbal behavior she may not persuade the men, if she speaks tentatively and uses less competent nonverbal behavior, she might not persuade other women.

What can we conclude about explanations for the gender differences in mathematics ability ? a. The most probable explanation seems to focus on brain lateralization. b. Some of the gender differences can be explained by the fact that males have more math-related experiences outside school. c. Socialization does not seem to be a critical factor in explaining gender differences in mathematical ability. d. In early grade school, teachers have higher expectations for females than for males in the area of mathematics.

b. Some of the gender differences can be explained by the fact that males have more math-related experiences outside school.

Imagine that a males and females have each received negative comments about an oral presentation. What would you be likely to observe about their self-confidence ? a. The self-confidence of both would decrease dramatically b. The self-confidence of the female would decrease, wheres the self-confidence of the males would actually increase slightly. c. The decline in their self-confidence would be greater if the negative remarks were privately, rather than in public.

b. The self-confidence of the female would decrease, wheres the self-confidence of the males would actually increase slightly.

What can we conclude about gender differences in achievement motivation? a. Men are somewhat high in achievement motivation, across a variety of conditions. b. There are no substantial gender differences. c. Men are higher in achievement motivation on practical tasks, whereas women are higher on academic tasks. d. Girls are higher than boys in achievement motivation, but men are higher than women in this area.

b. There are no substantial gender differences.

What can we conclude about gender comparisons in the ability to decode another person's emotions? a. There are no gender differences in decoding ability b. Women are usually more accurate than men in decoding facial expressions. c. Gender differences are seldom found in cultures outside north America d. The only gender differences in this area is that mean are more accurate than women in decoding emotion form the tone of a person's voice.

b. Women are usually more accurate than men in decoding facial expressions.

Affirmative actions means that a. an organization must practice reverse discrimination by giving special preference to women and people of color, even if they are somewhat less qualified than European American men b. an organization should make genuine efforts to consider qualified people who belong to a group that is underrepresented in the company. c. quotas must be established for every occupational category, and organizations will be fined if they do not meet the quota. d. women and people of color must be paid higher wages and promoted more quickly than European American men.

b. an organization should make genuine efforts to consider qualified people who belong to a group that is underrepresented in the company.

In considering research on gender comparison, we need to emphasize that _____________ and ____________ can influence results. a. gender, environment b. biased samples, expectations c. parental up-bring, class d. race, class

b. biased samples, expectations

Suppose that you know a woman who receives a low salary as a secretary, despite the fact that she works long hours and her job requires complex work. However, she tells you that she thinks her salary is appropriate. She is apparently demonstrating a. entitlement. b. denial of personal disadvantage. c. the glass ceiling. d. comparable worth.

b. denial of personal disadvantage.

Social explanation for gender differences in cognitive abilities include a. Hormones, genes, brain organization. b. experiences, treatment by adults, exposure to illustrations/books, stereotypes c. Class, race, exposure to educational books. d. treatment by peers, exposure to real life experiences, discrimination

b. experiences, treatment by adults, exposure to illustrations/books, stereotypes

Woman's anger facial expression can be misread as ? a. happiness b. fearful c. excitement d. tension

b. fearful

The discussion about research on cognitive abilities (chapter 5) emphasized that a. gender differences tend to be consistent across different situations. b. frequency distributions typically show a large overlap between the scores of males and females. c. the size of the differences between the average score for males and the average score for females is typically larger the size of the difference among all the scores for females. d. in general, differences within each gender for cognitive abilities are smaller than they are social characteristics.

b. frequency distributions typically show a large overlap between the scores of males and females.

When gender differences do emerge they can usually be traced to characteristics of the __________ or _______. a. class, race b. social setting, task c. genetics, phenotypes d. None, they are not traced back to anything.

b. social setting, task

What other things can a woman's smile indicate other than happiness ? a. excitement b. tension c. sadness d. joy

b. tension

According to the research on how married couples split household tasks, a. men spend more hours in the workplace than women do; once you equate for this factor, the division of housework is roughly equal for males and females. b. when both a wife and a husband are employed, men still perform less than half of the housework. c. White couples divide housework unequally, but Black and Latina/o families do not. d. Black and Latina/o families divide housework unequally, but White couples do not.

b. when both a wife and a husband are employed, men still perform less than half of the housework.

Define Heterosexism

belief system that devalues anyone who isn't heterosexual.

Why do competent women find themselves in a double bind with respect to persuasion? a. A situation that they perceive as "winning" might be perceived as "losing" by other people. b. Men are more likely to see them as a sex objects, wheres women are more likely to see them as a source of competition. c. If they act in a competent manner- therefore living up to their own stands-they may not persuade men. d. Women want men to be gentle, but men want them to be forceful.

c. If they act in a competent manner- therefore living up to their own stands-they may not persuade men.

On which of the following spatial abilities are the gender differences likely to be the largest? a. reading a map b. finding hidden letters in a complex painting c. Imagining what a geometric design would look like if it were turned upside down. d. visualizing where the true horizontal would be located if you were seated in a completely dark room.

c. Imagining what a geometric design would look like if it were turned upside down.

Which of the following students best summarizes women's experiences of treatment discrimination in the current era? a. Shawna: "As more and more women have entered the workforce, most types of treatment discrimination have been either eliminated or greatly reduced." b. Sid: "Male coworkers may make negative comments about women in general; however, most women workers are included in informal social interactions." c. Jamaica: "Women still experience discrimination in salaries, promotions, and interactions with coworkers." d. Lana: "Women now receive equal treatment in terms of salaries and promotions, but they are often excluded from informal social interactions."

c. Jamaica: "Women still experience discrimination in salaries, promotions, and interactions with coworkers."

What can we conclude about the way in which women and men explain why they were successful on a task ? a. Men are consistently more likely than women to say that their success is due to their ability. b. Men are consistently more likely than women to say that their success is due to hard work. c. Overall, there are no consistent gender differences in these attributions. d. Men are consistently more likely than women to blame their failures on lack of hard work.

c. Overall, there are no consistent gender differences in these attributions.

What can we conclude about studies on gender comparisons in mathematics ability? a. No statistically significant gender differences have been found in this area. b. Gender differences in mathematics ability probably can be traced to gender differences in brain lateralization. c. Some math tests show gender differences, but there are no large overall gender differences. d. there is a large difference between males and females

c. Some math tests show gender differences, but there are no large overall gender differences.

Women's employment status is influences by a. class and family orientation b. ethnicity and parental status c. education and immigration status d. race and style of parenting

c. education and immigration status

Suppose you are women who is applying for job. You would be most likely to experience access discrimination if a. the person hiring you has a moderate score on a test of gender-role stereotypes b. the job is considered to be a feminine one. c. it is unclear whether you are well qualified d. you have many letters of recommendation that document your previous work experience.

c. it is unclear whether you are well qualified

According to the discussion of comparable worth, a. the most important factor to be used in calculating comparable worth is the salary that the individual worker has requested. b. the argument of comparable worth was relatively successful in US and Canadian courts during the 1990s. c. jobs traditionally occupied by males usually pay more than jobs traditionally occupied by females, even if the "female" jobs require more education or experience. d. comparable-worth legislation would actually end up lowering women's salaries relative to men.

c. jobs traditionally occupied by males usually pay more than jobs traditionally occupied by females, even if the "female" jobs require more education or experience.

The glass escalator phenomenon occurs when a. women and men of color receive preferential treatment due to affirmative action. b. women in nontraditional fields are not held to the same standards as men in those fields. c. men in traditionally feminine fields are quickly promoted to management positions. d. a small number of women are promoted quickly, in order to avoid complaints about discrimination.

c. men in traditionally feminine fields are quickly promoted to management positions.

Gender differences in aggression depend on factors such as a. gender & race b. discrimination & class c. operational definitions & nature of people's relationship d. environment & relationship with parents

c. operational definitions & nature of people's relationship > Men are more likely to show spontaneous, unprovoked aggression. > In Provoked aggression both men and women respond aggressively.

The current research on gender comparisons in moral reasoning shows that a. women are consistently more likely than men to emphasize "justice" in moral reasoning. d. women are consistently more likely than men to emphasize "care" in moral reasoning. c. overall, there are gender similarities in this area. d. the only gender differences in moral reasoning are found in cultures outside North America.

c. overall, there are gender similarities in this area.

Supposed you read a psychology article, and the introduction informs you that the article will use a meta-analysis to review the research in a particular field. You would expect that the authors of the article will. a. describe the history of research in that area. b. decide whether overall difference is significant, based on a tally of the previous research. c. use a statistical method to integrate the results from the appropriate studies in that area. d. describe a statistical analysis similar to a correlation coefficient.

c. use a statistical method to integrate the results from the appropriate studies in that area.

According to the research about women's employment and their personal adjustment, a. women are less likely than men to experience a leisure gap b. women who work part time are likely to have higher self-esteem than women who work full time. c. women who have fulfilling jobs find that these jobs help them manage problems that arise at home. d. women who work full time are likely to have better physical health than non-employed women, but their mental health is not affected.

c. women who have fulfilling jobs find that these jobs help them manage problems that arise at home.

The discussion of gender comparisons in physical aggression included information on crime rates. Which of the following students best understands this topic? a. Ted: "Women now commit more crimes than men." b. Nicole: "The sharp increase in the number of women in prison is primarily due to more women killing their abusive partners." c. Amy: "Women and men are equally likely to commit murder." d. Charles: "Men are consistently more likely than women to be the offenders in almost every category of criminal behavior."

d. Charles: "Men are consistently more likely than women to be the offenders in almost every category of criminal behavior."

Which of the following students' statements best captures the research on gender comparisons in nurturance? a. LaTonya: "Contrary to general opinion, no gender differences have yet been found in this area." b. Anooj: "Women are consistently more nurturant than men, no matter how you measure nurturance." c. Sarah: "Men are more nurturant than women when you consider behavioral measures; women are more nurturant than men when other measures of nurturance are used." d. Samuel: "Women are more nurturant than men when you consider self-report measures; gender differences are minimal with other measures.

d. Samuel: "Women are more nurturant than men when you consider self-report measures; gender differences are minimal with other measures.

According to the concept of gender-role spillover a. women often let their family problems spill over into the time spent at work. b. women are more likely than men to discuss gender issues in the workplace. c. men are likely to sexually harass women who act in a nonstereotypical fashion d. employers may judge a female job applicant on the basis of her attractiveness and stereotypically female characteristics.

d. employers may judge a female job applicant on the basis of her attractiveness and stereotypically female characteristics.

Women are somewhat more likely than men to define _________________________ in terms of a balance between professional achievement and personal relationships. a. discrimination b. attributions c. self-efficacy d. personal success

d. personal success

Women who are employed in traditionally male, high-prestige professions a. come from a family of wealth, and good characteristics. b. have high cognitive skills than the average person c. are not considered famine because of how far advanced she is in comparison to other women. d. similar to the men in these professions in terms of cognitive skills, personal characteristics & work involvement.

d. similar to the men in these professions in terms of cognitive skills, personal characteristics & work involvement.

Studies on men and women in conversation indicate that a. women talk more than men, but men interrupt more than women do. b. women talk more than men, and women also interrupt more than men do. c. men and women talk equally, and they also interrupt each other equally. d. the gender differences are small, but some studies show that men talk and interrupt more than women do.

d. the gender differences are small, but some studies show that men talk and interrupt more than women do.

Define Sticky floor

described the situation of women who are employed in low-level, dead-end jobs with. no chance of promotion.

Define Access discrimination

discrimination used in hiring. ex. rejecting well-qualified women applicants or offering them less attractive positions.

T or F Women with higher education do not face salary discrimination.

false > Women earn substantially lower salaries at every educational level.

T or F Lesbian women do not experience work discrimination, and often earn less than other women.

false > Lesbian women experience work discrimination and often earn more than other women. (They are more likely to have a bachelor's degree)

T or F Women in blue-collared jobs are treated very well by their colleagues.

false > women in blue-collared jobs face biased treatment from men on the job, but they value the salary and sense of pride they gain from their work.

T or F Women who don't work seem to be healthier and better adjusted.

false > women with satisfying jobs seem to be even healthier and better adjusted.

____________ recieve higher grades in math courses ____________ high scores on the SAT mathematics

females, males >SAT under-predicts woman's college math grades*

Define Glass ceiling

is an invisible but rigid barrier that seems to prevent women and people of color from reaching the top levels in many professional organizations.

Define Intrinsic motivation

is your tendency to work on a task for your own satisfaction, rather than for rewards such as money or praise.

________ may be relatively high in physical aggression but, ___________ are relatively high in relational aggression.

males, females

Define Occupational segregation

men and women tend to choose different occupations. Ex. "women's jobs" pay less than "men's jobs" They pay less simply because its women doing the job, not men.

Define Glass escalator

men who enter fields that are often associated with women, men are often quickly promoted to management positions.

Define Meta-analysis

provides a statistical method for combining numerous studies on a single topic.

Define Altruism

providing unselfish help to others who are in need, without anticipating any reward.

Define Achievement motivation

the desire to accomplish something on your own and to do it well,

T or F Employed women are as healthy and as well adjusted psychologically as non-employed women.

true

T or F Employed women may experience role strain from conflicting responsibilities, but many report that their work enhances their feelings of competence.

true

T or F Even when men and women are equivalent in other characteristics such as age and occupation the man will generally have more power.

true

T or F Men and women seem to live in the same world, sharing basic values that include both justice and care.

true

T or F Women are especially likely to be exploited in low-income traditionally female jobs: Domestic work & work in Garment industry (including sweatshops)

true

T or F Compared to college graduates, women without college degrees are significantly more likely to live in poverty.

true

T or F compared to males, females often gaze more at their conversational partners, especially when speaking with someone of the same gender.

true

Gender differences in ____________skills are minimal, but boys are somewhat more likely than girls to have reading disabilities.

verbal skills

Define Social constructionist approach

we construct or invent our own versions of reality, based on prior experiences, social interactions, and beliefs.

Define Box-score approach ("counting approach")

when researches read through all the appropriate studies on a given topic and draw conclusions based on a tally of their outcomes.

Define Labyrinth metaphor

women in search of promotion will encounter many difficulties along the rout, including dead ends, detours and puzzling pathways. > To reach the end of Labyrinth women but be extremely competent, and develop flexible strategies that blend warmth and compassion with strength and decisiveness.