PSYC 101 Final

Fixed Interval

A teenager received an allowance every Sunday.

Cerebellum

Balance, procedural memory

_____ is the rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest.

Basal Metabolic Rate

Lens

Bends to focus light on the Retina

Most gay men report that they knew they were gay when they were quite young, often 4 or 5 years of age. Which potential origin for sexual orientation BEST accounts for this finding?

Biological Factors

_____ is a hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.

Orexin

Occipital Lobe

Visual Cortex

Parietal Lobe

Visual-Spatial Integration

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

Weber's law

Blind Spot

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's

absolute threshold

In the 1990s, the U.S. Army used the recruiting slogan, "Be all that you can be." This phrase is MOST nearly reminiscent of Abraham Maslow's need for self-_____.

actualization

Claudia has just received devastating news about her semi rig. Things seem very bleak because a fire in her neighborhood spread to her semi and destroyed it. Driving the truck is her only means of earning money. Claudia has many debts to pay off and is expecting her fourth child. When she hears the bad news, her heart rate zooms and she feels faint, like she is in shock. According to Seyle's general adaptation syndrome, she is in Phase 1, also known as _____.

alarm

Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of

alpha waves

The classic case of railroad worker Phineas Gage best illustrated that frontal lobe damage can

alter one's personality

Francois was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?

amphetamines

Excitatory signals to a neuron must exceed inhibitory signals by a minimum intensity in order to trigger _________________.

an action potential

The correct order of the general adaptation syndrome is:

an alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

an algortihm

After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

anterograde amnesia

Many 9-month-old infants will investigate every accessible corner of the house out of curiosity. With respect to theories of motivation, this BEST exemplifies:

arousal theory

NK cells are to macrophages as _____ is to _____.

attacking diseased cells ; destroying worn-out cells

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as

behaviorism

People tend to use emotion-focused, rather than problem-focused, coping strategies when they:

believe they cannot change a stressful situation

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that

better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children.

When cocaine is snorted, injected, or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria by

blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters

Sydney is on her way to a meeting with her boss. In response to this anxiety-provoking situation, her:

blood flows to her muscles

Based on the textbook's discussion, ______ may help us better manage stress, whereas ______ may help us experience less stress in the first place.

building social support ; aerobic exercise

Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. He argues that drive theory cannot explain:

bungee jumping

Cancer-producing substances such as smoking and radioactive materials are known as:

carcinogens

While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates

change blindness

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, an electrical impulse is then converted into a

chemical message

With the approach of the night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamic of the

circadian rhythm

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

conditioned response

Gregory Miller and Ekin Blackwell report that chronic stress leads to persistent inflammation, which heightens the risk of both _____ and _____.

depression ; clogged arteries

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one. With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings, however, his fear of dogs has gradually faded. Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

extinction

Susan was diagnosed with early stage breast cancer and was referred by her doctor to a mindfulness meditation group. Her doctor explained that meditation may help her by:

improving immune functioning and coping

When asked to watch a video and press a key each time a black-shirted player passed a basketball, most research participants remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman strolling across the video screen. This illustrated

inattentional blindness

Psychoactive drugs influence neurotransmission by stimulating, mimicking, or _________ the activity of neurotransmitters.

inhibiting

Sensing the position and movement of your pitching arm while throwing a fastball best illustrates

kinesthesia

As the farmer looked across her field, the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the distance. This provided her with a distance cue known as:

linear perspective

One study of the predictors of a longer life followed more than 5200 adults for 28 years. Because the participants were tracked for a long period of time, this study exemplifies a(n) _____ research design.

longitudinal

Delores, a 54-year-old woman, entered menopause one year ago. She now finds that the frequency of her sexual fantasies and interest in sex has diminished. This change is due to:

lowered sex hormone levels

Jacob's severe migraine headaches have led him to seek medical help. It is likely that his symptoms are most closely linked with an

oversupply of glutamate

A capacity to monitor simultaneously the color, shape, and motion of a flying kite best illustrates

parallel processing

After spending years in the ocean, a mature salmon swims up its home river to return to its birthplace. This behavior is an example of a(n):

instinct

Few human behaviors are rigidly patterned enough to qualify as:

instincts

José was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes when his fasting blood glucose was discovered to be 300 mg/mL. His _____ production, which is secreted by the _____, was not controlling his blood glucose.

insulin ; pancreas

A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that_______________.

people who are poor are more likely than wealthy people to have a psychological disorder.

After hearing rumors about the outbreak of an infectious disease, Alyosha began to perceive his normal aches and pains as disease-related symptoms. His reaction best illustrates the impact of

perceptual set

After losing his left hand in an accident, Jack continued to experience pain in his nonexistent hand. His experience illustrates

phantom limb sensations

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case the spanking is a

positive punishment

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor is known as _____-focused coping.

problem

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor is known as _____ coping.

problem-focused

Pineal Gland

produces melatonin

People are quicker to recognize that sharp chest pain is a symptom of a heart attack than that shortness of breath is a symptom of a heart attack. This is because sharp pain more closely matches their heart attack

prototype

Carmella, Jorge, and Gail were all sitting behind the same bowling lane, so Ruth perceived that they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrates the organizational principle of

proximity

Not only are humans _____ by the need to reduce drives, they are also _____ by incentives.

pushed ; pulled

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using

random sampling

Six of the children in Mr. Myer's class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In this instance, he should be reminded that

random sequences of events often don't look random.

After research participants have retrieved a long-term memory of a traumatic experience, researchers have attempted to use a drug or painless electroconvulsive shock to disrupt the ________ of that memory.

reconsolidation

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as the color ______ and the shortest visible wave as ________.

red ; blue-violet

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?

replication

The testing effect refers to the enhanced memory resulting from

retrieving information from memory

The taste sensation umami is most likely to attract us to foods that are

rich in protein

Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of

selective attention

While driving to work, John was so focused on his cell-phone conversation that he inadvertently drove through a red light and hit another vehicle. John's experience best illustrates the impact of

selective attention

The resting potential of an axon results from the fact that an axon membrane is

selectively permeable

Bob, a successful businessman in his late fifties, has decided that he wants to retire from work. While he is in a position to earn a lot more money, he knows he has more than enough. Instead, Bob wants to put his skills to work helping the charities that he supports. In addition, Bob and his wife want take an active part in the raising of their grandchildren. Bob is motivated by _____ needs.

self-actualization

The ability to control impulses and delay gratification is called:

self-control

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Thalamus

sensory relay station

SSRIs relieve depression by partially blocking the reuptake of

serotonin

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of

shaping

A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of:

stress appraisal

A physical or emotional response to a challenging or threatening event is called a(n) _____.

stress reaction

On the way to the temporal lobe's auditory cortex, neural impulses from the auditory nerve are first relayed to the

thalamus

All of us visually read lips as part of our hearing. This is best illustrated by

the McGurk effect

Emotion-laden images of unusual but vivid cases of abducted children may lead many parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of

the availability heuristic

Scuba divers who heard a word list while underwater or sitting on the beach later recalled more of the words if their recall was tested in the same place. This best illustrates

the encoding specificity principle

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of

the misinformation effect

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember

the next day the names of the people he talked to an what he said while drinking.

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit ; explicit

Amphetamines are classified as _________ and barbiturates are classified as ________.

stimulants ; depressants

If IQ scores are normally distributed, having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of people have IQ scores somewhere between 70 and 130?

95

action potential

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron

Variable Ratio

A charitable organization makes an average of 10 calls for every donation it receives

Fixed Ratio

A coffee shop rewards customers with a free coffee every 10 coffee purchases made.

Variable Interval

A man watches for and sees shooting stars on a dark night.

Double-Blind Procedure

A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.

The Resting Potential

A state in which the fluid outside an axon has mostly positive charge and the fluid inside the axon has a mostly negative charge.

Botulin poisoning from improperly canned food causes paralysis by blocking the release of

Acetylcholine

Belinda and her husband Alan were both 40 pounds overweight. They decided to change their lifestyle and each increased their exercise and reduced their calorie intake by 20 percent with the help of a health coach. They lost the 40 pounds. Three years later, Alan has put all of the weight back on while Belinda has only regained 15 pounds. What is the MOST likely explanation?

Alan has a set point closer to his original weight.

Tapetum Lucidum

Allows animals to see in the dark

How does the arousal theory of motivation differ from drive-reduction theory?

Arousal theory suggests that people are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease their level of stimulation.

Temporal Lobe

Auditory Cortex

Fovea

Center of vision; Contains only cones

Retina

Contains receptors for light

Iris

Controls light level in the eye

Medulla

Controls respiration, blood pressure

The conclusion that "playing violent video games leads to violent crime" has been refuted by the American Psychological Association. Why was this statement problematic?

Correlation does not prove causation

Pons

Dreams, consciousness, movement

With respect to coping, which statement is true?

Emotion-focused coping may be more effective than problem-focused coping when the situation is uncontrollable.

This is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach.

Ghrelin

_____ refers to the tendency to maintain a balanced internal state, regulating any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level.

Homeostasis

Which is an accurate statement about the motivation for sexual behavior?

In most animals, it is biologically determined and triggered by hormonal changes in the female.

_____ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose.

Insulin

Vitreous Humor

Jelly-Like Substance

Jennifer was driving her car to school when it broke down. Which statement is true?

Jennifer's feelings of frustration are a stress reaction

_____ is a protein secreted by fat cells and, when abundant, causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

Leptin

Optic Nerve

Made up of the axons of the ganglion cell layer

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

Mean

According to the World Health Organization, which individual would be considered to be obese? A) Micah, who is 42 years of age and has a BMI of 31. B) Malka, who is 7 years of age and weighs 64 pounds. C) Devonte, who, at 6'3'' tall, has a BMI of 14. D) Damon, who, at 5'4'' tall, is 21 pounds overweight.

Micah, who is 42 years of age and has a BMI of 31.

_____ arises from the interplay between nature (the bodily "push") and nurture (the "pulls" from human thought processes and culture).

Motivation

Frontal Lobe

Problem-solving, planning, inhibition

Cornea

Protects the front of the eye

After sports magazines give cover-story attention to the recent outstanding performances of an athlete, the individual often suffers a real decline in performance. This may be at least partially explained in terms of

Regression toward the mean

Which of following is NOT included in the ethics code of the APA for utilizing human participants in research?

Researchers must report the results of individual participants

Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?

Standard Deviation

Hypothalamus

The 4 Fs

Which statement is false with respect to sexual orientation? A) Men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay than men who do not. B) The environmental factors that influence sexual orientation are presently unknown. C) With the help of a therapist, most people can easily change their sexual orientation. D) Virtually all cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual

With the help of a therapist, most people can easily change their sexual orientation.

By revealing what can happen through an in-depth examination of an atypical individual, ___________ often suggests directions for future research.

a case study

Julia awakes in the middle of the night to the sound of breaking glass. Her increased heart rate and respiration can BEST be explained as:

a fight-or-flight response

Working memory is

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

confirmation bias

Corpus Callosum

connects hemispheres

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should

continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums

Marissa recently attended a lecture on supernatural phenomena, at which the speaker explained how the locations of planets and stars at one's birth determine the person's personality and life course. Marissa is not convinced that this information is accurate and so she is quite skeptical. She has concluded that the assumptions and conclusions of this statement are faulty, that the speaker is biased and lacks credibility, and that there is minimal evidence to support this claim. Marissa has engaged in

critical thinking

The use of barbiturates ________ anxiety and ________ nervous system activity.

decreases ; decreases

Stan continued playing with minimal pain during the closing quarter of a football game even though he had suffered a very severe ankle sprain when he was tackled. It is likely that Stan's pain was psychologically minimized by ________ and physically minimized by the brain's release of _______.

distraction ; endorphins

Mr. Anderson suffers from Parkinson's disease and his shaking arm movements are so severe that he has difficulty feeding or dressing himself without help. His symptoms are most likely to be linked with an undersupply of the neurotransmitter

dopamine

Three hours after she goes to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

dreaming

Lara's mouth is dry and she realizes that she has not had anything to drink all morning. The water level in her cells has dropped and she feels thirsty. Watching people drink large glasses of soda is upsetting her and, at the next opportunity, she will take an extra large drink. Which concept can be used to explain why Lara is motivated to get a drink?

drive-reduction theory

Joseph has been experiencing financial problems associated with his recent divorce. He was able to save $300 from his tips, but since he could not pay off his bills, he decided to purchase a flat-screen television to help him take his mind off of his stress. This is an example of ______ coping.

emotion-focused

Jose has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of

endorphins

Mark is driven to excel at everything he does. As a child, he received high grades in all of his classes. In Boy Scouts, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. Now as an adult, Mark constantly beats everyone at work in reaching the monthly sales quota. Mark seems to be primarily motivated by ____ needs.

esteem

The correct order of the stages of the sexual response cycle is:

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Drug use is considered a substance use disorder when a person

experiences all of these conditions

The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the ________ group.

experimental

Carl and Ralph both earned a D on their psychology test. Carl believes that his low grade was because his teacher does not like him. Ralph believes that his low grade was due to bad luck. Carl demonstrates an _____ locus of control; Ralph demonstrates an _____ locus of control.

external ; external

According to the textbook's discussion of the challenges of weight control, those who suffer from sleep loss are vulnerable to obesity because levels of leptin _____ while ghrelin levels _____.

fall ; rise

Some women can produce orgasm in the absence of physical contact as a result of being sexually aroused by memories and:

fantasy

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-interval

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-ration ; variable-ratio

Pleasant memories are most likely to be evoked by exposure to

fragrant odors

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

generalization

Even though the apparent arousal in men and women exposed to sexual stimuli is roughly the same, responses in men much more closely mirrored their (more obvious) _____ response than have women's responses.

genital

Terrell is NOT feeling hungry at the moment. This is likely because his:

ghrelin levels are low

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are turned "on" by

green light are turned "off" by red light

Premature human babies gain weight faster if they are stimulated by

hand massage

Dr. Tate is an excellent researcher. She is curious, humble, and skeptical. These are all characteristics of

having a scientific attitude

Dr. Harper is studying the effects of HIV awareness campaigns and the reduction of new HIV cases within the Latino population of a major city. He is examining what is effective to stem the tide in this high-risk area of the city. He is also looking at medication compliance and wellness examinations. Dr. Harper is a:

health psychologist

The tendency to wear heavier clothes when it is cold and lighter clothes when it is warm is an example of humans trying to maintain:

homeostasis

The concept of a settling point is relevant to possibly understanding the experience of:

hunger

According to one study, a section of the _____ has been found to be larger in gay men than in straight men.

hypothalamus

Dr. Masterson is studying the relationship between media exposure to sexual content and sexual behavior. Dr. Masterson predicts that those who view more sexual content are more likely to practice risky sexual behaviors. This idea is a(n)

hypothesis

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

marijuana ; hallucinogen

The activation of light-sensitive proteins in our eyes' retinas signals our brain to decrease the production of

melatonin

The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storages to other regions of the brain illustrates

memory consolidation

When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of

memory construction

Eardrum vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the

middle ear

Margaret had a stroke that damaged the right side of her brain. Yet, she has difficulty moving her left arm, not her right arm. This indicates that the

motor cortex on the right side of the brain controls movements of specific body parts on the opposite side of the body.

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance. Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

negative punishment

Sherry is visiting colleagues in Mexico City and is asked to try a local delicacy, sautéed ant eggs. She is reluctant to do so as her _____ makes her less willing to consume this odd food.

neophobia

When you read a bar graph, it is important for you to

note the range and size of the scale values

Pupil

opening of the eye

Sclera

outer layer of the eye

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory.

short-term

Personal milestones such as getting married, getting divorced, or having a child go off to college are examples of:

significant life changes

Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from

sleep apnea

Areas of the brain involved in memory are closest to areas of the brain responsible for our sense of

smell

Areas of the brain involved in memory are closest to the areas of the brain responsible for our sense of

smell

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of

source amnesia

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the

spinal cord

Those whose corpus callosum is surgically severed are said to be patients with

split brain

Jamile is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary test if she studies for 15 mins every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrate what is known as

the spacing effect

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

threshold

Two-year-old Alma has many new toys in her playpen. Nonetheless, even before playing with these toys, she wants to explore the room and tries to escape the playpen. Alma is motivated to escape the playpen:

to seek optimum levels of arousal

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies intro neural impulses is called

transduction

A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to_________.

verbally report that she saw a boy.

People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their

visual cortex

When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop pain and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms of

withdrawal

When most people stare first at a blue circle and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the circle appears

yellow