PSY201 - UNIT 3 - CH 6 LEARNING

What is associative learning? When an organism learns by watching another. When organisms learn the association between two stimuli When an organism makes a connection between two events When organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence

When an organism makes a connection between two events

When people are driving above the speed limit, and then notice a police car is now on the road with them, they change their driving habits to be more cautious and aware of the speed limit. Responding appropriately to the presence of the police car by slowing down to avoid a citation is an example of_________________ in operant conditioning

discrimination

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through Habituation Evolution Conditioning Experience

experience

A student stops feeling anxious before pop quizzes, even though he used to.

extinction

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

extinction

Operant conditioning focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that

follow

discovered the impact of the subconscious through hypnosis.

freud

A little girl gets nipped by the neighbor's dog. After that experience, she's not just afraid of dogs, but she's afraid of other furry animals like cats, and raccoons. This is an example of stimulus

generalization

in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

generalization

______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. Multiple choice question. Evolution Habituation Adaptation Learning

learning

Observational learning is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior a systemic permanent change in behavior due to experience. when an organism makes a connection between two events. when a conditioned response is weakened.

learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior

Observational learning is a systemic permanent change in behavior due to experience. when a conditioned response is weakened. learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior when an organism makes a connection between two events.

learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior

Observational learning is also known as: modeling manipulating classical conditioning operant conditioning imitation

modeling and imitation

Observational learning is also known as: Multiple select question. modeling classical conditioning manipulating operant conditioning imitation

modeling, imitation

Taking TV away from a child

negative punishment

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ______ is said to have occurred. negative reinforcement negative punishment positive punishment positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

taking an aspirin when you have a headache is an example of

negative reinforcement

accidentally discover the form of associative learning labeled as "classical conditioning."

pavlov

According to Thorndike's law of effect, Multiple choice question. positive consequence will decrease behavior. negative reinforcement is superior to positive reinforcement. positive consequences will lead to increased behavior. positive consequences will not affect behavior.positive consequences will lead to increased behavior.

positive consequences will lead to increased behavior.

Giving a reward for good behavior

positive reinforcement

Which of the following is an example of spontaneous recovery? Multiple choice question. Remembering a family trip to the movies when visiting the same theater Remembering to turn the oven off when leaving home for a long vacation Feeling nauseous after smelling a noxious odor Checking a cell phone's voicemail after hearing it emit a tone

remembering a family trip to the movies h

refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.

renewal

____ behavior is involuntary behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea-producing drug, and later to a conditioned stimulus, such as sweet water that was paired with a drug. Contingent Operant Respondent Neutral

respondent

______ reinforcers are reinforcers that are learned through an organism's experience, and, unlike a primary reinforcer, are not innately satisfying. Multiple choice question. Secondary Unconditioned Primary Negative

secondary

the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

stimulus discrimination

Extinction is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay. the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the conditioned response weakens because the ______ is absent. unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus unlearned response

unconditioned stimulus

What is operant conditioning? A procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior Learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

What is operant conditioning? Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence Learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response A procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

Which of the following illustrates stimulus discrimination? A rat presses a bar to get food in a Skinner box. A driver stops at a red flashing light and stops at a red stop sign. A person goes to the door when the doorbell rings, but not when their alarm clock rings. A dog stops sitting when told because she doesn't get a treat anymore.

A person goes to the door when the doorbell rings, but not when their alarm clock rings.

What is a conditioned stimulus? Multiple choice question. A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response An unlearned response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)? Multiple choice question. An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a certain stimulus A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a response A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning The learned response to a learned stimulus that occurs after repeated pairings

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

What is an unconditioned response? A learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the learned response after being associated with unconditioned stimulus

An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

coined the term "operant conditioning" - the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of the behavior.

B.F. Skinner

the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.

DISCRIMINATION

______ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, and it occurs without awareness or effort. Multiple choice question. Punishment Acquisition Observation Recovery

acquisition

is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

acquisition

Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?

albert bandura

An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

an unconditioned response

learning occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.

associative

When an organism makes a connection between two events

associative learning

learning occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether

avoidance

A man refuses to eat broccoli because he became nauseated after eating broccoli last week.

classical conditioning

a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions, discounting the importance of mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

behaviorism

Every day, when Ronnie comes home from work, he opens his garage door and pulls his car into the garage. His dog, Jonah, hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ronnie comes through the garage door. Now, when Jonah hears the garage door open, Jonah runs to the garage door to greet Ronnie. This is an example of observational learning. generalization. operant conditioning. classical conditioning.

classical conditioning

Every day, when Ronnie comes home from work, he opens his garage door and pulls his car into the garage. His dog, Jonah, hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ronnie comes through the garage door. Now, when Jonah hears the garage door open, Jonah runs to the garage door to greet Ronnie. This is an example of Multiple choice question. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. observational learning. generalization.

classical conditioning

When organisms learn the association between two stimuli

classical conditioning

______________________________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

classical conditioning

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-US paring is called the

conditioned

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-US paring is called the

conditioned response (CR)

means that the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.

contiguity

means that the conditioned stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus, and it must be a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

contingency

in _____________reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in __________________reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time

continuous and partial

During a lecture class the professor says: "You are now about to take a surprise test on yesterday's learning." She notices that all of her students begin to turn the pages to filter through the previous day's content. The response of the students to the professor's quick announcement best exemplifies:

discrimination

This is the sensory process where organisms adapt to constant stimulation, but it is not stored in the long-term memory like learning.

habituation

Thorndike's principle stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened is called law of effect. instrumental conditioning. habituation. avoidance learning.

law of effect

Mitchell watches Suzanne cradle a baby doll and sing a lullaby, so he picks up a toy doll and starts cradling and singing in a similar way.

observational learning

When an organism learns by watching another.

observational learning

A child learns to behave while in the grocery store with her parents, because when she behaves her parents buy her a treat.

operant conditioning

Classical conditioning and ______ are both types of associative learning.

operant conditioning

When organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence

operant conditioning

is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

punishment

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous

recovery

is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus following a particular behavior increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated.

reinforcement

the process by which a stimulus or event following a behavior increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

reinforcement

In order to get an animal to perform a complex behavior, we might reinforce successive approximations. This process of reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior is called

shaping

a process where rewards are given as subjects get closer to approximating each step of the task.

shaping

The tendency of approaching and interacting with the CS as if it has become a strongly desired thing in its own right

sign tracking

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called discrimination. extinction. generalization. spontaneous recovery.

spontaneous recovery

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called discrimination. spontaneous recovery. generalization. extinction.

spontaneous recovery

You try to put a movie in your DVD player, but the disc doesn't work. You don't try to watch that disc again for a while, but later on that month you try to play it again. This is an example of

spontaneous recovery

Behaviorism is a theory of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events. that occurs when an individual imitates the actions of another. that focuses solely on observable behaviors.

that focuses solely on observable behaviors

Laura accidentally touched a bare wire on an old light fixture, and she flinched when she was shocked by the electrical current. The electric shock is an example of a(n) ______ and her flinching is an example of a(n) ______. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus conditioned response; conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

In negative reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something ______. Multiple choice question. unacceptable pleasant dangerous unpleasant

unpleasant

Operant conditioning is better than classical conditioning at explaining respondent behaviors. involuntary behaviors. spontaneous recovery. voluntary behaviors.

voluntary behaviors

Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers? Multiple select question. Water Food Eye contact Praise A promotion at work

water and food