PSYC 100: States of Consciousness
A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly
24 hours
Adults generally need ________ hours of sleep.
7-9
Which of the following describes parasomnia?
Characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep.
Which of the following describes sleep apnea?
Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep.
Which of the following describes insomnia?
Persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep.
Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She's amused to see that McKenzie's eyes seem to be moving around under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?
REM
________ believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.
Rosalind Cartwright
The ________ within the hypothalamus plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles.
SCN
Sleep spindles appear in ________ sleep.
Stage 2
________ increase overall levels of neural activity.
Stimulants
Which are the main categories of psychoactive drugs?
Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids
Which best fits the continual-activation theory of dreaming?
The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory.
What does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness?
Vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness.
Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen?
Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing information.
Which of the following statements best represents a fixed mindset?
You are born with a certain level of intelligence, and this isn't something you can really change
The pituitary gland secretes ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation.
a growth hormone
Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.
agonists
Most stimulants are ________ for the neurotransmitter dopamine.
agonists
________ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity.
alcohol
Stage 1 sleep is characterized by ________ waves.
alpha
What is the most commonly used stimulant in the world?
caffine
Individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person's
chronotype
Awareness of internal and external stimuli is
consciousness
Jake is in a deep sleep, which is characterized by ________ waves.
delta
Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of
depressants
While Julie was hypnotized, she acknowledged the fact that her arm was in ice water and knew that it should hurt, but didn't actually feel pain. Which theory of hypnosis does this support?
dissociation view
The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep.
evolutionary
Leondra looks over her Algebra homework and says to herself "This looks hard. I know I can do it, but I probably need to plan extra time to work on it and make sure I understand it." Leondra is exhibiting a
growth mindset
Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences?
hallucinogens
________ is the major opioid drug of abuse.
heroin
Which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis?
hypothalamus
When internal circadian cycles do not align with the environment, the result is known as
jet lag
If you dream about your teeth falling out and your friend tells you it is really about anxiety over your new job, her interpretation represents the ________ content of your dream.
latent
If Javier is in a deep sleep, an EEG would show his sleep as
low frequency, high amplitude waves
John ate something at a party and afterwards saw bright colors on the wall and had a strange sensation that he had turned into an ant and that the people around him were huge. John probably consumed
marijuana
________ is sometimes administered as a way for people to overcome heroin addictions.
methadone
Teenagers need ________ sleep than adults.
more
Stimulants include
nicotine and cocaine
________ occur during NREM sleep and often involve screaming, though the individual doesn't remember it in the morning.
night terrors
If Bryan's airway gets blocked while he sleeps, he probably has
obstructive sleep apnea
Which category of drugs mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body?
opiates
Our bodies naturally produce ________ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.
opioids
The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms.
pineal; melatonin
If a person has an emotional need for a drug, they probably have a ________.
psychological dependence
________ causes disruptions in cognition and memory deficits.
sleep deprevation
Which theory of hypnosis suggests that people are performing the role of a hypnotized person?
social-cognitive theory
Scarlett has slept terribly the past 3 nights as some neighbors have had visitors in town and been up making noise all night long. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will
spend more time in REM sleep.
Keesha finds it helpful to unwind at the end of the day by practicing meditation. This is defined as
the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.
Which brain part is critical for regulating REM sleep?
the pons
Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism?
threat-stimulation theory
After drinking casually for a few years, Eric finds that he needs more and more alcohol in order to get a "buzz." This is an example of
tolerance
A person with substance abuse disorder would be diagnosed with which of the following?
using more of a drug than they want to, compulsive drug use, and dependence despite negative consequences
________ neurotransmitters are mostly impacted by hallucinogens.
various
________ makes overcoming a substance abuse disorder particularly painful.
withdrawal