M3 ch 8, 20 and 14
Select all functions of bacterial capsules.
Aid in sticking to surfaces; Help to avoid phagocytosis
Outbreak
An epidemic that is confined to a local area
Which type of organism is a single-celled prokaryote?
Bacterium
Select all of the following that are true about a retrovirus.
It has RNA.; A retrovirus uses reverse transcription.
Assembly
New viral particles are made.
Malaria is most common in which part of the world?
Sub-Saharan Africa
HIV most likely originated on which continent?
Africa
Reverse transcriptase
Converts viral RNA into viral DNA
Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. B
Envelope
Of these four species of protists that cause malaria in humans, which one causes the most disease and death?
Plasmodium falciparum
How is HIV classified?
Retrovirus
Integration
Viral DNA inserts into host cell genome.
The function of bacterial fimbriae relates to
adhering to surfaces
It is generally accepted that HIV originated in the continent of
africa
Pandemic
global epidemic
Antibiotics in the penicillin class kill bacteria by inhibiting production of
the cell wall
The causative agent of influenza is a
virus
Protease
Breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins
Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. D
Capsid
Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. E
Matrix
Which of these are considered emerging or new diseases?
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); Avian influenza (H5N1); Swine flu (H1N1)
Select all characteristics of viruses.
Parasites of cells; Acellular
Malaria is caused by protists of the genus
Plasmodium
Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. A
RNA
infectious particles made of only proteins are called
prions
Although the virus probably existed much earlier, the first direct evidence of HIV infection in humans is from blood samples that were obtained from patients in the
1950s
As of 2019, about how many people were estimated to be living with HIV infection worldwide?
38 million
Approximately how many people died from HIV/AIDS in 2019?
690,000
Epidemic
A higher than normal occurrence of disease in a certain area over a given period of time
Biosynthesis
Cell produces viral RNA, and viral proteins.
Attachment
HIV gp120 binds to CD4 receptor.
Select the two routes by which influenza virus is commonly contracted
Inhaling virus-laden droplets; Contact with contaminated objects
Integrase
Inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA
HIV belongs to which group of viruses, all of which use reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA into DNA?
Retroviruses
Match each labeled structure of HIV with the correct name. C
Spike (gp120)
Select all the ways by which bacterial resistance to antibiotics can be minimized.
Take antibiotics as prescribed until all medication is gone; Only prescribe antibiotics for confirmed bacterial infections
Which disease was once called "consumption"?
Tuberculosis
Select the diseases and organisms that have been associated with a high degree of antibiotic resistance.
Tuberculosis; Enterococci; Staphylococcus aureus; Gonorrhea
Reverse transcription
Viral RNA genome is converted into DNA.
Fusion/entry
Viral envelope fuses with host cell, HIV RNA is released.
Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving?
Virus
Budding
Virus exits host cell.
Arrange these events of the reproductive cycle of HIV life cycle in chronological order, with the earliest event at the top.
attatchment, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, biosynthesis, assembly, budding
The HIV structure labeled D on the diagram is the viral
capsid
The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a structure with a thick, gelatinous consistency, called a ________, that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces.
capsules
Many bacteria can use hollow appendages called pili to transfer DNA between cells in a process called
conjugation
XDR TB stands for extensively ______-resistant tuberculosis.
drug
True or false: The first documented case of AIDS caused by HIV infection in the United States was in a homosexual man who died in the early 1980s.
false
Some bacteria have stiff fibers on their outer surface called ______ that help them adhere to host cells.
fimbriae
Motile bacteria usually have one or more long, thin cellular appendages called
flagella
A pathogen is a microbe that
is a disease causing agent
MDR TB is Blank______ common than XDR TB. Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia have the highest rates of Blank______ TB.
more; MDR
The general term for a bacterium, virus, or other microbe that causes disease is a(n)
pathogen
Bacteria can transfer DNA between cells using an elongated, hollow appendage called a
pili
Bacterial pili can be related to the development of antibiotic resistance because
pili can be used to transfer genes that code for resistance mechanisms
The key factor that determines the distribution of malaria throughout the world is the
presence of the mosquito vector
All bacteria are ______ that ______ a nucleus.
prokaryotes; lack
Prions are infectious particles made of
protein only
Once HIV RNA is reverse transcribed into HIV DNA and integrated into the DNA of a host cells, the viral DNA is called a(n)
provirus
A bacterium that is unaffected by an antibiotic drug is said to be a_____ bacterium
resistant, antibiotic resistant, resistance, drug resistant, antibiotic-resistant, or drug-resistant
The enzyme inside the HIV matrix that catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA is ______transcriptase
reverse
Currently the number one cause of death in AIDS patients worldwide is
tuberculosis
A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a(n)
vector
The HIV provirus is defined as
viral DNA inserted into the host genome
Antibiotics with the root "cillin" in their names, interfere with bacterial cell
wall