PSY100 14: Coping and Health, 15 and 16

What are ways people respond to stress?

- Agression - Blaming oneself - Giving up - By self-indulging

What prevalence rates have statistics Canada discovered on psychological disorders?

1 in 10 Canadians over 15 years of age reported symptoms consistent with one of the categories of disorder in the past year. 1 in 3 Canadians met the criteria at some point in their lifetime. 1 in 5 people met the diagnostic criteria for a substance-use disorder in their lifetime. 12.6% of Canadians met the diagnostic criteria for a mood disorder, with major depressive disorder been the most common. By the time Canadians reach 40 years of age, 1/2 will have or have had a mental illness. 68% of people who reported symptoms consistent with one of these disorders did not seek assistance.

What are the three related clusters of personality disorders?

1. Anxious/fearful. 2. Odd/eccentric. 3. Dramatic/ impulsive

What are 3 main deficits of autism spectrum disorder?

1. Deficits in social interaction 2. Deficits in social communication 2. Restricted or repetitive stereotyped behaviours, interests, and activities * attribute to autism aloneness Other problems including sensory deficits have been identified with this disorder

What are three criteria of making a diagnosis of a psychological illness?

1. Deviance 2. Maladaptive behaviour 3. Personal distress

What are the four main types of anxiety disorder?

1. Generalized anxiety disorder. 2. Specific phobia. 3. Panic disorder. 4. Agoraphobia These disorders are not mutually exclusive, as many people who develop one anxiety syndrome often suffer from another at some point in their lives.

When does non adherence to medical advice occur?

1. If a patient does not have good social support who remind them and help them comply with treatment. 2. If the patient doesn't understand the instructions as given. Highly trained professionals often forget that what seems obvious and simple to them may be obscure and complicated to many patients. 3. How difficult the instructions are. If the prescribed regimen is unpleasant, but here it's tends to decrease. Also the more following instructions interferes with routine behaviour decreases the probability that the patient will cooperate. 4. If a patient has a negative attitude towards a physician, the probability of noncompliance increases.

What are three main stereotypes about psychological disorders?

1. Psychological disorders are incurable. 2. People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous. 3. People with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different from normal people.

What are the three most common types of psychological disorders in Canada?

1. Substance use disorders (alcohol and drugs), 2. Anxiety disorders, 3. Depression

What are two road blocks in seeking treatment for medical problems?

1. The wait times for ER and specialist care in Canada. 2. How individuals appraise and react to health concerns. It has been found the income level, gender, and whether you live in a city or a rural area in Canada affect the frequency of seen a physician.

What 3 subtypes are there in internet addiction?

1. excessive gaming 2. preoccupation with sexual content 3. obsessive socializing.

What 4 things are exhibited in Internet addiction?

1. excessive time online 2. anger and depression 3. an escalating need for better equipment and collections 4. adverse consequences (arguments, lying, isolation, decline in academics)

What are prevalence rates of PTSD?

7 to 8% of people experience PTSD at some point in their lives, with prevalence been higher among women (10%) than men (5%).

What are dissociative disorders?

A class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity. This includes dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder.

What are personality disorders?

A class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subject of distress or impaired social and occupational functioning. They generally become recognizable during adolescence or early adulthood There are 10 personality disorders classified.

What are anxiety disorders?

A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. They include generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia, selective mutism, social anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder.

What is hardiness?

A constellation of attitudes, beliefs, and behavioural tendencies that consist of all three components: commitment, control, and challenge. These people tend to approach difficult tasks as challenges, they view their work as important and they are committed to it, and they see themselves as in control of their time and efforts.

What is autism spectrum disorder?

A developmental disorder characterized by social and emotional deficits, along with repetitive and stereotypical behaviors, interest, and activities. Autism spectrum disorders are included in the neurodevelopmental disorders classification. This includes intellectual disabilities, attention deficit/hyper activity disorder, specific learning disorder, motor disorders and tic disorders. The central feature of this disorder is the child's lack of interest in other people. Children with autism act as though people in their environment or not different the nearby inanimate objects, such as toys, pillows are chairs. They make no effort to connect with people and fail to bond with their parents or to develop normal peer relationships. 1/3 of autism spectrum disorder children feel to develop speech. Children's interactions are restricted in that they tend to become preoccupied with objects or repetitive body movements. Some exhibits self injurious behaviour such as banging their heads are pulling their hair.

What do people argue that the traditional categorical approach to diagnosis should be replaced by?

A dimensional approach would describe disorders in terms of how people score on a limited number of continuous dimensions, such as the degree to which the exhibit anxiety, depression, agitation, anger, hypochondria, paranoia etc. Experts would have to agree about which dimensions to assess and how to measure them. Because of difficulty such as these, the authorities developing DSM-5 chose to retain primarily a category approach.

What is agoraphobia?

A fear of going out to public places. People with panic disorder often become increasingly concerned about exhibiting panic in public, to the point where they are afraid to leave home. Because of this fear, some people become prisoners confined to their homes, although many will venture out if accompanied by a trusted companion. It was originally viewed as a phobic disorder but DSM-5 lists it as a separate anxiety disorder that may or may not co-exist with panic disorder. As it turns out, it can co-exist with a variety of disorders. It can vary in severity, but it can be a very disabling condition.

What is a prognosis?

A forecast about the probable course of an illness

What is optimism?

A general tendency to expect good outcomes. Optimism is correlated with general good physical health, more effective immune functioning, greater cardiovascular health, and increased longevity.

What has been correlated with borderline personality disorder?

A history of early trauma, including physical and sexual abuse.

What are the trauma-and-stressor-related disorders?

A new class of disorders, the trauma and stress or related disorders. All of these disorders are seen to follow an individual's exposure to some type of chronic or acute stressor. This includes reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, PTSD, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders.

What is disorganized schizophrenia?

A particularly severe syndrome marked by frequent incoherence, obvious deterioration in adaptive behaviour, and virtually complete social withdrawal.

What is learned helplessness?

A passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events. Seems to occur when individuals come to believe that events are beyond their control. It can contribute to depression.

What occurs in a manic episode?

A persons mood becomes elevated to the point of euphoria. Self-esteem skyrockets and the person bubbles over with optimism, energy, and extravagant plans. Here she becomes hyper active and they go for days without sleep. Individual talks rapidly and shift topics widely, as his or her mind races at rapid speeds. Judgement is often impaired. Some people gamble impulsively, spend money frantically, or become sexually reckless.

What is an Internet addiction?

A relatively new manifestation of the compulsive shopping coping strategy is the tendency to immerse oneself in the online world of the Internet. It is believed to be fostered by high stress, and increased levels of anxiety, depression, and alcohol use.

What are specific phobias?

A specific phobia involves a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. People can develop phobias to virtually anything. Some phobias are rare and others are very common, including claustrophobia. People with phobias typically realize that their fears are irrational, but still are unable to calm themselves when confronted by a phobic object. Phobias are quite common as the lifetime prevalence of specific phobias is estimated to be around 10%, 2/3 of victims are females.

What is dissociative amnesia?

A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. Memory losses can occur for a single traumatic event or for an extended period of time surrounding the event. Cases of amnesia have been observed after people have experienced disasters, accidents, combat stress, physical abuse, and rape.

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern. The most common forms are winter depression, and they are more common in countries such as Canada where there's less sunlight. There are suggestions that it could be related to melatonin production and circadian rhythms. A form of treatment for this is phototherapy, in which suffering individuals are exposed to systematically therapeutic light.

What is postpartum depression?

A type of depression that sometimes occurs after childbirth. Postpartum depression occurs at a time of life when most women expect to be happiest and most excited. It occurs in 10 to 20% of women who have given birth. They just higher in women residing in urban settings, and even higher in immigrants.

What are the 6 diagnostic criteria for hoarding disorder?

A) Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. B) This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and the distress they will experience associated with discarding them. C) The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromise their intended use. D) If living areas are uncluttered, it is only because of the interventions of third parties. E) The hoarding is not attributable to another medical condition such as a brain injury. F) The hoarding is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder such as obsessive compulsive disorder, decreased energy in major depressive disorder, delusions and schizophrenia etc

How are abnormal neurotransmitter levels correlated to mood disorders?

Abnormal levels of norepinephrine and serotonin are attributed with mood disorders. Low levels of serotonin appear to be a crucial factor underline most forms of depression.

What are culture bound disorders?

Abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups. For example, koro, an obsessive fear that one's penis will withdraw into one's abdomen, it's in only in Chinese males in Malaya and several other regions in southern Asia. Windio, which involves an intense craving for human flesh and the fear that one will turn into a cannibal, is seen only among Algonquin cultures. Anorexia nervosa is largely only seen in affluent western cultures.

What is AIDS?

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, I disorder in which the immune system is gradually weekend and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV. It's in flics it's harm indirectly by opening the door to other diseases because with the onset of the syndrome, one is left virtually defenceless against the host of opportunistic infections diseases. Although AIDS rates are going down in Canada, the disease continues to increase in other parts of the world at an alarming rate, with specific regions in Africa continuing to demonstrate disproportionately high overall rates of HIV infection.

What other health problems may be linked to stress?

Aids, appendicitis, cancer, colds, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and epileptic seizures.

What is aggression?

Any behaviour that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally. People often respond to stressful events by striking out at others with aggressive behaviour.

What's fields of work are most common for PTSD?

Armed forces, police officers, firefighters, ambulance attendants and paramedics, and even transit workers.

What is the prevalence of lifetime depressive disorders?

Around 13 to 16%, and it is twice as high in women as it is in men. This is most likely due to the fact that only women experience postpartum and postmenopausal depression, women are more likely to be victims of sexual assault, and they are more likely to endure poverty and pressures to be thin and attractive.

What is the prevalence of autism?

Around one percent

What cultural disparities exist in the type of social support the people prefer?

Asians are reluctant to seek support from others and that they assert that social support is not all that helpful to them. They can benefit from social support, but they prefer a different kind of support that Americans. Research has shown that Americans generally preferred and pursue explicit social support. In contrast, Asians do not feel comfortable speaking explicit social support because they worry about the strain it will place on their friends and family. They do benefit from implicit support the results when they spent time with close others without discussing their problems and when they remind themselves that they belong to valued social groups that would be supportive if needed.

What is the neurodevelopmental hypothesis?

Asserts that schizophrenia is caused in part by various disruptions in the normal maturational processes of the brain before or at birth. According to this hypothesis, insults to the brain during sensitive phases of prenatal development or during birth can cause subtle neurological damage that elevates individuals vulnerability to schizophrenia years later and adolescence and early adult hood. Some studies have found a link between exposure to influenza and other infections during prenatal development and an increased prevalence of schizophrenia. One study found a slight elevated incidence of schizophrenia in a group of people who were prenatally exposed to severe famine.

What is undoing?

Atoning for or trying to magically dispell unacceptable desires or acts

What are the two classes of mood disorders?

Bipolar and related disorders, which includes bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and cyclothymic disorder. Depressive disorders, which includes major depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder etc.

What is catastrophic thinking?

Blaming oneself is another common response when people are confronted by stressful difficulties. It's the tendency to become highly self-critical in response to stress. Catastrophic thinking causes, aggravates, and perpetuates emotional reactions to stress that are often problematic.

What are examples of obsessive compulsive disorder?

Body dysmorphic disorder = an individual has an unrelenting preoccupation with what he or she perceives to be a physical flaw. Excoriation = skin picking disorder Hoarding disorder

When does the onset of depression occur?

Can occur at any point in the lifespan, however, a substantial majority of cases emerge before age 40. It occurs in children and adolescents, as well as adults, all the rates of depression or notably Lauren children and somewhat lower and adolescents. Most people who suffer from major depression experience more than one episode over the course of their lifetime. The average number of depressive episodes is 5 to 6. The average length of these episodes about 5 to 7 months. An earlier age of onset is associated with more occurrences, more severe symptoms, and worse prognosis.

How can emotional reactions affect heart disease?

Cardiologists and laypersons have long voiced suspicions that strong emotional reactions might trigger heart attacks in individuals with coronary disease. Advances in cardiac monitoring have facilitated investigation of the issue. As suspected, laboratory experiments with cardiology patients have shown that brief periods of mental stress can trigger certain symptoms of heart disease. Mental stress can elicit cardiac symptoms in about 30 to 70% of coronary patients. Outbursts of anger can be particularly dangerous. A recent meta-analysis of available evidence concluded that in the two hours immediately following an outburst of anger, there is nearly a fivefold increase in an individuals risk for heart attack and more than a threefold increase in their risk for a stroke.

What is bipolar 1 disorder?

Characterized by the experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression. One manic episode is sufficient enough to qualify for this diagnosis.

How was stressed correlated with information?

Chronic stress can sometimes promote inflammation. Inflammation contributes to a diverse array of other diseases, including arthritis, osteoporosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and some types of cancer.

What structural abnormalities in the brain are associated with schizophrenia?

Cognitive deficit such as attention, perception and information processing problems suggest that schizophrenic disorders may be caused by neurological deficits. The most reliable finding is that CT scans and MRI scans suggest an association between enlarged brain ventricles and schizophrenic disturbance. Enlarged ventricles are assumed to reflect the degeneration of nearby brain tissue. The structural deterioration could be a consequence of schizophrenia, or it could be a contributing cause of the illness. Brain imaging studies have also uncovered other structural abnormalities, including reductions about gray matter and white matter in specific brain regions.

What is self indulgence?

Compensate for deprived/frustrated feelings by trying to promote a feeling of satisfaction in another area. When trouble by stress, many people engage in unwise patterns of eating, drinking, spending money etc. Studies have linked stress to an increase in eating, smoking, drinking and drugs, and gambling. A study found that stress related to negative life events was associated with youth problem gambling.

What are compulsions?

Compulsions are actions that one feels forced to carry out. They usually involve stereotyped rituals that temporarily relieve anxiety. This includes things like constant hand washing, repetitive cleaning of things that are already clean, and endless rechecking of locks, faucets etc.

What are three things that make coping constructive?

Constructive coping: 1. Involves confronting problems directly. It is task-relevant and action-oriented. It entails a conscious effort to rationally evaluate your options so that you can try to solve your problems. 2. Is based on reasonably realistic appraisals of your stress and coping resources. A little self deception may sometimes be adaptive, but excessive self deception and highly unrealistic negative thinking are not. 3. Constructive coping involves learning to recognize, and in some cases regulate, potentially disruptive emotional reactions to stress.

What is overcompensation?

Covering up for weakness by emphasizing some desirable characteristics, or making up for frustration in one area by overgratification in another.

Not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD)

Criminal acts must be intentional. The law reasons that people who are out of their mind may not be able to appreciate the significance of what they are doing. This type of defence is used in criminal trials by defendant to admit that they committed the crime but claimed that they lacked intent. Most people with diagnosed psychological disorders would not qualify as insane. The people most likely to qualify are those troubled by severe disturbances that display delusional behaviour. This defence is rarely successful and typically is only used in cases of the most severely disordered defendants.

What is intellectualization (isolation)?

Cutting off emotion from hurtful situations or separating incompatible attitudes so that they appear unrelated.

What is schizoid personality disorder?

Defective in capacity for forming social relationships; showing absence of warm, tender feelings for others. Ratio of male to female is 78:22

What are common symptoms of schizophrenia?

Delusions and irrational thoughts, deterioration of adaptive behavior, hallucinations, and disturbed emotions. The person's train of thoughts deteriorates and thinking becomes chaotic rather than logical and linear.

What has been correlated with antisocial personality disorder?

Dysfunctional family systems, erratic discipline, parental neglect, and parental modelling of exploitive amoral behaviour.

What is cyclothymic disorder?

Dysthymia (mild depression) and hypomania (mild mania) A milder form of bipolar disorder

How are early life stressors and psychiatric disorders related?

Early life stress is linked to increased prevalence of anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia disorders, personality disorders, and eating disorders.

How can depression affect heart disease?

Elevated rates of depression have been found among patients suffering from heart disease. Experts have tended to explain this correlation by asserting that been diagnosed with heart disease makes people depressed, however, recent evidence suggests that the causal relations may just be the opposite. The emotional disfunction of depression may cause heart disease. One study found that participants who suffered from depression were 2.7 times more likely to die of heart disease during the follow up period than people who are not depressed. Because the participants had depressive disorder before heart attacks, account to be argued that their heart disease caused their depression. Overall, studies suggest that depression roughly doubles once chances of developing heart disease.

How do hormonal factors correlate with mood disorders?

Evidence suggests that overactivity along the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenalcortical (HPA) axis in response to stress can often play a role in the development of depression. A substantial portion of depressed patients show elevated stress levels of cortisol, a key stress hormone produced by HPA activity.

What is dependant personality disorder?

Excessively lacking in self reliance and self-esteem; possibly allowing others to make all decisions; constantly subordinating owns needs to others needs. Ratio of male to female prevalence is 31/69

What is avoidant personality disorder?

Excessively sensitive to potential rejection, humiliation, or shame; socially withdrawn in spite of desire for acceptance from others. It is even and prevalence of males and females.

What are delusions?

False beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality. For example, one patient's delusion that he is a tiger persisted for more than 15 years. Common delusions in schizophrenics are that their private thoughts are being broadcasted to other people, thoughts are being injected into their minds against their will, or that their thoughts are being controlled by some external force.

What are positive effects of stress?

Favourable outcomes that follow in the wake of stress. Research shows that stress can promote personal growth or self improvement. For example, many people report that they derived benefits from their medical adversities. Stressful events sometimes force people to develop new skills, reevaluate priorities, learn new insights, and acquire new skills. Moderate levels of stress can foster resilience.

What is acrophobia?

Fear of heights

What is claustrophobia?

Fear of small enclosed spaces

What is personal distress?

Frequently, the diagnosis of a psychological disorder is based on an individual's report of great personal distress. This is usually the criterion met by people who are troubled by depression or anxiety disorders. Depressed people for instance may or may not exhibit deviant or maladaptive behavior. Such people are usually labelled as having a disorder when they describe their subjective pain and suffering to friends, relatives, and mental health professionals.

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Frustration at a situation leads to aggression towards something and results in prejudice. It held that aggression is always caused by frustration.

How do genetic factors play a role in mood disorders?

Genetic factors influence the likelihood of developing major depression and bipolar disorder. Twin studies have found a huge disparity between identical and fraternal twins and concordance rates for mood disorders. The concordance rate for identical twins is much higher. This evidence suggests that heredity can create a predisposition to move disfunction. Environmental factors probably determine whether this predisposition is converted into an actual disorder.

What causes autism?

Genetic factors make a major contribution to ASD. It must be attributed to some sort of brain abnormality, and the most reliable finding has been the ASD is associated with generalized brain enlargement that is apparent by the age of two. Children with autism appear to have 67% more neurons in the prefrontal cortex than other children do. Vaccinations do not cause autism, and this popular correlation was due to the fact that children get scheduled vaccinations around the same time the autism begins to show symptoms, however there is no scientific data suggesting that vaccinations cause ASD. n

What is fantasy?

Gratifying frustrated desires by imaginary achievements.

What did the Sandstorm and Dunn study discover?

Greater interactions with strong ties correlated with greater subjective well-being, but so did greater interactions with weak ties.

What factors are predictors of individual's risk for PTSD?

Greater personal injuries and losses, greater intensity of exposure to the traumatic event, and more exposure to the grotesque aftermath of the event. Another predictor of vulnerability for PTSD is the intensity of one's reaction at the time of the traumatic event. Individuals who have especially intense emotional reactions during or immediately after the traumatic event go onto show elevated vulnerability to PTSD. Vulnerability is greatest among people whose reactions are so intense that they report dissociative experiences (a sense that things are not real, that time is stretching out, that one is watching in oneself in a movie)

How can communities and social support have health benefits?

Having connections with your community also seems to provide health benefits. One study found that Canadians who perceive a strong sense of connection to their community were more likely to report having both good physical and mental health. This study adds to the growing evidence that social relationships and bonds can be good for your health. The effect of some types of social support has also been found to be a function of culture, with individuals from cultures emphasizing community and interdependence benefitting more from emotional social support than those from cultures where independence is emphasized.

How can alcohol and drug use affect health?

Heavy consumption of alcohol clearly increases one's risk for a host of diseases. Recreational drug use is another common health imparing habit. Unlike smoking, poor eating habits, and inactivity, drugs can kill directly and immediately when they are taken in an overdose or when they impair the user enough to cause an accident. In the long run, recreational drugs and also elevate one's risk for infectious diseases, respiratory, pulmonary, and cardiovascular diseases.

What is maladaptive behaviour?

In many cases, people are judged to have a psychological disorder because their every day adaptive behaviour is impaired. This is the key criterion in the diagnosis of substance-use disorders. In itself, alcohol or drug use is not terribly unusual or deviant. However, when the use of cocaine, for instance, begins to interfere with the persons social or occupational functioning, a substance use disorder exists. In such cases, it is the maladaptive quality of the behaviour that makes it disordered.

Are there any genetic factors that play a role in the development of schizophrenic disorders?

In twin studies, concordance rates average around 48% for identical twins, in comparison with about 17% for fraternal twins. Studies also indicate that a child born to two schizophrenic parents has about a 46% probability of developing a schizophrenic disorder compared with the probability in the general population of about 1%. These show the genetic roots of schizophrenia.

What is Type A personality?

Includes three elements: a strong competitive orientation, and patience and time urgency, and anger and hostility. They are ambitious, hard-driving perfectionists who are exceedingly time conscious. Often they are highly competitive, irritable workaholics will drive them selves with many deadlines.

What is bipolar 2 disorder?

Individuals suffer from episodes of major depression along with hypomania in which their changing mood and behaviour is less severe than those seen in full mania.

What are characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder?

It can be caused from military trauma, rape or assaults, severe automobile accident, natural disaster, or witnessing someone's death. In some instances, it doesn't surface until many months or years after a person's exposure to severe stress and is tied to memory for the events.

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?

It generally occurs in about 1% of the population.

What is dissociative identity disorder?

It involves a disruption of identity marked by the experience of two or more largely complete, and usually very different personalities. It is believed that these individuals failed to integrate incongruent aspects of their personality into a normal, coherent hole. The divergences in behaviour go far beyond those that normal people display in adapting to different roles in life. Many people feel that they have more than one identity. Each identity has his or her own name, memories, traits, physical mannerisms, and autonomy. The various personalities generally report that they are unaware of each other, although objective measures of memory suggest otherwise. The alternate personalities commonly display traits that are quite foreign to the original personality. For example, a shy, inhibited person might develop a flamboyant and extroverted alternate personality. Transitions between identities often occur suddenly. This disorder seen more in women than in men.

What is reduced self-efficacy in burnout?

It involves declining feelings of competency at work, which give way to feelings of hopelessness and helplessness.

What is a diagnosis?

It involves distinguishing one illness from another.

What is post-traumatic stress disorder?

It involves enduring psychological disturbances attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event. It is associated with a higher incidence of physical disorders such as chronic musculoskeletal disorders and obesity.

How does burnout affect work?

It is associated with increased absenteeism and reduced productivity at work, as well as increased vulnerability to a high variety of health problems. Canadians with high stress jobs were much more likely to take disability days off work, to report lower work activity because of the stress, to report health related work problems, and to experience stress related depressive episodes.

What is exhaustion?

It is central to burnout, and it includes chronic fatigue, weakness, and low-energy.

What is panic disorder?

It is characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly. These paralyzing attacks are accompanied by physical symptoms of anxiety and are sometimes misinterpreted as heart attacks. After a number of anxiety attacks, victims often become apprehensive and hyper vigilant, wondering when their next panic will occur. About 2/3 of people were diagnosed with panic disorder are female, and the onset of the disorder typically occurs during late adolescence or early adulthood.

How is conscientiousness associated with good physical health?

It is linked with good physical health and increased longevity. People who are high in conscientiousness are less likely than others to exhibit unhealthy habits, such as excessive drinking, drug abuse, dangerous driving, smoking, overheating, and risky sexual practices. They also tend to rely on constructive coping strategies and they are persistent in their efforts so they may handle stressors better than others. Conscientious people also listen to medical advice and they have a more affective management of health problems. Conscientiousness is also associated with higher educational attainment and job performance, which both foster career success and increased income, meaning the people high in conscientiousness tend to end up in the upper levels of socioeconomic status, which are related to longevity.

What is cynicism?

It is manifested in a highly negative attitudes toward oneself, one's work, and life in general.

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

It is marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat. People with this disorder worry constantly about yesterday's mistakes and tomorrow's problems. They also worry about minor matters related to family, finances, work, and personal illness. They hope that they're worrying will help to ward off negative events, but nonetheless worry about how much they worry. They often dread their decisions and brood over them endlessly. It is commonly accompanied by physical symptoms such as trembling, muscle tension, diarrhea, dizziness, faintness, sweating, and heart palpitations. It tends to have a gradual onset and is seen more frequently in females than males.

What is narcissistic personality disorder?

It is marked by a grandiose sense of self importance, a sense of entitlement, and an excessive need for attention and admiration. The exhibit narcissism to a very extreme degree. This syndrome is more common in males. People with this disorder think you are unique and superior to others. They tend to be boastful and pretentious. Their self-esteem's are generally quite fragile, leading them to fish for compliments and to be easily threatened by criticism. Their sense of entitlement manifests in arrogant expectations that they should merit special treatment or extra privileges. They routinely complain to others that their accomplishments don't get the respect they deserve it or are appreciated.

What is antisocial personality disorder?

It is marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior. People with this disorder antisocial in the sense that they choose to reject widely excepted social norms recording moral principles. They chronically exploit others. They rarely feel guilty about their transgressions and they lack an adequate conscience. It occurs much more frequently among males than females. Sexually they are predatory and promiscuous. They can tolerate little frustration and they pursue immediate gratification. This makes them unreliable employees, unfaithful spouses, inattentive parents and undependable friends. They get involved in illegal activities and they tend to begin their criminal career is at an early age. They commit offences at a relatively heart rate and they are versatile offender to become involved in many types of crime.

What is borderline personality disorder?

It is marked by instability and social relationships, self image, and emotional functioning. It is somewhat more common in females than males. These individuals tend to have a turbulent interpersonal relationships marked my fears of abandonment. They often switch back-and-forth between idealizing people and devaluing them. They tend to be intense with frequent anger issues and poor control their emotions. They tend to be moody, shifting among panic, despair, and feelings of emptiness. They are prone to impulsive behaviour such as reckless spending, drug use or sexual behaviors. They often exhibit fragile, unstable self-concepts, as their goals, values, opinions, and career plans shift suddenly. It is associated with an elevated risk for self injury such as cutting or burning oneself, and an increased risk for suicide.

What causes dissociative amnesia?

It is usually attributed to excessive stress, however very little is known about why this extreme reaction to stress occurs in such a tiny minority of people.

What is the prevalence of obsessive compulsive disorder?

It occurs in 2 to 3% of the population.

What is the prevalence of bipolar disorder?

It only affects one percent of North Americans and it is seen equally in males and females. The onset of bipolar disorder is age related. The typical on set is in the late teens.

What is the medical model?

It proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease. This refers to things such as psychological disorders and mental illnesses, and calling them abnormal behaviour. When patients are viewed with as having an illness, they are viewed with more sympathy and less hatred and fear.

What is prevalence?

It refers to the percentage of our population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period. In the case of mental disorders, the most interesting data are the estimates of lifetime prevalence, the percentage of people who endure a specific disorder at any time in their lives.

When does schizophrenia usually emerge?

It usually emerges during adolescence or early adult hood. About 75% of cases manifest by the age of 30.

What is catatonic schizophrenia?

It was marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from the muscular rigidity seen in a withdrawn state called a catatonic stupor to random motor activity seen in a state of catatonic excitement.

What is paranoid schizophrenia?

It was thought to be dominated by delusions of persecution, along with delusions of grandeur.

What is a defence mechanism?

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and guilt. The main purpose of defence mechanisms is to shield individuals from the unpleasant emotions often elicited by stress. They accomplish this purpose through self-deception, distorting reality so it doesn't appear so threatening.

How can conditioning and learning have a role in anxiety?

Many anxiety responses may be acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning. An original neutral stimulus may be paired with a frightening event so that it becomes a conditioned stimulus eliciting anxiety. Once fear is acquired through classical conditioning, the person may start avoiding the anxiety producing stimulus. The avoidance response is negatively reinforced because it is followed by a reduction in anxiety. This process involves operant conditioning. Studies find that a substantial portion of people suffering from phobias can identify a traumatic conditioning experience that probably contributed to their anxiety disorder.

What are critiques with the DSM-5 test?

Many critics have question the fundamental axiom that the diagnostic system is built on: the assumption that people can reliably be placed and discontinuous diagnostic categories. These critics note that there is enormous overlap among various disorders symptoms, making the boundaries between diagnosis much fuzzier than would be ideal. Critics also pointed out that people often qualify for more than one diagnosis. Another area of concern is the exponential growth of diagnoses. The number of specific diagnoses in the DSM increased from 128 and the first edition to 541 in the current edition. Some of this growth was due to splitting existing disorders into narrower subtypes, but much of it was due to adding entirely new disorders. For example, DSM-5 includes diagnoses for caffeine intoxication, tobacco use disorder, binge eating disorder, and gambling disorder.

What is obsessive compulsive disorder?

Marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions). It can be very severe and is often associated with serious social and occupational impairments. It is seen in males and females in roughly equal members.

What is Type B personality?

Marked by relatively relaxed, patient, easy-going, and amicable behaviour. They are less hurried, less competitive, and less easily angered than type A's.

What is schizophrenia?

Means "split mind" It is a disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression), and deterioration of adaptive behaviours. It is a severe, debilitating illness that tends to have an early onset and often requires a lengthy hospital care. Individuals suffering from schizophrenia show an increased risk for suicide and for premature mortality from natural causes.

Asperger's Syndrome

Mild form of autism; may have concomitant learning disabilities and/or poor motor skills.

Are equivalent disorders found around the world?

Most investigators agree that the principal categories of serious psychological disturbance--schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar illness--are identifiable in all cultures. Most behaviours that are regarded as clearly abnormal in Western countries are also viewed as abnormal in other countries. People who are delusional, hallucinatory, disoriented, or incoherent are thought to be disturbed in all societies, although there are cultural disparities in exactly what is considered delusional or hallucinatory. Cultural variations are most apparent in the recognition of less severe forms of psychological disorders. Syndromes such as the generalized anxiety disorder, hypochondria, and narcissistic personality disorder are viewed in some cultures as run-of-the-mill difficulties and peculiarities rather than full fledged disorders.

What is the difference between positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms?

Negative symptoms involve behavioural deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, poor grooming, lack of persistence at work or school, and poverty of speech. Positive symptoms involve behavioural excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, incoherent thought, agitation, bizarre behaviour, and wild flight of ideas. Most patients exhibit booth type of symptoms, but vary in degrees to which positive or negative symptoms dominate. Predominance of negative symptoms is associated with less effective social functioning, and poor overall treatment outcomes.

What are the DSM-5 diagnostic classes?

Neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, bipolar and related disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, trauma and stress or related disorders, dissociative disorders, somatic symptom and related disorders, feeding and eating disorders, elimination disorders, sleep wake disorders, sexual dysfunctions, gender dysphoria, disruptive impulse control and conduct disorders, substance related and addictive disorders, neurocognitive disorders, personality disorders, paraphilic disorders, other mental disorders, medication induced movement disorders, other conditions that may be the focus of clinical attention.

What biological factors play a role in disorders?

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that carry signals from one neuron to another. Therapeutic drugs that reduce excessive anxiety alter neurotransmitter activity at synapses that release a neurotransmitter called GABA. This finding and other lines of evidence suggests that disturbances in the neural circuits using GABA may play a role in some types of anxiety disorders. Abnormalities of neural circuits using serotonin have been implicated in obsessive compulsive disorders.

What are common types of pairings between obsessions and compulsions?

Obsessions about contamination tend to be paired with cleaning compulsions. Obsessions about symmetry tend to be paired with ordering and arranging compulsions.

What are obsessions?

Obsessions are thoughts that repeatedly intrude on one's consciousness in a distressing way. They can sometimes centre on inflicting harm on others, personal failures, suicide, or sexual acts. People troubled by obsessions may feel that they have lost control of their mind and they may be plagued by uncertainty.

What is the prevalence of mental disorders?

One study found that 44% of the adult population will struggle with some sort of psychological disorder at some point in their lives. The most recent large scale epidemiological study estimated that the lifetime risk of a psychiatric disorder is 51%.

What are other factors aside from stress that can cause illness?

One's genetic endowment, exposure to infectious agents and environmental toxins, nutrition, exercise, alcohol and drug use, smoking, the use of medical care, and cooperation with medical advice.

Why is the stereotype "people with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous" wrong?

Only a modest association has been found between mental illness and violent tendencies. This stereotype exists because incidents of violence involving the mentally ill tend to command media attention.

How are optimists more likely to cope with stress in more adaptive ways than pessimists?

Optimists are more likely to engage in action oriented, problem focussed coping, and they are more likely to emphasize the positive in their appraisals of stressful events. They also enjoy greater social support than pessimists, in part because they work harder on their relationships. The link between optimism and health can be found around the world.

What is histrionic personality disorder?

Overly dramatic; tending to exaggerated expressions of emotion; egocentric, seeking attention 15:85

What is explicit social support?

Overt emotional solace and instrumental aid from others

What for subtypes of schizophrenic disorder were recognized?

Paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, and undifferentiated. These for subtypes were eventually discarded because there were not meaningful differences between the classic subtypes in etiology, prognosis, or response to treatment.

What is deviance?

People are often said to have a disorder because their behaviour deviates from what their society considers acceptable. What constitutes normality varies somewhat from culture to culture, but all cultures have some norms. When people violate the standards and expectations, they may be labelled mentally ill.

Who is more likely to report symptoms of illnesses?

People high in anxiety and neuroticism.

What are five reasons that people delay seeking medical help?

People often: 1. Misinterpret and downplay the significance of their symptoms. 2. Fret about looking silly if the problem turns out to be nothing. 3. Worry about bothering their physician. 4. Are reluctant to disrupt their plans, such as to go out to dinner, see a movie. 5. Waste time on trivial matters, such as taking a shower, gathering personal items and packing clothes before going to a hospital emergency room

What is major depressive disorder?

People show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and the loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure. Negative emotions from the heart of the depressive syndrome, but many other symptoms may also appear. A central feature of depression is anhedonia--a diminished ability to experience pleasure. Disorders that co-exist with depression commonly are anxiety and substance use disorders.

Which people are particularly vulnerable to the effects of a lack of social support?

People suffering from depression and low self-esteem.

What are typical symptoms of hoarding disorder?

People suffering from this may have difficulty discarding possessions no matter how worthless they are, they tend to hang onto items to avoid the distress that throwing them away would cause, and they hoard to the extent that their possessions disrupt normal living arrangements and interfere with their social and occupational activities.

What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?

People who are clearly schizophrenic but who could not be placed into any of the three previous categories were said to have undifferentiated schizophrenia, which involved idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms.

What is trypophobia?

People who show an aversion to images of holes. They have fear of visual stimuli that consist of configurations of holes that others would see us being innocuous. The stimuli include things such as soap bubbles, aerated chocolate, or octopus tentacles.

What are three reasons why some people are more vulnerable to anxiety disorders than others?

People who tend to: A) Misinterpret harmless situations as threatening. B) Focus excessive attention on perceived threats. C) Selectively recall information that seems threatening.

Although stress and illness have been correlated, what is a 3rd variable that could cause illnesses?

Perhaps some aspects of personality. For instance, some evidence suggests that neuroticism may make people overly prone to interpret events as stressful and overly prone to interpret unpleasant sensations as symptoms of illness, thus inflating the correlation between stress and illness.

How is HIV transmitted?

Person-to-person contact involved in the exchange of body fluids, primarily semen and blood. The two principal modes of transmission North America have been sexual contact in the sharing of needles by intravenous IV drug users. The largest risk category as men who have sex with men, people who do not use condoms, or engage in risky sexual behaviors.

Unfit to stand trial (UST)

Persons who are determined to be unable to understand the proceedings against them or assist in their own defense because of mental or physical condition. This may be due to their inability to understand the proceedings or possible consequences, or an inability to communicate with their lawyers. If fitness is restored the defendant may stand trial. If found fit to stand trial, psychological issues may arise in terms of the not criminally responsible defense. If it is found at the defendant wasn't able to appreciate the quality of the act and the fact that it was wrong, the defendant made me deemed not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder. The defendant may be absolutely discharged, given a conditional discharge, or order to a psychiatric facility.

What is burnout?

Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self efficacy that can be brought on gradually by chronic work related stress.

What are negative interpersonal factors of depression?

Poor social skills that causes them to: 1. acquire fewer positive reinforcers 2. court rejection because of irritability and pessimism 3. gravitate to people who reinforce negative self-views Individual suffering from depression are often more irritable and pessimistic. They complain a lot and aren't particularly enjoyable companions. As a consequence, depressed people tend to court rejection from those around them. Depressed people therefore have fewer sources of social support the non-depressed people.

What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

Preoccupied with organization, rules, schedules, lists, trivial details; extremely conventional, serious and formal; unable to express warm emotions. Ratio male to female prevalence is 50/50.

How was depression different in other cultures?

Profound feelings of guilt and self-deprecation lie at the core of depression in the western cultures, but are far less central to depression in many other societies. In non-western cultures, depression tends to be expressed in terms of somatic symptoms, such as complaints of fatigue, headaches, and backaches, more than psychological symptoms, such as dejection and low self-esteem. These differences probably occur because people learn to express symptoms of psychological distress in ways that are acceptable in their cultures.

What is the denial of reality?

Protecting oneself from unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive or face it

What psychological disorders is high stress linked to?

Psychopathology, and an increased risk for memory loss, heart disease, arthritis, ulcers, asthma, and migraines.

What types of trauma are generally associated with PTSD?

Rape, assault, witnessing a death etc.

What are common symptoms of PTSD?

Re-experience in the traumatic event in forms of nightmares and flashbacks, emotional numbing, alienation, problems and social relationships, and increased sense of vulnerability, and evaluated levels of arousal, anxiety, anger, and guilt.

How can a lack of exercise affect health?

Regular exercise reduces the risk of many health problems, including some types of cancer, obesity, high blood pressure, and several types of psychopathology. It is associated with increased longevity. Regular exercise also reduces the risk associated with diabetes. For many people with this condition, exercise can be almost as effective as medication. Recent data in Canada shows that only 17% of men and 14% of women currently achieve the suggested time of physical activity a week. A big cause of this decline in physical activity is the increase in the amount of time in sedentary activities, such as sitting in front of the TV, phones, and computer screens. Sedentary activities put people at an increased risk for obesity and have been found to be linked to deceased cognitive and social development. A recent report released said that kids are spending up to eight hours in front of the screen on a typical day.

What is constructive coping?

Relatively healthy efforts that people make to deal with stressful events. No strategy of coping can guarantee a successful outcome. Even the healthiest of coping responses may turn out to be ineffective in some circumstances. The concept of constructive coping is simply meant to connote a healthy, positive approach, without promising success.

When is giving up beneficial?

Research suggests that when people struggle to pursue goals that turned out to be unattainable, it sometimes makes sense for them to cut their losses and disengage from the goal. It was found that people who are better able to disengage from unattainable goals report better health and exhibit lower levels of a key stress hormone.

How is the deterioration of adaptive behaviour related to schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia usually involves a noticeable deterioration in the quality of the person's routine functioning in work, social relationships, and personal care.

What are hallucinations?

Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real external stimulus, or are gross distortions of perceptual input. A variety of perceptual distortions may occur with schizophrenia, the most common being auditory hallucinations. People with schizophrenia frequently report that they hear voices of nonexistent or absent people talking.

What is paranoid personality disorder?

Showing pervasive and unwanted suspiciousness and mistrust of people, overly sensitive; prone to jealousy.

What is schizotypal personality disorder?

Showing social deficits and oddities of thinking, perception, and communication that resemble schizophrenia, 55:45

How does smoking affects health?

Smokers in just 7000 chemicals in each path on a cigarette. The chemicals rapidly spread through the body causing widespread cellular damage. It is the leading cause of premature death in North America. Smokers facing much greater rest of premature death the non-smokers. The average smoker has an estimated life expectancy of 13 to 14 years shorter than that of similar non-smokers. Lung cancer and heart disease kill the largest number of smokers. Smokers are also at risk for oral, bladder, and kidney cancer, as well as cancers of the larynx, esophagus, and pancreas. They also have an increased risk for arterial sclerosis, hypertension, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. Second hand smoke can increase a persons rest for a variety of illnesses, including lung cancer and heart disease. Young children may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of secondhand smoke.

What are some health impairing behaviours?

Smoking, using alcohol and drugs, a lack of exercise and risky behaviour.

Are personal illusions adaptive or maladaptive?

Some of the personal illusions people create through defensive coping can help them deal with life's difficulties. Roy Baumeister believes that it's all a matter of degree and that there is an optimal margin of illusion. According to him, extreme distortions of reality are maladaptive, but small illusions can be beneficial.

What causes dissociative identity disorder?

Some people believe that the entities within them are to blame for their peculiar behaviors, unpredictable moods, and ill-advised actions. Gradually aided by subtle encouragement from their therapists and a tendency to fantasize, they come to attribute unique traits and memories to imaginary alternate personalities. Some people think that sleep disturbances can amplify dissociative symptoms. Most cases of dissociative identity disorder are rooted in severe emotional trauma that occurred during childhood. A substantial majority of people with dissociative identity disorder report a childhood history of rejection from parents and a physical and sexual abuse.

How do cognitive factors correlate with mood disorders?

Some research proposes that depression is caused by learned helplessness--passive giving up behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events. Seligman states that the roots of depression lie in how people explain their setbacks and other negative events they experience. People who exhibit a pessimistic explanatory style are specially vulnerable to depression. These people tend to attribute their setbacks to their personal flaws instead of the situational factors. They tend to draw global, far-reaching conclusions about their personal inadequacies based on these setbacks. It was also discovered that depressed people who contemplate and think about their depression remain depressed longer than those who try to distract themselves. These people think constantly about how sad, lethargic, and on motivated they are. Excessive contemplation tends to foster and amplify episodes of depression by increasing negative thinking, impairing problem-solving, and undermining social support. Women have a greater tendency to do this than men.

In light of the findings on Asian Americans an Asian Canadians and mental health, would it be reasonable to infer that psychological disorders are culturally variable phenomena?

Some social scientists embrace a relativistic view of psychological disorders, where as others subscribe to universal or a pancultural view. Theorists who embrace the relativistic view argue that the criteria for mental illness vary greatly across cultures and that there are no universal standards of normality and abnormality. According to them, the DSM diagnostic system reflects an ethnocentric, Western, white, urban, middle and upper-class cultural orientation that has limited relevance and other cultural contexts. In contrast, those who believe in the pancultural view argue that the criteria of mental illness are much the same around the world and that basic standards of normality an abnormality are universal across cultures. These theorists typically maintain that western diagnostic concepts have validity and utility and other cultural contexts.

What are cultural differences revolving around mental illness?

Stigmas about mental illness and it's effects on such things as willingness to admit to and seek treatment for mental illness also vary by culture. Asian North American seem particularly unwilling to take their concerns to therapists, with this level affected by factors such as the clients level of acculturation and the ethnicity of the therapist. Asian Canadians have been found to have one of the lowest levels of accessing mental health services of all minority groups in Canada.

What is the connection between a type A personality and an increased coronary risk?

Studies found a correlation between the type A personality and an elevated incidence of heart disease. Recently, researchers have found a stronger link between personality and coronary risk by focussing on a specific component of the type A personality: anger and hostility. Investigators found an elevated incidence of heart attacks among participants who exhibited an angry temperament. Among participants with normal blood pressure, high-anger subjects experience almost 3 times as many coronary events as low-anger subjects did.

What are suicide risk factors?

Suicidal thoughts and rates of suicide among most aboriginal populations in Canada are higher than those for non-aboriginal groups. The rates of suicide among immigrants are half the rates of native born Canadians. Women attempted suicide three times more often than men, but men are more likely to actually kill themselves in an attempt, so they complete four times as many suicides as women. 90% of people will complete suicide suffer from some type of psychological disorder, and they are highest for people with depressive and bipolar disorders.

What is the 2nd leading cause of death in Canada between people ages 15 and 34?

Suicide. Researchers believe that suicide attempts may outnumber completed suicides by ratio as much is 25 to 1.

What did Freud believed about aggression?

That behaving aggressively could get pent-up emotion out of one system and thus be adaptive. He coined the term catharsis

What is used to classify psychological disorders?

The DSM-5 test. It is the product of more than a decade of research. Clinical researchers collected extensive data; held numerous conferences; and engaged and heated debates about whether various syndrome should be added, eliminated, redefined or renamed. There are 15 DSM five diagnostic classes.

What is coping?

The active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demand is created by stress. Coping responses can be adaptive or maladaptive.

What is etiology?

The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

How is certain brain anatomy related to mood disorders?

The best documented correlation is the association between depression and reduced hippocampal volume, especially in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Recent evidence also suggests that depression occurs on major life stress causes neural chemical reactions that suppress neurogenesis, resulting in reduced hippocampal volume. Anti-depressant drugs are believed to be successful because they promote neurogenesis.

What is the immune response?

The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances. It has been proven that stress can impair immune functioning.

What is implicit social support?

The comfort that comes from knowing that one has access to close others who will be supportive.

How are concussions related to depression?

The deficits caused by concussions can cause people to become depressed. It is a common feature of post concussion syndrome. Depression rates in head trauma patients are much higher than in the general population and that depression can be long-lasting.

What is expressed emotion?

The degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally over involved attitudes towards the patient. Studies show that a family's expressed emotion is a good predictor of the course of a schizophrenic patient's illness. After release from the hospital, people with schizophrenia who returned to a family high in expressed emotion show relapse rates about three times that of patients returned to a family low in expressed emotion. Part of the problem for patients returning to homes high in expressed emotion is that their families are probably more sources of stress than social support.

Are there any neurochemical factors to schizophrenia?

The dopamine hypothesis asserts that excess dopamine activity is the neural chemical basis for schizophrenia. This hypothesis makes sense because most of the drugs that are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia are known to dampen dopamine activity in the brain. Increased dopamine synthesis and release in specific regions of the brain may be the crucial factor that triggers schizophrenic illnesses and vulnerable individuals. Marijuana use in adolescents may help precipitate schizophrenia in young people who have a genetic vulnerability to the disorder..

What is brontophobia?

The fear of storms

What is the lifetime prevalence of a personality disorder?

The lifetime prevalence of personality disorders is around 12.

What is the stress-is-enhancing mindset?

The mindset of viewing stress as an invigorating challenge and opportunity for growth. This is thought to be associated with intermediate arousal in response to stress and more effective coping strategies.

What is the stress-is-debilitating mindset?

The mindset that stress is generally harmful.

How long does each manic and depressive state last?

The mood swings and bipolar disorder can be patterned in many ways. Manic episodes typically last about four months. Episodes of depression tend to run somewhat longer in most bipolar patients end up spending much more time and depressed states the manic states.

What is a concordance rate?

The percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder. If relatives who share more genetic similarity show higher concordance rates than relatives who share less genetic overlap, this finding supports the genetic hypothesis.

What is catharsis?

The release of emotional tension. Freudian notion that it's a good idea to vent anger has become widely excepted in modern society. However, experimental research has not supported the catharsis hypothesis. Most studies actually find the opposite. Behaving in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression.

What is epidemiology?

The study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.

What is the concept of preparedness in terms of phobias?

The tendency to develop phobias of certain types of objects and situations may be explained by the concept of preparedness. It is suggested that people are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire some fears much more easily than others. This explains why people develop phobias of ancient sources of threat such a snakes and spiders, much more readily than modern sources of threat like electrical outlets are hot irons. Phobic stimuli associated with evolutionary threats tend to produce more rapid conditioning of fears and stronger fear responses.

What are two alternatives to the DSM classification system?

The world health organization (WHO) developed the ICD-10 system. ICD stands for International Classification of Disease. Experts from all over the world participated in the development of the ICD-10. The National Institute of Mental Health (NHM) has been working on the development of its own system of classification, the Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC). The system is being developed primarily for research purposes and the system is to be based on dimensions of observable behaviour and neurobiological measures.

Why is the stereotype "psychological disorders are incurable" wrong?

There are mentally ill people for whom treatment is largely a failure, however, they are greatly outnumbered by people who do get better, either spontaneously or through formal treatment. The vast majority of people who are diagnosed as mentally ill eventually improve and lead normal, productive lives. Even the most severe psychological disorders can be treated successfully,

How is social support and immune functioning correlated?

There are positive correlation between high social support and greater immune functioning. Loneliness and social isolation has also been found to predict reduced immune responding in one study of college students. Studies have also linked social isolation to poor health and increased mortality. The importance of social support and familiar, comfortable surroundings is especially true for those with long-term illnesses, disability, or those were aging. It was found that social support increases peoples odds of survival by roughly 50%.

What did the recent report on the social determinants of health in Canada discover?

They identified stress as one of the mediators of the link between poverty, poor living conditions, and health problems. It was found that continuous stress weakens the resistance to diseases and disrupts the functioning of the hormonal and metabolic systems.

What did a study conducted on workers exposed to potentially traumatic stress events at the University of Regina discover?

They surveyed 6000 frontline workers from all across Canada, including firefighters, police, correctional workers, paramedics, RCMP officers, call centre operators and dispatchers. The results were striking; almost half of the sample reported systems consistent with a serious mental illness, with some of the highest frequencies of positive screens for PTSD, depression, and anxiety disorders.

Why is the stereotype "people with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different from normal people" wrong?

This is true only in a small minority of cases, usually involving relatively severe disorders. The line between normal and abnormal behaviour can be difficult to draw. At a first glance, people with psychological disorders usually are indistinguishable from those without disorders

What did a study in Israel find about stress and compulsive shopping?

This study examined the relationship among stress, materialism, and compulsive shopping in two Israeli samples, one of which was under intense stress due to daily rocket attacks. The findings indicated that stress increases compulsive consumption and that this coping strategy is particularly common among those were highly materialistic.

When do ASD begin to appear?

Typically by 15 to 18 months of age parents begin to show concern. Parents seek professional consultation by about 24 months. Autism is a lifelong affliction, however, around 15 to 20% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder able to live independently an adulthood, and another 20 to 30% approach this level of functioning.

What is social support?

Various types of aid and emotional sustenance provided by members of one's social network.

How can emotions be disturbed in schizophrenic?

Victims show a flattening of emotions. Others show inappropriate emotional responses that don't coincide with the situation and with what they're saying. People with schizophrenia can also become emotionally volatile. Because of this volatility, acts of aggression can be a problem in schizophrenic patients.

How is wealth associated with better health?

Wealthier people tend to endure lower levels of stress, benefit from better nutrition and more exercise, exhibit fewer unhealthy habits, are exposed to less pollution and work in less toxic environments, and can afford easier access to higher quality medical care.

When is support most optimal in those with low self-esteem?

When support providers offer support that validates low self-esteem's negative thoughts and feelings and supports their self verification and mood regulation goals, such interactions appear to be more successful.

What causes burnout?

Work overload, struggling with interpersonal conflicts at work, lack of control over work responsibilities and outcomes, and inadequate recognition for ones work.

Is negative thinking correlated with depression?

Yes, in a study that analyzed university students for 2.5 years with no previous history of depression, found that 17% of students who exhibited negative thinking experienced major depression, whereas only 1% of those who did not exhibit negative thinking experienced depression.

McNaughten Rule

a rule determing insanity, which asks whether the defendant knew what he or she was doing or whether the defendant knew what he or she was doing was wrong. Insanity exists when a mental disorder makes a person and able to distinguish right from wrong.

What is hydrophobia?

fear of water

Automatism

the performance of actions without conscious thought or intention.