PSY Test 2

Which of the following may lead to use of the availability heuristic?

-events that have happened recently *all the answers are correct. -particularly vivid events -when we can easily recall memories of an event

A deviation IQ score is _____.

100 plus or minus (15 × the number of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for the standardization group)

Using Sperling's full-report procedure, participants recalled _____ letters on average, and using the partial-report procedure, participants recalled _____ the letters on the indicated row.

4.5; all

Mental set is to _____ as fixation is to _____.

solving the problem; interpreting the problem

According to your text, why is the encoding specificity effect not consistently applicable to classroom testing?

students may learn the material in many different environments.

The primacy effect likely occurs because research participants _____.

study the first few words in the list more than later words

Mental set is _____.

the tendency to use previously successful solution strategies without considering others that may be more appropriate for a current problem

Processing information to solve problems, reason, and make judgments and decisions is called _____.

thinking

In Pavlov's experiment, CS (conditioned stimulus) is to CR (conditioned response) as _____ is to _____.

tone; salivation

Slot machines provide reinforcement on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

We experience _____ when prior learning disrupts the retrieval of new information.

proactive interference

In the Little Albert study, fear of the white rat is to _____ as fear of the loud noise is to _____.

CR (condition response); CS (conditioned stimulus)

The "magical number 7 ± 2" was derived from studies on _____.

STM (short-term memory) capacity

The availability heuristic is _____.

a rule of thumb that the more easily we remember an event, the more probable it is

When the CR (conditioned response) is elicited to the CS (conditioned stimulus), _____ has taken place.

acquisition

A(n) _____ is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution to a problem.

algorithm

According to Thorndike's law of effect, _____.

any behavior that results in negative consequences is likely to not be repeated

If a test has been standardized, it has _____.

been given to a representative sample of the relevant population

A police detective continues to pursue the individual he feels is guilty of a robbery in the face of increasing evidence to the contrary. It is likely that the detective is experiencing _____.

belief perseverance

Generalization leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _____ set of stimuli, and discrimination leads to the CR (conditioned response) being given to a _____ set of stimuli.

broader; narrower

Pavlov developed procedures for _____ conditioning to study the _____ reflex.

classical; salivary

Negative reinforcement _____ a behavior by removing an _____ stimulus.

decreases; appetitive

Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying _____.

digestive processes in dogs

In the case study of H. M., his _____ long-term memory was affected and he suffered from _____ amnesia.

explicit; anterograde

People are likely to use _____ to solve anagrams.

heuristics

Tolman's research on maze running in rats demonstrates _____.

latent learning

When we need to use information previously stored, it flows from _____ memory into _____ memory.

long-term; short-term

Which of the following describes iconic memory?

memory for all incoming visual information that lasts for less than 1 second

George Miller is credited with determining _____.

the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory

"Memory span" refers to which of the following?

the average number of items a person recalls across multiple trials