PSY2012 Final Exam (Module 39-41)

If one of the members of the following pairs suffers from anorexia nervosa, in which pair does the other member have the highest risk of developing the illness:

Identical twins

What is the psychological influence?

Inner thoughts

Stressful thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are more likely to be considered disordered when also judged to be _____

Maladaptive

At some time in his life, Evan became one of the 2 to 3 percent of people who crossed the line from normal preoccupations to his current debilitating condition known as:

OCD

What is Catatonia?

Periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement

According to data from the National Institute of Mental Health, _____ is the MOST common anxiety disorder in the U.S.

Phobia

People who feel irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation are suffering from:

Phobias

Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he was responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior is known as:

Positive symptoms

Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares about the event. These render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of:

Posttraumatic stress disorder

_____ is an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms that include haunting memories and nightmares, jumpy anxiety, social withdrawal, and insomnia:

Posttraumatic stress disorder

The "immigrant paradox" is the finding that:

Recent immigrants have lower rates of psychological disorders than do native-born Americans of the same ethnic heritage.

In one study, Riskind et al. (1987) found that psychologists agreed on patients' DSM diagnoses 83 percent of the time. The consistency of these DSM diagnoses means that the DSM is:

Reliable

Define replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, with different participants in different settings

Walter keeps to himself at work, he is quiet, has a number of odd collections, some even call him eccentric. He has only one friend that comes over to drink with him. Walter would be considered to have:

Schizoid personality disorder

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching to see how long it takes her to grow another. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from:

Schizophrenia

_____ is a mental disorder most likely to lead to poverty.

Schizophrenia

Finn has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Which of the following behaviors will Finn probably NOT be exhibiting?

Severe aggression

In the 1980s, when the DSM contained the first formal code for DID, the number of DID diagnoses in North America exploded to more than:

20,000

The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that approximately _____ percent of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.

26

The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that just over 1 in _____ of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.

4

If you have an intense fear of speaking in public, eating out, or going to parties, you may be suffering from:

Social anxiety disorder

Hamish and Jonas are schizophrenics. They are strangers, but they do have one thing in common besides schizophrenia: they each have an identical twin. Hamish was raised alongside his twin, June. Jonas' twin, Michael, was raised in a distant city by an unrelated family. June has a _____ percent chance of being schizophrenic. Michael has a _____ percent of chance of being schizophrenic.

50; 50

In one survey, _____ percent of those with social anxiety disorder experienced their disorder after a traumatic event:

58%

The _____ dropped homosexuality as a mental disorder because many of its members no longer viewed it as a psychological problem.

American Psychiatric Association

Continued significant dieting after weight loss of more than 15 percent of normal body weight is common in individuals with:

Anorexia nervosa

Clem often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Clem most clearly exhibits symptoms of _____ disorder.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity

Jackie is extremely afraid of rejection. Because of this, she has always been withdrawn. Her inflexible and enduring behavior patterns have impaired her social functioning, and she would likely be considered to have a:

Avoidant personality disorder

What are the three aspects of the biopsychosocial approach?

Biological, psychological, and sociocultrual

Episodes of overeating (typically with high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with:

Bulimia nervosa

In an attempt to lose some of the weight gained by binge eating, Melissa uses laxatives and exercises until she is exhausted. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of:

Bulimia nervosa

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is found in the:

DSM 5

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used in the U.S., she should read the:

DSM 5

The _____ and _____ are two major systems used to classify psychological disorders.

DSM 5; ICD

_____ conducted a famous study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels.

David Rosenhan

A _____________ is a false belief that often accompanies psychotic disorders:

Delusion

What are correlation studies?

Determines whether or not two variables are correlated; to study whether an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an increase or decrease in the other variable

Which statement is NOT true concerning diagnostic labels? a.) Diagnostic labels help mental health professionals communicate information about their clients. b.) Diagnostic labels help mental health professionals comprehend the underlying causes of psychological problems. c.) Diagnostic labels help mental health professionals choose the most effective course of treatment. d.) Diagnostic labels ensure an automatic cure.

Diagnostic labels ensure an automatic cure

A sudden loss of memory is one symptom of a:

Dissociative disorder

may occur when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs:

Stimulus generalization

Angel has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and that he knows nothing about the crime as his alter ego must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Angel does not suffer from _____ as the host is never co-conscious with the alter egos:

Dissociative identity disorder

Dysfunctional behaviors are more likely to be considered disordered when also judged to be:

Distressful

While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for _________________, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia:

Dopamine

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of:

The medical model

Define evolutionary psychology

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Define social learning theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Define psychodynamic theories

The view of personalities with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Define behaviorism

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Define critical thinking

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

Which statement does NOT support the reality of dissociative identity disorder:

Typically, the original personality is aware of the others

The relationship between the season in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ____________ in this disorder:

Viral infections

What is the sociocultural influence?

Environmental, nurture

Define availability heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

In a study examining the genetic influences on antisocial personality disorder, Adrian Raine compared the PET scans of 41 murderers' brains to the brains of non-murderers of the same age and sex. Raine reported reduced activity in the murderers' _____, the brain area that helps with impulse control:

Frontal lobes

Stacy has to be the life of the party. She wears revealing clothing, and on any given weekend she can be seen at a club dancing on a table. This behavior has upset a number of her friends, especially when she asked a friend's boyfriend out. Stacy may be considered to have:

Histronic personality disorder

What is the Big Five Personality Factor Theory?

(OCEAN) Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

The symptoms of phobias begin to appear at a median age of about:

10

Nearly 1 _____ people will develop schizophrenia:

100

PTSD rates in Vietnam veterans vary from _____ percent among those who never experienced combat to up to _____ percent among those who experienced heavy combat:

10; 32

Adrian Raine studied the brains of violent repeat offenders and found that their brains had _____ frontal lobe tissue than a normal brain. This may help explain why these people exhibit deficits in cognitive functions such as planning, organization, and inhibition:

11%

Define random sampling

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Define operational definiton

A statement of the procedures used to define research variables Ex: Human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures

What are experimental studies?

A study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed

Raquel was initially excited to make the cheerleading squad. However, her parents noticed that she stopping eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She began portioning the amount of food she ate, weighing food, and would claim to have already eaten. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 115 pounds to 90 pounds. This case most clearly demonstrates symptoms of:

Anorexia nervosa

Cam has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Cam would most likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder:

Antisocial

A person with _____ is aggressive, ruthless, and shows no sign of the conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing:

Antisocial personality disorder

Although the cause of antisocial personality disorder is unclear, some people do appear to have a genetic vulnerability. For example, twin and adoption studies indicate that biological relatives of those with antisocial personality disorder:

Are at an increased risk for social anxiety behavior

Patty is a third-generation Chinese American. Ang recently emigrated from China as an adult. Considering a phenomenon called the _____, Patty may be at greater risk for psychological disorder than Ang.

Immigrant paradox

In one study, Langer and Abelson (1974) told participants they were watching a videotaped interview of a job applicant, a cancer patient, or a psychiatric patient. Because the supposed identity of the interviewee was deliberately manipulated, it was a(n) _____ variable in the study.

Independent

Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.

Medical

Professor Tippett studies personality disorders and is most interested in people who are self-focused and exaggerate their own importance. People with this type of personality disorder have a hard time dealing with criticism, sometimes reacting with rage or shame. Professor Tippett is studying people with _____ personality disorder:

Narcissistic

What is the biological influence?

Nature, genetics, neurochemistry

Victor's mother is frustrated because she cannot get Victor involved in any activities. Although he has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, she still expects him to do things around the house. But, most days he sits in a chair, with no expression on his face. This absence of appropriate behavior is known as:

Negative symptoms

Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a:

Word salad