M3 ch 8, 20 and 14

Select all functions of bacterial capsules.

Aid in sticking to surfaces; Help to avoid phagocytosis

Outbreak

An epidemic that is confined to a local area

Which type of organism is a single-celled prokaryote?

Bacterium

Select all of the following that are true about a retrovirus.

It has RNA.; A retrovirus uses reverse transcription.

Assembly

New viral particles are made.

Malaria is most common in which part of the world?

Sub-Saharan Africa

HIV most likely originated on which continent?

Africa

Reverse transcriptase

Converts viral RNA into viral DNA

Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. B

Envelope

Of these four species of protists that cause malaria in humans, which one causes the most disease and death?

Plasmodium falciparum

How is HIV classified?

Retrovirus

Integration

Viral DNA inserts into host cell genome.

The function of bacterial fimbriae relates to

adhering to surfaces

It is generally accepted that HIV originated in the continent of

africa

Pandemic

global epidemic

Antibiotics in the penicillin class kill bacteria by inhibiting production of

the cell wall

The causative agent of influenza is a

virus

Protease

Breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins

Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. D

Capsid

Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. E

Matrix

Which of these are considered emerging or new diseases?

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); Avian influenza (H5N1); Swine flu (H1N1)

Select all characteristics of viruses.

Parasites of cells; Acellular

Malaria is caused by protists of the genus

Plasmodium

Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. A

RNA

infectious particles made of only proteins are called

prions

Although the virus probably existed much earlier, the first direct evidence of HIV infection in humans is from blood samples that were obtained from patients in the

1950s

As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide?

38 million

Approximately how many people died from HIV/AIDS in 2019?

690,000

Epidemic

A higher than normal occurrence of disease in a certain area over a given period of time

Biosynthesis

Cell produces viral RNA, and viral proteins.

Attachment

HIV gp120 binds to CD4 receptor.

Select the two routes by which influenza virus is commonly contracted

Inhaling virus-laden droplets; Contact with contaminated objects

Integrase

Inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA

HIV belongs to which group of viruses, all of which use reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA into DNA?

Retroviruses

Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. C

Spike (gp120)

Select all the ways by which bacterial resistance to antibiotics can be minimized.

Take antibiotics as prescribed until all medication is gone; Only prescribe antibiotics for confirmed bacterial infections

Which disease was once called "consumption"?

Tuberculosis

Select the diseases and organisms that have been associated with a high degree of antibiotic resistance.

Tuberculosis; Enterococci; Staphylococcus aureus; Gonorrhea

Reverse transcription

Viral RNA genome is converted into DNA.

Fusion/entry

Viral envelope fuses with host cell, HIV RNA is released.

Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving?

Virus

Budding

Virus exits host cell.

Arrange these events of the reproductive cycle of HIV life cycle in chronological order, with the earliest event at the top.

attatchment, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, biosynthesis, assembly, budding

The HIV structure labeled D on the diagram is the viral

capsid

The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a structure with a thick, gelatinous consistency, called a ________, that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces.

capsules

Many bacteria can use hollow appendages called pili to transfer DNA between cells in a process called

conjugation

XDR TB stands for extensively ______-resistant tuberculosis.

drug

True or false: The first documented case of AIDS caused by HIV infection in the United States was in a homosexual man who died in the early 1980s.

false

Some bacteria have stiff fibers on their outer surface called ______ that help them adhere to host cells.

fimbriae

Motile bacteria usually have one or more long, thin cellular appendages called

flagella

A pathogen is a microbe that

is a disease causing agent

MDR TB is Blank______ common than XDR TB. Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia have the highest rates of Blank______ TB.

more; MDR

The general term for a bacterium, virus, or other microbe that causes disease is a(n)

pathogen

Bacteria can transfer DNA between cells using an elongated, hollow appendage called a

pili

Bacterial pili can be related to the development of antibiotic resistance because

pili can be used to transfer genes that code for resistance mechanisms

The key factor that determines the distribution of malaria throughout the world is the

presence of the mosquito vector

All bacteria are ______ that ______ a nucleus.

prokaryotes; lack

Prions are infectious particles made of

protein only

Once HIV RNA is reverse transcribed into HIV DNA and integrated into the DNA of a host cells, the viral DNA is called a(n)

provirus

A bacterium that is unaffected by an antibiotic drug is said to be a_____ bacterium

resistant, antibiotic resistant, resistance, drug resistant, antibiotic-resistant, or drug-resistant

The enzyme inside the HIV matrix that catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA is ______transcriptase

reverse

Currently the number one cause of death in AIDS patients worldwide is

tuberculosis

A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a(n)

vector

The HIV provirus is defined as

viral DNA inserted into the host genome

Antibiotics with the root "cillin" in their names, interfere with bacterial cell

wall