PSY2012 Exam 2 - Sean

Context

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates a(n) _____ effect.

C

A person who responds successfully to a hypnotic suggestion that he NOT react to the smell of ammonia held under his nose is likely to be the type of person who: A. is NOT likely to get absorbed in imaginary events in books or movies. B. finds it difficult to focus on activities and tasks. C. is frequently engaged in imaginative activities. D. finds it hard to become riveted by movies.

B

A researcher is interested in studying hypnosis, but she only wants to include people with high hypnotic ability. She should choose study participants who: A. are under the age of 40. B. have rich fantasy lives. C. do NOT have strong imaginations. D. are NOT married.

Bigger

A study referred to in your text showed that a softball will appear _____ when you are hitting well.

B

A. It assumes the direction of causality. But, perhaps teenagers who are using drugs select friends who also use drugs. A. It does not factor in the socioeconomic status of the teenagers. B. C. It does not address issues concerning gender differences. D. Drug use is rampant in our society.

B

A. Sleep aids in the restoration and repair of brain tissue. A. The pituitary gland releases growth hormones while we are sleeping. B. All of these theories represent good reasons for children to get more sleep. C. Our memories of the day, including things learned in school, are restored while we sleep.

Trazquilizer

Adesha's mother suffers from frequent panic attacks. The doctor has prescribed Nembutal, a depressant that reduces anxiety and induces relaxation. Nembutal is classified as a(n) _____.

C

Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis would suggest that: A. very few people are responsive to hypnotic suggestions. B. hypnotized subjects have a hidden observer. C. hypnotized subjects are people caught up in playing the role of hypnotic subject for the hypnotist. D. easily hypnotized individuals have difficulty focusing attention on their own thoughts and feelings.

Alpha

After turning out the light for the night, you lie down on your bed and close your eyes. Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs. This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. They belong to this category of psychoactive drugs: A. depressants. B. hallucinogens. C. antidepressants. D. stimulants.

B

American, British, and Australian courts generally ban testimony from witnesses who have been hypnotized, because the procedure often results in: A. narcolepsy. B. pseudomemories. C. parallel processing. D. hallucinations.

Decreased (slower)

Arnaldo invites a group of people to his home for a beer-tasting party, but he does not think about how people will get home afterward. According to research, he should be concerned about this because as their blood-alcohol level rises, people have _____ reaction times, which can cause poor driving.

Night terrors

Arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions during stage 4 sleep.

The court will most likely ban this testimony

As a lawyer who practices in the United States, Ronald believes that his client will beat assault charges because the accuser's claim is based on a recollection gathered during hypnosis. Ronald knows that:

Tolerance

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of _____.

D

As the body is flooded by an artificial opiate, like heroin, the brain stops producing its own natural opiates called: A. serotonin. B. dopamine. C. amphetamines. D. endorphins.

Larger

Augustus has chronic back pain and has started taking powerful medication to alleviate this pain. His doctor told him to take one pill every four hours, which seemed to manage the pain at first. Now, Augustus finds that he needs to take a(n) _____ dose of medication to relieve the pain.

D

Augustus has chronic back pain and has started taking powerful pain medication to alleviate the pain. His doctor told him to take one pill every four hours, which seemed to manage the pain at first. Now, Augustus finds that he needs to take two pills at a time to relieve the pain. Why? A. Tolerance has increased due to his continued use of the pain medication. B. Repeated exposure to the drug has reduced its effect. C. He is experiencing neuroadaptation. D. All of these things contribute to his need for a larger dose of medication to relieve his pain.

Processing sensations; interpreting sensations

Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as _____ is to _____

Psychoactive drugs

Chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their actions at the neural synapses are referred to as:

"Circa" (about) & "diem" (day)

Circadian rhythm comes the latin ____________ ___________.

The signal detection theory

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing, and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is best explained by:

A

Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a(n) _______________ approach to understanding addictive behaviors. A. biopsychosocial B. activation-synthesis C. parallel processing D. social influence theory

Informationprocessing

Dr. Williams is researching the function of dreams in memory retention. He believes that dreams help people to sort out the day's events and consolidate their memories. Dr. Williams is probably a proponent of the _____ theory of dreams.

A

Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of: A. selective attention. B. consciousness C. narcolepsy. D. cocktail party effect

B

Drug prevention and treatment programs should emphasize which of the following? A. training youth in refusal skills B. All of these things should be emphasized in drug prevention and treatment programs. C. ways to increase self-esteem and help people find a purpose in life D. education concerning the long-term cost of a drug as compared to its short-term pleasures

B

Emotions produce opposing emotions, which tend to linger after the original emotion disappears. With that in mind, which of the following patterns can explain both tolerance and withdrawal? A. Less of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes withdrawal symptoms. B. More of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes a worsening of aftereffects in the absence of the drug. C. Less of the drug is needed for the desired effect, causing aftereffects to increase. There is a corresponding decrease of aftereffects in the absence of the drug. D. More of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes decreased aftereffects.

B

Evidence suggests that heredity influences some aspects of alcohol abuse problems. Which of the following findings supports this theory? A. Having a fraternal twin who suffers from alcoholism is a greater risk factor than having an identical twin who suffers from alcoholism. B. Having an identical twin who suffers from alcoholism is a greater risk factor than having a fraternal twin who suffers from alcoholism. C. An adopted child is less susceptible to alcoholism if both biological parents have a problem with alcoholism. D. An adopted child is more susceptible to alcoholism if his adoptive parents have a problem with alcoholism.

Sleep apnea

Failure to breath while you sleep

Change blindess

Form of inattentional blindness in which 2/3 of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual giving the directions.

B

In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates that: A. all of the men will feel the same amount of guilt. B. the men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel LESS guilty than those who did NOT think they were drinking alcohol, regardless of the true content of the beverage. C. the men who did NOT drink alcohol will NOT feel guilty, regardless of whether they thought they were drinking alcohol. D. the men who drank the alcohol will feel guilty, regardless of whether they thought they were drinking alcohol.

Inattentional blindness

In a now classic study by Simons and Chabris (1999), participants watched two teams pass a basketball to their teammates. One team was wearing white shirts and the other team was wearing black shirts. Participants were told to count how many times the team wearing the white shirts passed the basketball, thereby directing participants' attention to the white shirts and causing them to ignore the black shirts. Interestingly, more than half of the participants failed to notice when a man wearing a black gorilla suit walked right past the two teams. This phenomenon is known as _____.

Hypnotizable

In line at the supermarket, Chaz notices a report about a recent alien abduction. He reads the article and learns that the person claims to have realized she was abducted after undergoing hypnosis. Chaz knows that people who believe in alien abduction are highly _____.

Insomnia

Inability to fall asleep

Top-down processing

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates:

C

Jane has asthma. She wants to find a way to control her asthma without always relying on her rescue inhaler. She visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on her inhaler because of the: A. hypnotic suggestions. B. prehypnotic suggestions. C. posthypnotic suggestions. D. parahypnotic suggestions.

A

Jasper stays up very late most Saturday nights. He finds Monday mornings very difficult because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would you give him to help him with his Monday morning problem? A. Jasper should try to maintain the same bedtime throughout the week. B. Jasper should stay up later on Sunday nights. C. Jasper should sit in front of a bright light before bedtime. D. Jasper should sleep later on Sunday mornings.

Psychological

Lack of a sense of purpose, significant stress, and depression are examples of the _____ influences that can lead to substance abuse.

Sigmund Freud

Latent and manifest content comes from whom?

A

Lou is worried that he will become addicted to the drug he has been taking to relieve his pain and anxiety. He is most likely taking a(n): A. opiate. B. barbiturate. C. tranquilizer. D. stimulant.

Fraternaties

Membership in _____ increases the consumption of alcohol by college students.

Insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea.

Name four sleep disorders:

Night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking

Name sleep disorders common in children:

Anxiety

Nellie, a 25-year-old accountant, often goes out with co-workers after work to relax. Nellie sometimes drinks to alleviate her _____ and depression. This behavior is a warning sign of alcoholism.

B

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are sometimes prescribed to induce sleep and reduce anxiety. They belong to this class of medications: A. opiates. B. barbiturates. C. antidepressants. D. alcohol

Hypnagogic

Nina goes to bed at her regular time, and as she begins to drift slowly off to sleep, she suddenly jerks because she feels as if she is falling down the stairs. This is best explained by a(n) _____ sensation.

Circadian rhythm

Occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness.

D

Of the following teenage girls, which do you think might be most at risk for drug abuse? A. a 15-year-old girl who occasionally overeats B. a 15-year-old Amish girl from an impoverished family C. a 15-year-old girl with divorced parents D. a 15-year-old girl who has a history of physical abuse and depression

Biological

Oleg has always been fearless, a trait that could signal a(n) _____ influence on drug vulnerability.

Perceptual set

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of:

Defining these types of behaviors as illnesses might cause individuals to claim they are not responsible for their behaviors

One of Cissy's friends claims to have a shopping addiction and another reports being addicted to Internet games. What is a potential danger of considering these types of excessive behaviors to be addictions?

Consciousness

Our awareness of ourselves and the environment.

Selective attention

Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of what we have experienced.

Narcolepsy

Overpowering urge to fall asleep

Pop out

Professor Dominquez teaches an introductory psychology class attended by 400 students. One day just before she is ready to start her lecture she immediately notices one of her students wearing a clown suit. Professor Dominquez's immediate detection of this student is called _____.

Posthypnotic

Reggie has asthma. He wants to find a way to control his asthma without always relying on his rescue inhaler. He visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on his inhaler because of the _____ suggestions.

B

Research on hypnosis has found no evidence for claims related to: A. hypnagogic sensations. B. age regression. C. REM rebound. D. circadian rhythms.

Heredity

Research suggests that having an identical twin who suffers from alcoholism is a greater risk factor than having a fraternal twin who suffers from alcoholism. This evidence suggests that _____ influences some aspects of alcohol abuse.

D

Researchers have found that hypnotically refreshed memories combine: A. fact with fresh ideas. B. false memories with the fiction. C. truth with facts. D. fact with fiction.

A

Roger went to see his doctor with complaints of erectile dysfunction (ED). His doctor has him participate in a sleep disorder study to determine the cause of his ED. The cause of his ED was determined to be psychological. Why? A. because Roger had a morning erection B. because Roger has hypersomnia C. because Roger slept through the night D. because Roger has insomnia

Sleep talking

Runs in families during sleep

B

Selective attention is best illustrated by which of the following? A. cocktail party effect B. All of these things illustrate selective attention. C. inattentional blindness D. change blindness

Hypersomnia

Sleeping too much

Sleepwalking

Stage 4 disorder; usually harmless; not recalled the next morning.

Manifest content

Storyline of dreams

Absolute

Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.

Artificial light

The "biological clock" can be altered by ______?

Floods the brain with serotonin

The emotional effects of MDMA (Ecstasy), such as mood elevation and connectedness with others, seem to result from the fact that it:

C

The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates: A. REM rebound. B. dissociation. C. withdrawal. D. narcolepsy.

Selective attention

The fact that drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone illustrates the impact of _____.

Marijuana

The major active ingredient in _____ is called THC.

Sensory adaptation

The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

B

The need for a drug to relieve negative emotions is known as: A. physical dependence. B. psychological dependence. C. medical dependence. D. social dependence.

C

The need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued, is known as: A. medical dependence. B. psychological dependence. C. physical dependence. D. social dependence.

B

The perception of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by: A. amphetamines. B. LSD. C. heroin. D. Nembutal.

B

The physiological function theory provides a physiological explanation for: A. narcolepsy. B. dreaming. C. sleep apnea. D. hypnosis.

Cocaine

The psychoactive drug _____ produces a quick, powerful rush of euphoria.

D

This drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use. A. cocaine B. LSD C. heroin D. ecstasy

D

This sleep disorder is characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. This disorder occurs during Stage 4 sleep within two to three hours of falling asleep. A. narcolepsy B. insomnia C. sleep apnea D. night terrors

D

Twenty-five-year-old Nellie is an accountant who often goes out with coworkers after work to relax. Which of the following is a warning sign of alcoholism? A. After a long night of drinking, she always feels great about the night before. B. She often wants to see her family when she is drinking. C. She does NOT feel guilty after drinking. D. She sometimes drinks to alleviate anxiety and depression.

B

Twenty-five-year-old Nellie is an accountant who often goes out with coworkers after work to relax. Which of the following is a warning sign of alcoholism? A. She does NOT feel guilty after drinking. B. She sometimes drinks to alleviate anxiety and depression. C. After a long night of drinking, she always feels great about the night before. D. She often wants to see her family when she is drinking.

Inattentional blindness

Ulric Neisser, Robert Becklen, & Daniel Cervone demonstrated this ______________.

Cocaine

Valerie was rushed to the emergency room because she had convulsions and went into cardiac arrest after trying _____.

Latent content

What the dream means

Schemas

When subjects look at a picture of the moon's surface, some of them report seeing a human face. This is due to the development of _____.

B

Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces a quick and very powerful rush of euphoria? A. barbiturates B. cocaine C. alcohol D. marijuana

More of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes a worsening of aftereffects in the absence of the drug

Which pattern explains both tolerance and withdrawal?

Whose friend uses drugs

Which teenager is at greatest risk for drug use?

Inattentional blindness

While intently watching a live basketball game, Josie did not realize that a bird had landed on the empty seat next to her. Her not noticing the bird can be explained by:

C

Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her PDA and watch for people she knows. Nevertheless, she seems able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what you are saying. This type of behavior is evidence of: A. age regression. B. REM rebound. C. parallel processing. D. social influence theory.

Dual processing

Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her smart phone and watch for people she knows. Her behavior is evidence of _____.

D

You invite a group of people to your house for a wine tasting event, but you have not figured out how people will get home afterwards. According to research, you should be concerned about this because: A. alcohol focuses people's attention on future consequences. B. social facilitation theory predicts the people who have been drinking together will likely continue drinking after the event. C. wine has greater alcohol content than does beer or liquor. D. as blood-alcohol level rises, people have decreased concerns about drinking and driving.

Difference threshold

You volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers are interested as to when subjects will notice a reduction in salt in the soup. You taste several bowls of soup and notice that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Your detection of the difference in salt content is an example of detecting the _____.

2

Your roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now, you need to awaken him so that you both can get to a party on time. He is sleep talking about his girlfriend's cat. When you begin laughing, he wakes up. He was in the NREM-_____ stage of sleep.

Caffeine

Yukio, a long-time coffee drinker, complains of pounding headaches and lowered mood when he skips his coffee in the morning. He has _____ withdrawal.

Hypnosis

_____ is an altered state of consciousness or psychological state of altered attention in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

Subliminal stimulation

_____ occurs below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Dual

_____ processing is the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

D

__________ suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. A. Parahypnotic B. Prehypnotic C. Hypnotic D. Posthypnotic

A

____________ suggest(s) that hypnosis is an extension both of normal principles of social influence and of everyday dissociations between our conscious awareness and our autonomic behaviors. A. Kihlstrom and McConkey B. Orne and Evans C. Freud D. Aserinsky