PSYC 101 Exam 5

His obedience experiments at Yale University are some of the most famous and involved deception. a. Milgram b. Asch c. Festinger d. Zimbardo

2a. Milgram

The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate passionate love. This is best explained by: a. social exchange theory. b. cognitive dissonance theory. c. the two-factor theory. d. equity theory.

c. the two-factor theory.

In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when: a. they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong. b. their victims are distant and depersonalized. c. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures. d. they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts.

c. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.

____________ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy. a. Aggression b. Conformity c. Conflict d. Catharsis

a. Aggression

He proposed cognitive dissonance theory. a. Milgram b. Asch c. Festinger d. Williamson

c. Festinger

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of: a. a dispositional attribution. b. prejudice. c. deindividuation. d. aggression

d. aggression.

The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. b. the just-world phenomenon. c. outgroup bias. d. ingroup bias.

d. ingroup bias.

Tarik decides to volunteer at the Special Olympics over the weekend because keeping his time free is not as important as what he gains from volunteering—good feelings and the joy of giving back to the community. This illustrates the: a. the fundamental attribution error. b. social exchange theory. c. the bystander effect. d. the mere exposure effect.

b. social exchange theory.

You decide to make a positive change in your life. Instead of going to work with a frown on your face, you will force yourself to smile when you walk in. According to _____________, by altering your behavior you stand a good chance of changing your attitude. a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon b. the attitudes-follow-behavior principle c. the place theory d. hindsight bias

b. the attitudes-follow-behavior principle

While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of: a. mere exposure effect. b. the just-world phenomenon. c. the social responsibility norm. d. deindividuation.

b. the just-world phenomenon.

When asked how much they like various letters of the alphabet, people tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This best illustrates the impact of: a. social facilitation. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. the foot-in-the door phenomenon.

b. the mere exposure effect.

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when the: a. experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution such as Yale University. b. experimenter became too pushy and told hesitant participants, "You have no choice, you must go on." c. "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders. d. "learner" said he had a heart condition.

c. "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced to the then Soviet Union that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The Soviet Union's positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of: a. mirror-image perceptions. b. the mere exposure effect. c. GRIT. d. the just-world phenomenon.

c. GRIT.

This afternoon, your boss wants to meet with you. You are sure it is about the customers who complained about you yesterday. The best-case scenario would be for your boss to decide that your behavior was the result of: a. your personality traits. b. a dispositional attribution. c. a situational attribution. d. None of these explanations would produce positive results; there is no "best-case scenario."

c. a situational attribution.

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. b. there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. d. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior in men but not in women.

c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness.

Altruism is best described as: a. exerting greater effort when working in the presence of others. b. experiencing an increasing attraction to people as they become more familiar. c. behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others. d. complying with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

c. behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.

The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of: a. cognitive dissonance. b. physical attractiveness. c. blood alcohol. d. oxytocin.

c. blood alcohol.

Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we: a. experience a sense of deindividuation. b. feel incompetent or insecure. c. can easily recall our attitudes. d. are exposed to normative social influence.

c. can easily recall our attitudes.

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was __________ the experimenter and __________ the "learner." a. close to; close to b. far from; far from c. close to; far from d. far from; close to

c. close to; far from

You have very strong opinions about the tuition increase. However, once you are the student representative for the College Board, you develop a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why? a. two-factor theory b. social exchange theory c. cognitive dissonance theory d. equity theory

c. cognitive dissonance theory

This is the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. a. passionate love b. mere love c. companionate love d. erogenous love

c. companionate love

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of: a. groupthink. b. deindividuation. c. companionate love. d. social facilitation.

c. companionate love.

When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting: a. the mere exposure effect. b. reciprocal determinism. c. conformity. d. the self-serving bias.

c. conformity.

The students at the University charged the field after the game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field and the police had to be called in. This behavior is best understood in terms of: a. the bystander effect. b. social facilitation. c. deindividuation. d. the mere exposure effect.

c. deindividuation.

When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they: a. did not believe they were actually delivering a shock to the "learner." b. had actually enjoyed shocking the "learner." c. did not regret taking part in the experiment. d. did not believe the study should be repeated.

c. did not regret taking part in the experiment.

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: a. stereotyping. b. deindividuation. c. discrimination. d. the fundamental attribution error.

c. discrimination.

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. frontal lobes d. sensory cortex

c. frontal lobes

By providing prospective terrorists with electronic chat rooms for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for: a. social facilitation. b. the bystander effect. c. group polarization. d. cognitive dissonance.

c. group polarization.

Only when research participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: a. the bystander effect. b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. c. hindsight bias. d. deindividuation.

c. hindsight bias.

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to: a. express dissatisfaction with their own physical appearance. b. deny that their liking for physically attractive dates is influenced by good looks. c. judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance. d. marry someone who is less physically attractive than they themselves are.

c. judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.

In a study on social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought: a. three others were pulling with them. b. three others were pulling against them. c. no others were pulling with them. d. no one was monitoring how hard they pulled.

c. no others were pulling with them.

The most powerful indicator of whether people will become friends is: a. physical attractiveness. b. academic competence. c. proximity. d. financial well-being.

c. proximity.

The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of: a. social facilitation. b. the mere exposure effect. c. self-fulfilling prophecies. d. the other-race effect.

c. self-fulfilling prophecies

At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates: a. the bystander effect. b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. social facilitation. d. group polarization.

c. social facilitation.

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates: a. the fundamental attribution error. b. group polarization. c. the bystander effect. d. the mere exposure effect.

c. the bystander effect.

After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. This behavior is best explained in terms of: a. group polarization. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the scapegoat theory. d. the frustration-aggression principle.

c. the scapegoat theory.

Your sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into your house you start smiling, even before she says something funny. This is caused by: a. automatic mimicry. b. mood linkage. c. chameleon effect. d. All of these things cause you to start smiling.

d. All of these things cause you to start smiling.

In Asch's conformity experiments, researchers find that conformity to the group increases when: a. one is made to feel insecure. b. one admires the group's status. c. the group is unanimous. d. All of these things will increase conformity to the group.

d. All of these things will increase conformity to the group.

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude? a. frustration-aggression theory b. attribution theory c. social exchange theory d. cognitive dissonance theory

d. cognitive dissonance theory

A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of: a. the mere exposure effect. b. social facilitation. c. groupthink. d. conciliation.

d. conciliation.

Following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed ___________ racial prejudice. a. increasing b. substantial c. partial d. diminishing

d. diminishing

One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by: a. desensitizing them to violent acts. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. c. offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning.

d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning.

As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will: a. experience contempt for the older woman. b. help the woman by calling an ambulance. c. experience a sense of empathy for the older woman. d. fail to notice the older woman's problem.

d. fail to notice the older woman's problem.

You are the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on your choice of scales. You decide to change your opinion for the good of the group. This best illustrates: a. group polarization. b. the bystander effect. c. social facilitation. d. groupthink.

d. groupthink.

Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief best illustrates: a. the social responsibility norm. b. the just-world phenomenon. c. deindividuation. d. ingroup bias.

d. ingroup bias.

In atrocious situations such as Zimbardo's simulated prison, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. This best illustrates the: a. just-world phenomenon. b. reciprocity norm. c. mere exposure effect. d. interactive influence of persons and situations.

d. interactive influence of persons and situations.

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family, simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of: a. social facilitation. b. normative social influence. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. the mere exposure effect.

b. normative social influence.

Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to: a. be more durable. b. occur more rapidly. c. be more likely to influence behavior. d. involve a greater number of logical arguments.

b. occur more rapidly.

Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates: a. informational social influence. b. peripheral route persuasion. c. superordinate goals. d. social facilitation.

b. peripheral route persuasion.

Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs? a. attribution theory b. social exchange theory c. cognitive dissonance theory d. the two-factor theory of emotion

b. social exchange theory

In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates: a. mirror-image perceptions. b. implicit prejudice. c. the other-race effect. d. deindividuation.

a. mirror-image perceptions.

Compared with nonplayers, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display ________ desensitization to violence, and they are ________ likely to help an injured victim. a. more; less b. less; more c. more; more d. less; less

a. more; less

A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage: a. nonconformity. b. ingroup bias. c. groupthink. d. superordinate goals.

a. nonconformity.

In terms of the bystander effect, during which of the following situations will the odds NOT be best for our helping someone? a. We are in a good mood. b. We are in a hurry. c. The victim is similar to us. d. The victim appears to need and deserve help.

b. We are in a hurry.

In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the ______ or the demands of the ______. a. obedient role model; "teacher" b. "teacher"; "learner" c. "teacher"; defiant role model d. "learner"; experimenter

d. "learner"; experimenter

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: a. "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners." b. "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. c. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. d. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

d. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: a. cognitive dissonance. b. deindividuation. c. social facilitation. d. father care.

d. father care.

The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank, if asked? a. Ardyce, who has just fallen head over heels in love b. Gregory, who is busy studying for a history midterm c. Sigrid, who unexpectedly lost her part-time job and has time on her hands d. Fred, who is depressed because he just learned he got a D on a chemistry exam

a. Ardyce, who has just fallen head over heels in love

Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. b. Black people tend to dress pretty much alike. c. young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex.

a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike.

_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. a. Normative social influence b. Informational social influence c. Situational attributions d. Dispositional attributions

a. Normative social influence

_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality. a. Normative social influence; informational social influence b. Informational social influence; normative social influence c. Situational attributions; dispositional attributions d. Dispositional attributions; situational attributions

a. Normative social influence; informational social influence

Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? a. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. b. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone.

a. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone.

Central route persuasion is most likely when people: a. are naturally analytical. b. are uninvolved in an issue. c. make snap judgments. d. have difficulty paying attention.

a. are naturally analytical.

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This ____________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor. a. attitude b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon c. situational attribution d. mere exposure effect

a. attitude

According to the ______________, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. a. attribution theory b. cognitive dissonance theory c. psychoanalytic theory d. social influence theory

a. attribution theory

A perceived incompatibility between a student's learning goals and the goals of the class instructor best illustrates: a. conflict. b. social loafing. c. group polarization. d. cognitive dissonance.

a. conflict.

Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When you watch her, you can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Chartrand would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of: a. empathy. b. subjectivity. c. authenticity. d. prejudice.

a. empathy.

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping? a. feeling good, successful, happy, or fortunate b. the presence of other bystanders in the situation c. knowing what to do or how to help in the situation d. perceiving the other person as deserving of help

a. feeling good, successful, happy, or fortunate

It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if you would put a small sign in your yard. You agree. The next week, your wife can't believe you agreed to put the 3-foot sign on the front lawn. This technique is known as the: a. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. b. fundamental attribution error. c. motivated forgetting phenomenon. d. cognitive dissonance phenomenon.

a. foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates: a. group polarization. b. the bystander effect. c. social facilitation. d. deindividuation.

a. group polarization.

Victoria is a fifth grader in Carson Elementary School. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. This example is an illustration of: a. ingroup bias. b. ethnocentrism. c. the "feel-good, do-good" effect. d. the jigsaw classroom effect.

a. ingroup bias

The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, "looking like that," she had asked to be assaulted. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: a. just-world phenomenon. b. mere exposure effect. c. scapegoat theory. d. frustration-aggression principle.

a. just-world phenomenon.

While Thomas disagrees with his boss, he laughs at the joke anyway to gain her approval. Thomas' behavior illustrates: a. normative social influence. b. informational social influence. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. the mere exposure effect.

a. normative social influence.

Researchers find that conformity to the group increases when all of the following occur EXCEPT: a. one is made to feel secure. b. one has not made a prior commitment to any response. c. the group is unanimous. d. one admires the group's status and attractiveness.

a. one is made to feel secure.

Cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that: a. our attitudes and actions clash. b. our efforts to achieve a goal have been blocked. c. we have overestimated the impact of personal dispositions on behavior. d. other's pursuit of their self-interest can harm our well-being.

a. our attitudes and actions clash.

During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." This statement best reflects the: a. outgroup homogeneity effect. b. fundamental attribution error. c. ingroup heterogeneity effect. d. just-world hypothesis.

a. outgroup homogeneity effect.

This is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. a. passionate love b. mere love c. companionate love d. erogenous love

a. passionate love

Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior: a. reflected her personal disposition. b. was situationally determined. c. demonstrated role playing. d. illustrated normative social influence.

a. reflected her personal disposition.

The fundamental attribution error best illustrates that we may often underestimate the importance of: a. social control. b. hindsight bias. c. personality traits. d. cognitive dissonance.

a. social control.

Lars is an excellent violinist. In front of an audience, he tends to play his violin even more beautifully than when he is alone. This is most likely due to: a. social facilitation. b. the bystander effect. c. deindividuation. d. normative social influence.

a. social facilitation.

Your textbook defines _____ as a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. a. stereotype b. mirror-image perception c. sexual discrimination d. deindividuation

a. stereotype

As you are driving to campus one day another car cuts you off and speeds ahead. Immediately you yell out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Your judgment best illustrates: a. the fundamental attribution error. b. confirmation bias. c. gender-typing bias. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

a. the fundamental attribution error.

You stop for a cup of coffee and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. You are convinced that she should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to: a. the fundamental attribution error. b. confirmation bias. c. gender-typing bias. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

a. the fundamental attribution error.

This situation occurs when we each rationally pursue our own self-interests but become caught in mutually destructive behavior. a. the social trap b. the just-world phenomenon c. the social responsibility norm d. the frustration-aggression principle

a. the social trap

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. a. warrior b. conformity c. romantic love d. physical attractiveness

a. warrior

In the original Milgram obedience experiment, men aged 20 to 50 had complied fully ________ percent of the time. a. 53 b. 63 c. 73 d. 83

b. 63

Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory, and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers (given by a confederate of the researcher). How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience? a. She can set up the learning laboratory in a room above a restaurant. b. She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university. c. She can make the participants think she is unsure of her role as an authority figure. d. She can have a second confederate in the room; the confederate should be a role model for defiant behavior.

b. She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university.

The ______________ indicates that, although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our behavior. a. confirmation bias b. attitudes-follow-behavior principle c. perceptual adaptation theory d. bystander effect

b. attitudes-follow-behavior principle

Mark obeyed the commands of his military unit officer to engage in destructive behavior that was sharply inconsistent with Mark's ethical values. The discomfort associated with Mark's awareness of the inconsistency between his values and his actions best illustrates: a. the just-world phenomenon. b. cognitive dissonance. c. the bystander effect. d. deindividuation.

b. cognitive dissonance.

Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the: a. bystander effect. b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. fundamental attribution error. d. frustration-aggression principle.

b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for: a. self-disclosure. b. harmony. c. passionate love. d. cognitive dissonance.

b. harmony.

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: a. deindividuation. b. implicit prejudice. c. cognitive dissonance. d. the fundamental attribution error.

b. implicit prejudice.

The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in ___________ than it is in ___________. a. East Asian cultures; individualist Western countries b. individualist Western countries; East Asian cultures c. males; females d. females; males

b. individualist Western countries; East Asian cultures

Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. a. nonconformists; conformists b. ingroup; outgroup c. conformists; nonconformists d. outgroup; ingroup

b. ingroup; outgroup

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates: a. scapegoating. b. deindividuation. c. superordinate goals. d. mirror-image perceptions.

d. mirror-image perceptions.

Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a ________ favorable impression on potential employers, and they are ________ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere. a. less; less b. more; more c. less; more d. more; less

d. more; less

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _________________ love; as deep affectionate attachment is to _________________ love. a. social; companionate b. cognitive; passionate c. companionate; passionate d. passionate; companionate

d. passionate; companionate

Superordinate goals refer to: a. prevailing inclinations that have been enforced through discussion within a group. b. mutual diabolical images that enemies have of each other. c. social expectations that people will help those who depend on them. d. shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

d. shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to: a. deindividuation. b. social facilitation. c. social loafing. d. situational attributions.

d. situational attributions.

The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of the home audience on their home court. This best illustrates: a. the bystander effect. b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. group polarization. d. social facilitation.

d. social facilitation.

People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain: a. why someone's attitude is ever-changing. b. animal pack behavior. c. the behavior of close friends. d. the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation.

d. the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation.

In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. This best illustrates: a. deindividuation. b. the bystander effect. c. the social-responsibility norm. d. the blame-the-victim phenomenon.

d. the blame-the-victim phenomenon.

Marilyn thinks a strict class-attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment best illustrates: a. the mere exposure effect. b. group polarization. c. confirmation bias. d. the fundamental attribution error.

d. the fundamental attribution error.

Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize: a. passionate love. b. social facilitation. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the fundamental attribution error.

d. the fundamental attribution error.

Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of: a. ingroup bias. b. the mere exposure effect. c. deindividuation. d. vivid cases.

d. vivid cases.