Psy200 exam 2
In classical operant conditioning, the response should be
Voluntary, operates on environment
sex hormones bathe the fetal brain and influence its wiring
fourth and fifth prenatal months
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
The average woman enters puberty _____ sooner than the average man.
a year
the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50 percent of the time
absolute threshold
culture's expectations about what it means to be male or female (the product of the interplay among our biological dispositions, our developmental experiences, and our current situations)
gender
our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two
gender identity
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
gender typing
play in small groups, often with one friend, compete less and imitate social relationships more
girls
wavelength determines
hue
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone physically or emotionally
aggression
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
androgyny
Compared with women, men tend to be LESS vulnerable to depression and
anxiety
The brain structure involved in motor movements is the:
basil ganglia
subliminal
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
difference threshold
In his business meetings, Vik expresses support for his colleagues and welcomes their opinions, listening intently when they are speaking. This behavior is somewhat unusual, because men are usually more _____ than women. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
directive
a condition present at birth that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy
disorder or sexual development
Biology dictates gender T or F
false
Early menarche is more likely following stresses related to
father absence, sexual abuse, insecure attachments, or a history of a mother's smoking during pregnancy
Gordon remembers very clearly the day his best friend died when a drunk driver hit him while he was riding on his bicycle. This would be considered a(n) _____ memory.
flashbulb
How long is puberty?
3-4 years in total but two years of rapid maturation
the average woman lives about ____ longer than males
5
Prenatal sexual development begins about ____ weeks after conception. Adolescence is marked by the onset of ____.
7, puberty
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
social learning theory
When we experience déjà vu, it is likely due to:
source amnesia
Zhe distributes his study time rather than cramming. He is using the _____ effect.
spacing
first ejaculation
spermarche
the process of converting one form of energy into another that our brain can use
transduction
When looking for a mate, men and women also prize many of the same traits. T or F
true
Without fuel, a car will not run. But if the fuel level is minimally adequate, adding more fuel to the gas tank won't change how the car runs.
imperfect analogy because hormones and sexual motivation interact, but correctly suggests that biology is a necessary but not sufficient explanation of human sexual behavior.
Suspected triggers for earlier breasts and puberty for females
increased body fat, diets filled with hormone-mimicking chemicals, and possibly greater stress due to family disruption
Sensory adaptation helps us focus on
informative changes in the environment
Michael is concentrating on a work assignment at home when his son asks to watch a movie. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right then. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.
negative
Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.
operant
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
optic nerve
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is called
perception
All our senses
receive sensory stimulation, often using specialized receptor cells. transform that stimulation into neural impulses. deliver the neural information to our brain
A multiple-choice question tests your:
recognition
Humans seem naturally disposed to associate this color with sex.
red
an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing.
relational aggression
When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:
retrieval cues
An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called
retrograde amnesia
who developed the stage model of memory
richard atkinson and richard shifford
reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
secondary sex characteristics
In the Stage Model of Memory, how does information first enter the memory system?
sensory stage
How many bits of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?
seven, give or take two
our biological status, defined by your chromosomes and anatomy
sex
described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
sexual response cycle
Encoding information on an elementary level is called:
shallow processing
By age 50, _____ become more assertive and self-confident
women
brains are better wired to improve social relationships
women
can detect fainter odors, receives offers of help more often, and can become sexually re-aroused sooner after orgasm
women
carry twice the risk of developing depression and anxiety, and 10 times the risk of developing an eating disorder
women
take more pleasure in talking face to face, and they tend to use conversation more to explore relationships.
women
tend to be more democratic, more welcoming of others' input in decision making
women
tend to be more interdependent
women
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
puberty
On average, girls begin puberty at about the age of ______ and boys at _____
11, 12
age of most people with AIDS
25 to 44
tend to be more resilient and self-accepting, and they experience less depression
Androgynous people
factors influence teen pregnancy
Minimal communication about birth control, Guilt related to sexual activity, Alcohol use, Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception
Sensation is the bottom-up process by which our sensory receptors and our nervous system receive and represent stimuli. Perception is the top-down process in which our brain creates meaning by organizing and interpreting what our senses detect
The law of effect MOST clearly influenced:
Skinner's experiments on reinforcement
the sex chromosome found in both men and women
X chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males
Y chromosome
Biology can influence gender in which of the following ways?
both genetically and physiologically
enables our sensory systems to detect the lines, angles, and colors that form the flower and leaves
bottom up processing
typically form large play groups, little intimate discussion
boys
intensity determines
brightness
Iris
colored muscle that controls the size of the pupil by dilating or constricting in response to light intensity
schemas
concepts that help us make sense of our world
top-down processing
creates meaning from this sensory input by drawing on our experience and expectations.
The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors that can interfere with learning operant behaviors is known as _____.
instinctive drift
In classical conditioning, the response should be:
involuntary, automatic
traits people look for in mates
kind, honest, and intelligent
Cornea
light enters eye
how does biology influence gender physiologically
males and females have differing concentrations of sex hormones, which trigger other anatomical differences.
how does biology influence gender genetically
males and females have differing sex chromosomes
4 times more likely to die by suicide or to develop an alcohol use disorder
men
By age 50, _____ become less domineering and more empathic
men
More likely to develop autism spectrum disorder (ASD), color-deficient vision, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
men
brains wired to connect perception with action
men
enjoy doing activities side by side, and they tend to use conversation to communicate solutions
men
tend to be more directive, telling people what they want and how to achieve it
men
____ prefer working with things and ____ prefer working with people
men, women
The first menstrual period in girls in the United States occurs usually within a year of age 12-1/2 and is known as
menarche
In Bandura's experiment, compared with children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll.
more
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
primary sex characteristics
The SQ3R is a study technique that emphasizes the following:
survey, question, read, retrieve, review
more time with friends and less time alone
teenage girls
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
testosterone
Memories that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain encoding failure?
the book was never acquired