Psy200 exam 2

In classical operant conditioning, the response should be

Voluntary, operates on environment

sex hormones bathe the fetal brain and influence its wiring

fourth and fifth prenatal months

signal detection theory

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

The average woman enters puberty _____ sooner than the average man.

a year

the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50 percent of the time

absolute threshold

culture's expectations about what it means to be male or female (the product of the interplay among our biological dispositions, our developmental experiences, and our current situations)

gender

our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two

gender identity

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

gender typing

play in small groups, often with one friend, compete less and imitate social relationships more

girls

wavelength determines

hue

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone physically or emotionally

aggression

bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

androgyny

Compared with women, men tend to be LESS vulnerable to depression and

anxiety

The brain structure involved in motor movements is the:

basil ganglia

subliminal

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time

difference threshold

In his business meetings, Vik expresses support for his colleagues and welcomes their opinions, listening intently when they are speaking. This behavior is somewhat unusual, because men are usually more _____ than women. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

directive

a condition present at birth that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy

disorder or sexual development

Biology dictates gender T or F

false

Early menarche is more likely following stresses related to

father absence, sexual abuse, insecure attachments, or a history of a mother's smoking during pregnancy

Gordon remembers very clearly the day his best friend died when a drunk driver hit him while he was riding on his bicycle. This would be considered a(n) _____ memory.

flashbulb

How long is puberty?

3-4 years in total but two years of rapid maturation

the average woman lives about ____ longer than males

5

Prenatal sexual development begins about ____ weeks after conception. Adolescence is marked by the onset of ____.

7, puberty

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

social learning theory

When we experience déjà vu, it is likely due to:

source amnesia

Zhe distributes his study time rather than cramming. He is using the _____ effect.

spacing

first ejaculation

spermarche

the process of converting one form of energy into another that our brain can use

transduction

When looking for a mate, men and women also prize many of the same traits. T or F

true

Without fuel, a car will not run. But if the fuel level is minimally adequate, adding more fuel to the gas tank won't change how the car runs.

imperfect analogy because hormones and sexual motivation interact, but correctly suggests that biology is a necessary but not sufficient explanation of human sexual behavior.

Suspected triggers for earlier breasts and puberty for females

increased body fat, diets filled with hormone-mimicking chemicals, and possibly greater stress due to family disruption

Sensory adaptation helps us focus on

informative changes in the environment

Michael is concentrating on a work assignment at home when his son asks to watch a movie. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right then. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

operant

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

optic nerve

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is called

perception

All our senses

receive sensory stimulation, often using specialized receptor cells. transform that stimulation into neural impulses. deliver the neural information to our brain

A multiple-choice question tests your:

recognition

Humans seem naturally disposed to associate this color with sex.

red

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing.

relational aggression

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

retrieval cues

An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called

retrograde amnesia

who developed the stage model of memory

richard atkinson and richard shifford

reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

secondary sex characteristics

In the Stage Model of Memory, how does information first enter the memory system?

sensory stage

How many bits of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?

seven, give or take two

our biological status, defined by your chromosomes and anatomy

sex

described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

sexual response cycle

Encoding information on an elementary level is called:

shallow processing

By age 50, _____ become more assertive and self-confident

women

brains are better wired to improve social relationships

women

can detect fainter odors, receives offers of help more often, and can become sexually re-aroused sooner after orgasm

women

carry twice the risk of developing depression and anxiety, and 10 times the risk of developing an eating disorder

women

take more pleasure in talking face to face, and they tend to use conversation more to explore relationships.

women

tend to be more democratic, more welcoming of others' input in decision making

women

tend to be more interdependent

women

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

puberty

On average, girls begin puberty at about the age of ______ and boys at _____

11, 12

age of most people with AIDS

25 to 44

tend to be more resilient and self-accepting, and they experience less depression

Androgynous people

factors influence teen pregnancy

Minimal communication about birth control, Guilt related to sexual activity, Alcohol use, Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception

Sensation is the bottom-up process by which our sensory receptors and our nervous system receive and represent stimuli. Perception is the top-down process in which our brain creates meaning by organizing and interpreting what our senses detect

The law of effect MOST clearly influenced:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement

the sex chromosome found in both men and women

X chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males

Y chromosome

Biology can influence gender in which of the following ways?

both genetically and physiologically

enables our sensory systems to detect the lines, angles, and colors that form the flower and leaves

bottom up processing

typically form large play groups, little intimate discussion

boys

intensity determines

brightness

Iris

colored muscle that controls the size of the pupil by dilating or constricting in response to light intensity

schemas

concepts that help us make sense of our world

top-down processing

creates meaning from this sensory input by drawing on our experience and expectations.

The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors that can interfere with learning operant behaviors is known as _____.

instinctive drift

In classical conditioning, the response should be:

involuntary, automatic

traits people look for in mates

kind, honest, and intelligent

Cornea

light enters eye

how does biology influence gender physiologically

males and females have differing concentrations of sex hormones, which trigger other anatomical differences.

how does biology influence gender genetically

males and females have differing sex chromosomes

4 times more likely to die by suicide or to develop an alcohol use disorder

men

By age 50, _____ become less domineering and more empathic

men

More likely to develop autism spectrum disorder (ASD), color-deficient vision, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

men

brains wired to connect perception with action

men

enjoy doing activities side by side, and they tend to use conversation to communicate solutions

men

tend to be more directive, telling people what they want and how to achieve it

men

____ prefer working with things and ____ prefer working with people

men, women

The first menstrual period in girls in the United States occurs usually within a year of age 12-1/2 and is known as

menarche

In Bandura's experiment, compared with children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll.

more

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

primary sex characteristics

The SQ3R is a study technique that emphasizes the following:

survey, question, read, retrieve, review

more time with friends and less time alone

teenage girls

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

testosterone

Memories that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain encoding failure?

the book was never acquired