PSYC 168 Final
prevalence rate
number of cases of a disorder, whether new or existing, observed during a specified period of time
correlation coefficient
number that describes the degree of association between two variables of interest ; closer to 1 or -1 means higher correlation
prognosis
prediction of the course or outcome of a disorder
coercion theory
premise proposing that threatening parent-child interactions serve as the training ground for development of antisocial behavior
social selection hypothesis
premise that people tend to choose environments in which there are other people similar to themselves
amplifier hypothesis
premise that stress may serve to intensify the maladaptive predispositions of parents
reciprocal influence
premise that the child's behavior is effected by and itself affects the behavior of family members
Which of the following is not one of the four major categories of risk factors that contribute to intellectual disabilities?
prenatal
response prevention
procedure used in treating anxiety that prevents the child from engaging in escape or avoidance behaviors
developmental cascades
process by which a child's previous experiences and interactions may spread across systems and alter development
standardization
process by which a set of norms is specified for a measurement to be used consistently across different assessments
emotion regulation
process by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning
transaction
process by which the subject and environment interact to contribute to the expression of a disorder
clinical assessment
process of differentiating, defining, and measuring behaviors, cognitions, and emotions, as well as environmental circumstances
treatment planning and evaluation
process of using assessment information to generate a treatment plan and evaluate its effectiveness
Parent Management Training (PMT)
program aimed at teaching adults to cope with their child's difficult behavior and their reactions to it
parent management training (PMT)
program aimed at teaching mothers and fathers to cope effectively with their child's difficult behavior
allostatic load
progressive "wear and tear" on biological systems caused by chronic stress
heritability
proportion of the variance of a trait that is attributable to genetic influences
A personal or situational variable that reduces the likelihood that a child will develop a psychological disorder is called a ________ factor.
protective
The practice of facilitated communication with autistic children is considered an example of which of the following?
pseudoscience
Compared to other theories of depression, __________ theories see clinical depression in children as rare to nonexistent.
psychodynamic
Twin studies have found that ________________ in the family account for only a small amount of the variation in ADHD symptoms.
psychosocial factors
developmental task
psychosocial task of childhood that reflects broad domains of competence and indicates how children typically progress
Physical changes, especially for girls in __________, seem to be associated with the uptick in panic attacks among adolescents.
puberty
A new Cincinnati Police task force met with school psychologists and parents whose minor children had experienced opioid addiction. Which strategy for curbing this kind of antisocial behavior does this encounter best exemplify?
public health perspective
When a clinician must find another way to set up meetings with a therapist for a home-schooled child, she may take into account __________ to achieve effective treatment.
all of the above (the parent's religious beliefs, the cultural compatibility hypothesis, the child's comfort level in a home setting, local political sensitivities)
dissociation
altered state of consciousness in which the individual feels detached from the body or self
Social anxiety disorder (SOC), according to the diagnostic criteria, must occur when the child is __________.
among other children, typically his or her own age
attentional capacity
amount of information in short-term memory to which one can attend
Travis, 4, requires special monitoring when his preschool class goes to the Sunshine Farm, a petting zoo for rescued farm animals. When his class lines up to be counted or to walk as a group, he has been known to leave the line and wander off by himself. Dean, during his monthly seminar for preschool caregivers, says such behavior requires __________ for it to be disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED).
an unfamiliar adult
The three dimensions include each of the following except ________..
angry-irritable effect
Carla no longer enjoys going to gymnastics class as her body changed with puberty. She no longer enjoys eating, even though she overeats to compensate for what is missing in her life. The tern that best describes this state is __________.
anhedonia
Bobby has a mild intellectual disability that his parents attribute to a knotted umbilical cord discovered at birth. What medical complication might this cause?
anoxia
Due to the absence of ________, only about one in three children survived to their fifth birthday during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
antibiotics or other medications to cure diseases
Leon, a child with conduct disorder, takes small objects that that are not his (e.g. a toy, a crayon, a yogurt cup) from his fellow students. However, when confronted by another child, Leon will cry rather than argue with the child or threaten her. Which negative mood symptom might prevent his conduct problem from seguing into fighting or lying?
anxiety
preservation of sameness
anxious and obsessive insistence on the maintenance of uniformity that no one but the child may disrupt
expectable environment
any external condition or surroundings that are considered to be fundamental and necessary for healthy development
specifiers
any homogeneous subgroup of individuals with a disorder who share particular features
According to more than one study, males who experienced __________ are at high risk for promiscuity, sexual aggression, and victimization of others, among both males and females, and other inappropriate sexual behaviors.
any type of maltreatment
The legal definition of "delinquency" involves which two components?
apprehension and court contact
idiographic case formula
approach to assessment that emphasizes detailed representation of the individual child or family as a unique entity
nomothetic formulation
approach to case formulation or assessment that emphasizes general principles that apply to all people
dimensional classification
approach to classification of child psychopathology that assumes all children possess a number of independent traits of behavior
developmental psychopathology
approach to studying disorders of childhood and adolescence that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks
direct instruction
approach to teaching that to improve a skill the instructional activities have to approximate the skill being taught
health promotion
approach to the prevention of disease that involves education, public policy, and similar actions to promote health
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
approach to treatment that involves family members and draws on multiple techniques and specialized interventions
Research has shown that a mother's substance abuse during pregnancy and the antisocial behavior of her child __________.
are not directly related
Evolutionary theory argues that infants possess relevant fears of the natural environment because they __________.
are predisposed to learn them
Compared to episodes of depression, untreated bipolar episodes __________.
are shorter in duration
frontal lobes
area of the brain responsible for functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities, including memory
residential care
arrangement in which a child whose family cannot adequately provide for him lives in a specialized out-of-home setting
The future trend in preventing child abuse and neglect will increasingly treat these problems as __________
as a public health matter
More than the other teenage girls in the youth shelter, Manon tends to resort to biting and kicking the other girls when she loses self-control and becomes angry. It would be proper to refer to her symptoms __________.
as above average given the dimensions of aggressive behavior
Given the changes in how DMDD has been defined, it has only recently been classified __________ in the DSM-5.
as one of the depressive disorders
pragmatics
aspect of language that focuses on its appropriate use in social and communicative contexts.
developmental test
assessment carried out for the purposes of screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of early development
neuropsychological assessment
assessment that attempts to link brain functioning with objective measures of behavior
projective test
assessment that presents the child with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or pictures of people
Which of the following best describes research correlates?
associated but not causal
interdependent
assumption that abnormal child behavior is determined by both the child and his or her environment
organization of development
assumption that early patterns of adaptation evolve and transform into higher-order functions in a structured manner
Comorbid disorders occur in __________ of children with OCD.
at least 50%
Which diagnosis is seen more frequently in girls than in boys?
adolescent depression
conduct problem
age-inappropriate action and attitude that violates family expectations, societal norms, and the rights of others
relational aggression
aggression in which harm is caused by damaging one's relationships or social status rather than direct physical harm
The dimension of externalizing behavior consists of two subdimensions, labeled "rule-breaking behavior" and "__________" behavior.
aggressive
assent
agreement to participate in a research study without full understanding that's needed for informed consent
fear
alarm reaction to current danger or life-threatening emergencies; marked by strong escape-oriented tendencies
Which of the following is part of the interpretation of a diagnosis?
all of the above (Analyzing information about the nature or cause of the problem, drawing conclusions about the nature or cause of the problem, determining what a normal child is vis-à-vis the child being assessed, assigning a formal diagnostic label for a disorder)
Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) incorporates elements of cognitive-behavioral, including humanistic, empowerment, family therapy, and __________ models.
attachment
The psychologist Henry Goddard traced much of the intellectual disability in the United States to Martin Kallikak, whose name is invented from the Greek words for __________ and __________.
attractive; bad
communication disorder
difficulty producing speech sounds or with speech fluency or difficulty understanding what other people say
emotion reactivity
dimension of emotional processes associated with individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience
Like some learning disabilities, most children with antisocial behaviors see their problems __________ throughout childhood.
diminish
Which of the following is not part of the attachment theory sequence for a child with depression?
disaffection
Pillar describes to Dean how she feels when her prom date tried to kiss her. "It was like I was a ghost or something." Knowing that she was raped by her stepfather at the age of 8, Dean tells her that comes from __________.
disassociation
neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia
design in which a genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults result in impaired connections between many brain regions
randomized controlled trial (RCT)
design to evaluate treatment outcomes in which children are arbitrarily assigned to various treatment and control conditions
random assignment
designation of research participants whereby each participant has an equal chance of being designated to either condition
_______________________ is an approach to describing and studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond.
developmental psychopathology
adaptational failure
deviation from or inability to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones
moderate intellectual disability
level of impairment whereby children are identified during preschool years, when they show delays in reaching early developmental milestones
severe intellectual disability
level of impairment whereby children are identified in infancy because of delays in development and biological anomalies
mild intellectual disability
level of impairment whereby children show small delays in development early but typically aren't identified until early elementary years
profound intellectual disability
level of impairment whereby children suffer organic causes of impairment and are identified at a very young age
Which of the following is not a serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for treating children with depression?
lithium
Which of the following medications has the FDA approved for use in treating children with BP?
lithium
A documentary film series that interviews the same set of people every seven years could be considered an example of which of the following?
longitudinal research
Of the three obstacles to intervention and prevention services for maltreating families, the most realistic fear is __________.
losing parental rights &/or criminal charges
When a child responds to being disciplined by an uptick in his or her antisocial behavior, it could be attributed to __________ in the brain.
low arousal and low reactivity
mania
abnormally elevated or expansive mood
bipolar disorder (BP)
condition characterized by an ongoing combination of extreme highs and extreme lows
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
persistent difficulty with the social use of language and communication
negative affectivity
persistent pessimistic mood evidenced by nervousness, sadness, anger, and guilt
positive affectivity
persistent upbeat mood as reflected in states such as joy, enthusiasm, and energy
obsession
persistent, intrusive, and irrational thought, idea, impulse, or image that focuses on improbable or unrealistic events
impulsive
person who is prone to acting with little or no consideration of possible consequences
hyperactive
person with an unusually high level of energy and an inability to remain still
positive bias (positive illusory bias)
person's report of higher self-esteem than is warranted by his or her behavior
quality of life
person's subjective perception of their situation as evidenced by physical, psychological, and social functioning
negative cognitive triad
pessimistic view about oneself, the world, and the future that are characteristic of youngsters with depression
Jenny has a hard time telling certain words apart. For example, she cannot read the difference between the word "carpenter" and "caterpillar." She has a problem with __________.
phonemes
Anxiety is a mood state characterized by strong negative emotion in which the child apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune. What is missing from this classic definition of "anxiety"?
physical symptoms of tension
Which term reflects how the brain continually changes based on the demands placed on it?
plasticity
Ashley has been sexually assaulted at school, raped by her mother's boyfriend, and been beaten by her mother in a jealous rage. Her experience can be clinically stated as __________.
polyvictimization
Despite the fact that Sheila avoids looking at her entire body—whether it be the mirror in the hallway or her slimmer sister's "honking big" ballet mirror—her mother describes her to the family therapist as essentially a "happy child" who "can still smile for her class picture, still laugh at funny things, still take pleasure in food (of all things)!" Dean explains that children with anxiety often display a higher __________ than children who are depressed.
positive affectivity
Marcie and Will, both 15, had been "steadies" since middle school. Will died in a car accident and Marcie, a year later, still can see his face in the coffin. Dean, her therapist, tells her such memories can be a criterion for __________.
post-traumatic stress disorder
central coherence
strong tendency of humans to interpret stimuli in a global way that takes the broader context into account
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between variables?
-.82 (number closest to 1 or -1 will indicate strongest correlation)
The co-occurrence of _________ is commonly associated with a lower IQ, academic problems, and an increased risk for CD.
ADHD
Which of the following disorders is characterized by age-appropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity?
ADHD
Which of the following is not a problem commonly reported among female children?
ADHD
Which of the following statements about ADHD is TRUE?
ADHD has no distinct physical symptoms that can be identified on an x-ray or blood test
Which of the following statements best represents the most current explanation of ADHD?
ADHD is viewed with a multi-pathway model that includes both attention-related and motivation-related theories.
One of the most common precursors to childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is __________.
ASD
Despite the rigorous, two-domain standard for diagnosing ASD, why is it important not to see ASD as an "all or nothing" condition?
ASD is a spectrum disorder.
Due to the problems with impulsivity, motor inhibition and lack of planning children with ADHD are often described by their parents as _______________.
Accident-prone
Which of the following would be a description of a child exhibiting the "flattened effect" of characteristic of childhood-onset schizophrenia?
According to her mother, Felice will not smile when told she looks pretty, even after brushing her hair and attempting to reinforce her positive image by showing her a picture in a fashion magazine. Caleb stares impassively at pictures of things he used to like, such as goldfish, cupcakes, and Thomas the Tank Engine.
Of all the various mood disorders, __________ is marked by frequent verbal temper outbursts.
DMDD
Molecular genetics research methods directly assess the association between variations in _____________.
DNA sequences and variations in a particular trait.
Why would DSM-5 be inadequate for diagnosing the speech impediment of an otherwise "intelligent" three-year-old that lacks any physical or neurological cause?
DSM-5 gives relatively less attention to the disorders of infancy and early childhood
A very young boy, Jim "froze" on the high diving board and had to be carried down by the lifeguard. In making a diagnosis, how does DSM-5 classify this negative life event?
DSM-5 lacks its own classification, but refers clinicians to selected codes in the current ICD
A state-funded study that identified all Grade 10 students with an eating disorder is an example of what type of research?
epidemiological
The role that exposure to an environmental toxin can play in the underlying structure of a particular gene is an example of a(n) ________ mechanism.
epigenetic
A person who is subjected to high stress will experience a flood of ________ from their adrenal glands.
epinephrine
Some children are hardly passive when they experience depression. They can also express themselves with __________.
episodes of irritability
If two children go to different schools, have different hobbies, different teachers, and a variety of cultural exposures but both end graduating from high school with honors and going to good colleges, this would demonstrate the concept of ________.
equifinality
Which of the following terms refers to the identification and study of the causes of a particular disorder?
etiology
multimethod assessment approach
evaluation emphasizing the importance of obtaining information from different informants, in a variety of settings
behavior assessment
evaluation of the child's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in specific settings
From a scientific perspective, which of the following is the most important aspect of a theory?
evidence
euphoria
exaggerated sense of well-being
The most common compulsion found in children and adults with OCD is __________.
excessive washing
Despite remarkable examples of high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder, most people with ASD __________.
exhibit most of the core features of the disorder and rarely display special talents or high intelligence
polyvictimization
experience of being singled out for abuse across multiple domains of the child's life
traumatic event
exposure to actual or threatened harm or fear of death or injury
validity
extent to which a measure actually assesses the dimension or construct the researcher sets out to measure
internal validity
extent to which an intended manipulation of a variable accounts for observed results, changes, or group differences
reliability
extent to which the result of an experiment is consistent or repeatable
goodness of fit
extent to which two things are suited
The findings of a research study that can readily be applied to members of a larger population are considered to have ________.
external validity
specific phobia
extreme and disabling fear about objects or situations that in reality pose little or no danger
Traumatic events cause many forms of abnormal childhood development and can be defined as exposure to?
extreme or uncommon stressors
A clinical assessment is only meaningful __________.
f it results in practical and effective interventions
nondisjunction
failure of the 21st pair of the mother's chromosomes to separate during meiosis
physical neglect
failure to provide for a child's basic corporal needs, including lack of health care or food
educational neglect
failure to provide for a child's basic intellectual needs, including allowing chronic truancy
emotional neglect
failure to provide for a child's feelings, including marked inattention to the child's needs for affection
Family systems theorists argue that it is difficult to understand or predict the behavior a child without examining the influence of the other _______________.
family members
Most theories of social disorganization see dysfunctional community structures having an initial impact on the __________.
family processes that, in turn, negatively affect the child's development
Meredith can talk with ease and a sense of humor and confidence among her friends. She is, however, impossible to hear when she is asked to read aloud in class. Her therapist Dean shares with her a special term, __________, which is a common feature of SOC.
fear of performance situations
What is commonly the first step in conducting research into an issue related to abnormal child psychology?
forming a hypothesis
incidence rate
frequency at which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified period of time
What is the approximate age range for separation anxiety disorder to occur?
from 7 to adulthood
Fast Track program monitors and intervenes with children for high-risk of antisocial behavior __________.
from kindergarten to tenth grade
Which of the following terms best reflects the perspective of applied behavior analysis?
functional
Although individuals with Down syndrome can expect to live as long as 60 years, research reveals that most will suffer cognitive decline due to __________.
gene damage on chromosome 21
The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia attributes __________ as causing disruptions in the early development of the brain.
gene mutations
In an attempt to understand the cause of ADHD, researchers are studying ___________ influences, such as adoption and twin studies.
genetic
PET scans measure which of the following to track activity in the brain?
glucose
prevention
group of activities directed at decreasing the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur
cohort
group of individuals who are followed over time and who experience the same events during the same time period
presentation type
group of individuals with something in common that makes them distinct from other groups
disruptive behavior disorders
group of repetitive and persistent patterns of antisocial behavior
panic
group of unexpected physical symptoms of the fight/flight response that occur in the absence of any obvious threat
trichotillomania
hair loss from compulsive pulling out or twisting of one's own hair
When his father has Logan on the weekends, the boy will not hold his father's hand in the park because, as he puts it, "I feel monster fur!" Logan, who is being diagnosed for COS, could be experiencing a __________ when he touches the hairs on his father's skin.
hallucination
Which of the following is NOT a rationale for the skeptical attitudes many people have toward research in abnormal child psychology?
harmful experiments
Todays' focus on _________ encourages changes, opportunities, and competence to achieve one's health potential.
health promotion
executive function (EF)
higher-order mental process enabling a child to maintain a problem-solving orientation to attain a future goal
epinephrine
hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is released into the bloodstream in response to stress
The condition in which children with anxiety remain alert to potential threats and danger is called __________.
hypervigilance
Which of the following brain structures plays a key role in regulation of emotion?
hypothalamus
behavior lens principle
idea stating that child psychopathology reflects a mixture of actual child actions and how it's viewed by others
diagnosis
identification of a disorder from an examination of the symptoms
screening
identification of subjects at risk for a specific negative outcome
Using the same diagnostic criteria for children as well as adults in diagnosing schizophrenia makes it easier to __________.
identify continuities in the onset of schizophrenia in children, adolescents, and adults compare cases of childhood-onset and adult-onset schizophrenia
acute stress disorder
immediate reaction after exposure to an extreme trauma characterized by symptoms associated with negative mood, dissociation and avoidance
fight/flight response
immediate reaction to perceived danger whereby efforts are directed toward either confronting the danger or escaping the situation
nonverbal learning disability (NLD)
impairment characterized by deficits related to right-hemisphere brain functioning, such as problems in social skills and problem solving
specific learning disorder
impairment in a particular area in learning and using academic skills
speech sound disorder
impairment in which children lag behind playmates in learning to articulate certain sounds
The category of restricted and repetitive behaviors was expanded in the DSM-5 to include repetitive speech and idiosyncratic phrases that were previously identified in the DSM-IV as deficits in communication. Echolalia, a common type of repetitive speech in children with ASD, is believed to be a(n) ________.
important step in their language acquisition
Learning disability is a term used when a child cannot be diagnosed with intellectual disability, ASHD, autism, a disorder attributed to an organic cause (such as oxygen deprivation during birth), and the like. It is usually applied __________.
in the absence of an obvious condition
Neural receptors __________ begin the complex process of developing a perceptual map for assigning words to specific sounds.
in the human ear
inattentive
inability to focus or sustain one's focus
inability to inhibit dominant responses in relation to ongoing situational demands
inability to inhibit dominant responses in relation to ongoing situational demands
inattention
inability to stick to tasks or play activities and to resist distractions
Statistics that track new cases of anxiety disorders that appear in children following their exposure to a natural disaster would be considered ________ rates.
incidence
With the improved diagnostic distinction among various disorders and syndromes, there has been a (an):
increase in earlier recognition and understanding of previously understood or undetected problems
The gradual increase in depression from preschool through grade school can be attributed to __________.
increased performance and social pressures & the child's growing self-awareness
destructive-nondestructive dimension
independent feature of antisocial behavior consisting of a continuum ranging from negative to positive actions
overt-covert dimension
independent feature of behavior consisting of a continuum of antisocial behavior ranging from accessible to hidden
Violent interactions with other children involving physical contact
indicate whether the symptoms specify mild, moderate, or severe ODD; provide an average specifier each symptom
informed consent
individual's expressed willingness to participate in a research study, based on complete understanding of what's involved
phenotype
individual's observable characteristics or behavior
genotype
individual's specific genetic makeup
physical abuse
infliction or risk of bodily injury as a result of punching, beating, or otherwise intentionally harming a child
When a couple attends a parent-teacher conference to learn how their child is performing in the classroom, what are they engaged in?
informant report
Interviews, observations, questionnaires, and tests are the __________ in a multimethod approach.
informants
developmental history
information about potentially significant historical milestones and events that might have a bearing on a child's current difficulties
family history
information regarding potentially significant developmental milestones and historical events that might have a bearing on a child's current difficulties
What is considered the most effective method to protect research participants?
informed consent
alerting
initial reaction to a stimulus involving the ability to prepare for what is about to happen
double depression
instance in which a major depressive episode is superimposed on the individual's previous persistent depressive disorder
problem-solving skills training (PSST)
instruction targeting the cognitive deficiencies and distortions displayed by children who experience conduct problems in interpersonal situations
inclusion movement
integration of individuals with disabilities into regular classroom settings, regardless of the severity of the disability
cultural-familial group
intellectual disability (ID) in which there is no evidence of organic brain damage (usually associated with mild ID)
organic group
intellectual disability stemming from clear organic causes such as brain damage or improper central nervous system development
case study
intensive and usually anecdotal observation and analysis of an individual subject
Given the various risks and factors involved in developing any form of depression that can be diagnosed, it is an accepted fact that they __________ on a person's emotions.
interact & regulate
Although Down syndrome children develop a sense of self, they may not be able to express that they are "mad" at another child or feel "happy" in a group of age-mates. This is due to delayed and aberrant functioning in their __________.
internal state language
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) teaches all of the following except __________.
internalizing symptoms
The "two-pronged" approach to effective interventions for children who are at-risk for conduct disorders or who have early-onset antisocial behavior includes early prevention and __________.
intervention as well as ongoing interventions
The most common co-occurring symptom of depression in clinic-referred children is __________.
irritability
The most common co-occurring symptom of depression is ___________.
irritability
Given the many associations that depressive symptoms have with a child's academic and intellectual functioning, this association __________.
is still weak in the broad sense
The real concern about exposure to media violence, whether on television or online, is that it __________.
it will desensitize children to the suffering of real people; makes children see violence as normal
Unlike, MDD, what makes P-DD of concern for educators as well as mental health care professionals is __________.
its deleterious impact on a child's development
The greatest impasse for treating sexually abused children is __________.
knowing exactly what happened to them
For children with ASD who cannot speak normally, encouraging them to make spontaneous, word-like sounds with their mouths can be used specifically in __________.
learning language through operant speech training
Language functions are, for the most part, stored in the __________.
left temporal lobe
retrospective design
strategy in which people in the research sample are asked to provide information relating to an earlier time
research design
strategy used to examine questions of interest
The well-known Strange Situation procedure used to identify child attachment styles is an example of which of the following?
structured observation
qualitative research
study for which the purpose is to describe, interpret, and understand the phenomenon of interest
etiology
study of the causes of disorders
epidemiological research
study of the incidence, prevalence, and cooccurrence of childhood disorders and competencies in clinic-referred and community samples
cross-sectional research
study whereby different individuals at different ages/stages of development are studied at the same point in time
longitudinal research
study whereby the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development
In addition to avoiding situations that an adolescent believes will cause him or her another panic attack, another maladaptive form of self-treatment includes __________.
substance abuse
Why would a new psychological test designed for "diversity" across a broad spectrum of racial, ethnic, or cultural groups be problematic?
such a test might still be culturally biased on a micro rather than the macro level of a standardized test.
clinical description
summary of unique behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that together make up the features of a given psychological disorder
co-rumination
system for representing the major categories of child psychopathology and the boundaries and relations among them
classification
system for representing the major categories or dimensions of child psychopathology and the boundaries and relations among them
research
systematic way of finding answers to questions
test
task given under standard conditions to assess some aspect of the subject's knowledge, skill, personality, or condition
self-instructional training
teaching children to use verbal cues to process information, to keep themselves on task
Operant Speech Training (ASD)
teaching strategy that involves a step-by-step approach that successively increases the child's vocalizations; and teaches them to imitate sounds
inclusion
teaching strategy that the abilities of children with special needs will improve from associating with normally developing peers
response-cost procedure
technique for managing a subject's behavior involving the loss of reinforcers following inappropriate behavior
A child who is described as "slow to warm up" would be characterized as having a fearful ________.
temperament
hostile attributional bias
tendency of aggressive children to ascribe negative intent to others, especially when another child's intentions are unclear
stressful event
tense incident that stems from a single occurence or multiple or ongoing tense situations
distractibility
term used to describe deficits in ability to concentrate exclusively on relevant stimuli
natural experiment
test in which comparisons are made between preexisting conditions or treatments
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was developed by __________.
the APA
Megan explained to her psychologist why she runs away. "I just don't feel like I'm one of them." When asked to explain "them," she describes her parents, her family's church, her being taken out of public school and being forced to attend a Christian high school, and so on. What theory best describes what Megan has disclosed?
the coercion theory & the attachment theory
Research has localized what regions of the brain that likely contribute to the neurological impairments of ASD?
the cortical and subcortical levels
According to recent research, what makes it harder for 20 percent of all children to read is __________.
their inability to segment words and syllables with their proper sounds
Discontinuity
theoretical position for explaining development that proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative
continuity
theoretical position for explaining development that proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are gradual and quantitative
family systems
theory that one's behavior can be most accurately understood in context of the dynamics of their family
diathesis-stress model of depression
theory that the impact of stress is moderated by individual risk factors, such as genetic risk
cultural compatibility hypothesis
theory that treatment is likely to be more effective when consistent with the child's and family's beliefs
How do the estimated lifetime prevalence rates of mental disorders gathered in prospective research relate to prevalence rates gathered in retrospective research?
they are twice as high
Why do neuroimaging techniques offer limited benefit for research into psychological disorders?
they do not indicate cause
When developing and conducting research focused on children, when must ethical factors be considered?
throughout the process
Which of the following is not one of the four required symptoms for a panic disorder (PD)?
tinnitus
Naveen, 15, is Indian and very bright. However, he could not participate in the national spelling bee this year when he began to worry excessively over the event. During the state finals, he complained that his mind just "went blank." The family therapist Dean begins to ask Naveen about the expectations that he and his parents place on academic success. Why would Dean ask this in diagnosing an anxiety disorder?
to assess the cultural values of Naveen's family and see how these might be correlated with his symptoms.
An adult who has an anxious, avoidant attachment style would likely have difficulties with which aspect of relationships?
trust
Nearly _________of parents report _______________behaviors other than the core symptoms of ADHD as be the most concerning.
two-thirds; aggression
Research suggests that children with conduct disorder, especially in severe forms, __________.
typically experience the various indications for ADHD first
On average, a child with conduct problems can cost the public __________ per year.
$10,000
The total lifetime economic costs related to maltreated children and adolescents in the United States has been estimated to be __________.
$124 billion
The average lifetime cost to society for a youth with conduct problems once he or she leaves high school has been estimated to be __________, especially if he or she becomes involved in criminal activities or drug abuse.
$3.2 million to $5.5 million
In addition to individual suffering and stigmatizing attitudes by others, the societal costs of ADHD are estimated at _________________a year and at least ____________________ per individual in the U.S.
$40 to 70 billion; $14,000
Children and adolescents with severe intellectual disability constitute the second-smallest ID group, which is _____ percent of persons with ID.
4
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, over __________ are killed by their parents or caregivers each day in the United States.
4 children
Autism spectrum disorder is found in found __________ to ___________ in boys than in girls.
4; 5
Although most children commit some act of antisocial behavior, the most extreme cases are estimated to be __________, which is still a worrisome statistic.
5 percent of all children
Although ADHD is not associated with an intellectual deficit, children with this disorder score ________ lower on IQ tests than control children or siblings.
5 to 9 points
The prevalence of P-DD among adolescents is approximately __________.
5%
An estimated __________ percent of young people with conduct problems will also receive diagnoses of depression or anxiety.
50
Although symptoms can improve as a child ages ADHD continues into adolescence for at least ____ or more of elementary school children.
50%
In the United States, approximately one in every ____ children live in poverty, while that rate is closer to one in every ____ children in Canada.
5; 8
To meet the DSM-5 criteria for a specific phobia, a child must show fear or anxiety for a minimum of __________.
6 months
At what age can a researcher first seek to obtain assent from a potential child subject?
7
Together, both individual and family interventions may result in dramatic and lasting effects. This was seen in one study, where __________ percent of the children with an anxiety disorder saw such improvement.
70
According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), __________ of the children with ASD have co-occurring intellectual disability.
70%
Behavior therapy techniques that utilize exposure procedures have helped __________ percent of children with anxiety disorders.
75
Surveys by Costell et al. (2005a) and the National Institutes of Health (2016) have found that approximately one in ____ children suffers from a mental health problem significant enough to impair functioning. Of concern is that this statistic extends to toddlers and infants.
8
ODD and CD can occurs in as many as __________ percent of children and adolescents with BP?
80
DHD is a difficult disorder to treat because _____ of children with ADHD have a co-occuring psychological disorder.
80%
Stimulant medication increase sustained attention, impulse control, and persistent of work effort in __________ of children with ADHD.
80%
________ of children with ADHD also meet criteria for having a specific learning disorders by late childhood when learning disorders are assessed as performing below grade level.
80%
Children and adolescents with mild intellectual disability constitute the largest ID group, that is, an estimated __________ percent of people with ID have the mild form of the disorder.
85
For the purposes of intellectual testing, intelligence is based on __________ percent of the population that has scores within two standard deviations of the mean.
95
Despite the greater attention paid by the justice system of the maltreatment of children, __________ are punished in such a way that it can cause injury or death.
1 in 10
According to one 2002 study, __________ experienced some form of major trauma before their sixteenth birthday.
1 in 4 youths
Disorders such as Klinefelder's and Turner's syndrome occur in __________ live births.
1 in 400
Which best reflects the number of children in the U.S who live in poverty?
1 in 5
According to the U.S Department of health and Human Services (2016), each year nearly ________________ verified cases of child abuse and neglect occur in the United States, and more than ________________ in Canada.
1 million; 80,000
The total number of children and adults with intellectual disability is estimated to be __________.
1 percent to 3 percent of the population
Fewer than _____% of children with mental health problems receive proper services to address impairments related to personal, family, or situational factors.
10
In addition to co-occuring intellectual disability, a coexisting medical condition may play some part in about __________ percent of children with ASD.
10
According to one study, acute stress disorder occurs in _______ of children who experience trauma.
10 percent to 20 percent
Ahmed's father has been diagnosed with MDD. This, in part, may explain Ahmed's first symptoms of depression. How many more times likely is his diagnoses likely to be similar to his father's?
14
According to research from 2006, over __________ American children live in families in which partner violence occurred at least once during the previous year.
15 million
According to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability, the developmental period generally ends before the age of __________.
18
Research suggests that about _______ child in ______ has a mental health problem that significantly impairs their ability to function.
1; 8
For a positive ASD diagnosis, ______ in the domain of restrictive and repetitive behaviors are/is required.
2 of 4 types
What is the annual prevalence of MMD for children between the ages of 4 and 18?.
2-8%
Despite the fact that fear and anxiety are normal for children, __________ percent of parents see their children as overly fearful or anxious.
25
While antisocial behavior in girls is typically nonviolent in nature, about __________ percent of teenage girls are involved in one violent act, such as beating up another girl, whether alone or in a gang.
25
Sex differences in problem behaviors are insignificant before the age of _____ but increase with age.
3
Not only do some children with ASD regress in their speech development, __________ lack the ability to speak or be understood except in specific scenarios.
30-40 percent
According to the APA's poll of teenage respondents, "Stress in America," __________ believe their stress will increase in one year, which suggests that their lives are just as stressful as an adults.
34 percent
According to one study, __________ percent of preschoolers develop or mimic sexual behaviors that can be attributed to prior sexual abuse.
35
Mental health issues do not affect all children equally. A child from which circumstance would be less likely to face such issues when compared with the other choices?
A child who has no brothers or sisters. (compared to: A child born with low birth weight due to maternal use of substances or inadequate diet, A child who suffers from chronic stress, a child from a neglectful or abusive family)
How is a deficit in intellectual functioning different from a deficit in adaptive functioning?
A deficit in intellectual functioning involves the ability to reason and solve problems
Molly, a teenager, admits that she is always "thinking of what to say next so that I have something to say!" When she does participate in a conversation, her responses lack in the input of the person with whom she is conversing. She may have social (pragmatic) communication disorder. What does her admission suggest?
A deficit in using communication for social purposes and probably the other requirements for SCD as well
Mark, 10, doesn't often smile. So, his art teacher tries to give him a reason. She tells him his work looks just "like a cloudy day at the beach." He looks over at another student's cotton ball painting, with the sun's rays in yellow poster paint. "Hers is prettier," he replies, "sunnier." What is the proper term for his style of responding?
A depressive ruminative style
In many intervention scenarios, the parent is an important part of the child's therapy. For a child diagnosed with conduct disorder, why might a foster home serve as an appropriate safe place until the parent or parents can help (or learn how to help)?
A foster home might be needed if the child's home environment is not conducive to his or her welfare.
In studies of identical twins, where one is diagnosed with BP, there is 65 percent chance the other twin will be diagnosed with BP too. What does such a finding suggest?
A genetic predisposition for BP is likely, however, other factors play a part, too
What DSM-5 criteria might change the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the subject Joey?
A manic episode, where he might burst into laughter rather than tears
Which of the following choices BEST defines a psychological disorder?
A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional or physical symptoms shown by an individual.
Why is agoraphobia considered to be a separate anxiety disorder? Most research published about young people consider it alongside panic disorder.
A person can experience agoraphobia with symptoms that do not rise to panic.
Given Evander Holyfield's experience with his fear of boxing and yet persevering at it, which of the primary problems did he, in effect, have for the most part:
A physiological reactions to a perceived threat
Why is depression in young people a quality of life issue?
Depression makes it harder for them to think clearly and function in every aspect of their day-to-day existence.
What is one advantage that family therapy has over Outward Bound for Oswaldo, whose father is unemployed and his mother is a cashier at Whole Foods?
Family therapy is usually more affordable.
According to one study, which of the following situations will significantly increase a child's risk of injury or death in the home?
Marital violence
_______________________ is the failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones.
Adaptational failure
Ahmed has a speech impediment and his father is under a restraining order that he has violated on numerous occasions. Ahmed has been suspended from school for the third time this year for disruptive behavior when he becomes frustrated at not being understood. Why are these suspensions doing more harm than good in ending these worrisome incidents?
Ahmed has to deal with his verbal deficit and a serious problem on the home front that needs to be factored into further suspensions.
Which of the following domains would a psychologist assess abnormal child behavior in terms of competency?
All of these (Academic achievement, Conduct, Ability to follow rules)
Which of the following represents an environmental stressor that can affect the development of a disorder?
All of these are environmental stressors (Poverty, Child abuse, Inequality)
What is "specific" about a specific learning disorder (SLD)? What makes it different from an intellectual disability?
An SLD is specific to underachievement in academic skills that are not attributable to intellectual disability, developmental delay, or physical cause.
What formal term do clinicians use for the detailed understanding of the individual child as a unique person.
An idiographic case formulation
Deficits in a child's phonology can be interpreted as which of the following?
An inability to construct spoken sounds into words An inability to combine separate sounds and remember them as words
Which of the following is an example of "limited positive affect" in the case of a child with reactive attachment disorder (RAD)?
An inability to react to expressions of care or comfort
Dr. Hans Asperger studied the Austrian poet Georg Trakl, who wrote lyrical but fatalistic poems over again, some just a minor variation of an earlier poem or a different poem with the same title. What features of Asperger's syndrome did Trakl present?
An obsession with sameness and intense interests
Max, 7, not only collects dye-cast tanks, he leaves them in their bubble packs ("to keep them perfect"), and lines them up "for war" in front of his favorite animé monster cartoons. He does this routinely at the babysitter's house. If he truly has an obsession, which of these symptoms should his family therapist Dean characterize first?
Any of the following are valid starting points: Max's lining up his toys in front of the television, a repetitive behavior indicating OCD. Max's collecting, which clearly indicates hoarding. Dean should consider the babysitter's home, where Max may feel some unspecified anxiety.
Dory is afraid of spiders and afraid of being seen afraid of spiders because she doesn't want to be "teased or the made fun of." What kind of phobia does she have?
Arachnophobia with co-occurring SOC
At what age do normally developing children actually comprehend when a parent is making a face at them and expecting a response?
Around 12 months
According to the psychoanalytic theory of anxieties and phobias, the object of fear serves what purpose for the child?
As a form of relief
Most child delinquents cease being active offenders in their 20s. As adults, however, they should they consider seeking professional treatment, counseling, and the like. Why?
As adults, they have increased risks for other kinds of problems related to their antisocial behavior.
If a child is diagnosed with CD, why is often important to treat or monitor him or her into adulthood?
As an adult, the child has a 40 percent chance of developing antisocial personality disorder.
Recall diagnosing Bart Simpson for CD. Given what you know about him based on his list of anti-social acts, which clinical observation suggests there is "hope for the boy"?
Bart lacks the characteristics of a CU interpersonal style.
Why is school reluctance and refusal not a separate anxiety disorder?
Because it is a form of separation anxiety
Which subfield of Psychology is responsible for the development of evidence-based treatments for children, adolescents and families?
Behaviorism
Dean asks, "So, let me get this straight, your stepfather is the one who gives you the strap? But your mother is too sad to punish you herself. Doing so 'depresses' her 'even more than I already am about you'?" Roberto nods in the affirmative to the therapist. What type of family disturbance best describes the corporal punishment being applied to Roberto?
Both specific and general family disturbance
Fewer boys than girls are affected by SOC. Why?
Boys are less worried about being in the company of their peers and Boys are less inclined to worry over what other boys think of them.
More than boys, girls experience anxiety and are more likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Which of the following is least likely to be a possible reason for this variation?
Boys perceive anxiety as effeminate.
Which of the following areas make comprise the human brain?
Brain stem, hindbrain , midbrain, and forebrain
Family members of children with ASD have been shown to express certain ASD-like traits that are mild enough to be simply interpreted as eccentricities. These traits, however, may be genetic evidence for ASD and are called __________.
Broader autism phenotypes
What is the first marker of normal language development in children?
By the 1 year, a child should be able to recognize and speak a limited number of words.
What is the earliest age at which there is a measurable correlation in IQ by age 16?
By the time children are 4 years old, the correlation with IQ 12 years later is high
The Interactive Autism Network estimates that people with ASD use __________ different therapies, behavioral programs, and other kinds of treatment.
about 400
Later in life, antisocial personality disorder (APD) can be a companion disorder to __________.
CD
Which child best represents an early manifestation of a deficiency in prosocial emotions?
Carl, 5, punches David for no reason in the back of the head. Carl will not apologize. He says, "I don't want to care!"
Carla, a mother suffering from depression, will surprise her daughter with "something to show I'm not sad all the time." Carla tells the family therapist, Dean, that she just put up an artificial Christmas tree for June 25 to celebrate "Half Christmas." How might Dean interpret this as a matter of parenting and depression?
Carla's unpredictable displays are intended to compensate for not meeting the day-to-day emotional needs of Melanie.
The __________ is a successful example of an early educational intervention program that meets the incomes and ethnicity of African Americans.
Carolina Abecedarian Project
What evidence is there that SLD can begin in utero and at critical stages in fetal development?
Certain cellular anomalies in the left hemisphere that can only occur during the fifth to seventh month of gestation
Experts on children's intelligence believe the gains that fall under the "Flynn effect" can mostly be attributed to which factor?
Child-focused parenting
Why is childhood trauma seen as the "hidden epidemic"?
Childhood trauma is very likely linked to serious mental health consequences.
Why are ethical concerns elevated when conducting research with child subjects?
Children are quite vulnerable.
When can depression be detected in a child?
Children as young as 3 can be identified with age-adjusted diagnostic criteria.
In the city-states of early Greece, how did society consider children?
Children were considered to be servants of the state.
During a parent-teacher meeting about taking preventive measures for children who are at risk for depression, Dean discusses how important it is in his profession to know if any parent or guardian has a history of a depressive disorder. Why should he bring this subject up?
Children who have a parent (or guardian) who suffers from depression are far more likely to develop depression themselves.
Children with ASD who are most likely to improve over time exhibit which characteristics?
Children who have average or above-average intelligence
Children with ADHD often display problems with impulse control and organization. In what way(s) could these behaviors affect the life of the child?
Children with ADHD may experience frustration for not fitting in with their peers which can impact the child's self-esteem
Which of the following behaviors best reflects the features of excessive anxiety in children with ADHD?
Children with ADHD worry about being separated from their parents.
What does research reveal about the ability of children with ASD to form bonds with their parents and like caregivers?
Children with ASD can tell the difference between their primary caregivers and other adults and tend to bond with them.
What is one of the most profound ironies seen in the behaviors of children with ASD?
Children with ASD show extremes, reacting negatively, positively, or not at all to comparable stimuli.
What is the most common attribute of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that virtually everyone can agree on, laypersons, clinicians, and therapists alike?
Children with ASD vary wildly in the core features of the disorder.
Which of the following is not a similarity between children of COS and children with ASD?
Children with COS present symptoms during infancy.
What is the primary difference between children diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder (P-DD) and other depressive disorders, such as MDD?
Children with P-DD have symptoms that are less severe than MDD.
Conrad is a poor reader like his older brother who is currently serving in juvenile detention for beating up "a smart kid." Why should his mother be concerned?
Children with SLD are more likely to develop antisocial behavioral problems.
What is the primary difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?
Children with conduct disorder differ in that there is a criterion for inflicting physical pain.
Which of the following statements about ADHD is TRUE?
Children with overactive and unrestrained behaviors have been documented for more than 200 years.
Why did the APA reduce the number of domains from three to two for diagnosing ASD?
Clinicians found it hard to separate deficits in communication and social interaction, such as where to assign a deficit if a child could only speak but while looking at the ground rather than at the person addressing him.
Which of the following brain structures does not play a major role in how a child reacts to unexpected events (like the little girl who is unsurprised by the boy shouting "Boo!")?
Cochlear or acoustic nerves
Maggie sees herself as overweight and exhibits many expressions of low self-esteem. What theory of depression emphasizes her mood and vulnerability for further, more dire symptoms?
Cognitive theories
Which of the following terms is a diagnostic term recognized by the DSM-5?
Communication disorder Specific learning disorder
In the study of abnormal child behavior, what is the ability to successfully adapt in the environment called?
Competence
Each person's unique genome is established at __________ and consists of approximately _____________ genes.
Conception; 20,000-25,000
Recall the chart that categorizes conduct problems into four basic types with a range of extremes (i.e., destructive, nondestructive, covert, and overt). Colin keyed his mother's Mercedes Benz in the garage because she wouldn't let him play "Carmeggedon." Then he tried to cover it up with touchup paint. How would you categorize his behavior as delinquency?
Covert, destructive property violation
Carly is partially deaf and uses nonverbal equivalents for asking and answering questions. This kind of response does not fit which key criterion for a true language disorder?
Criterion D
The average episode of MDD in clinically referred children is __________.
about 8 months
panic attack
abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort accompanied by four (or more) physical and cognitive symptoms
Which of the following issues does NOT represent a topic that current research studies in abnormal child psychology seek to address?
Developing treatment methods that are based on personal experience and opinion
Which of the following disorders is most likely associated with ADHD that reflects problems with motor coordinating and delays in achieving motor milestones?
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
Which of the following health issues are NOT associated with ADHD?
Diabetes (things that are associated: encopresis, Sleep disturbances, Enuresis)
Emmett experiences heart palpitations on the night before he is to give a speech in his communication seminar. He insists on being taken to the ER. Has he experienced anxiety, fear, panic, or a combination?
Emmett has experienced a panic attack that comes with his anxiety over giving his speech.
This advocate for the humane and moral treatment of those afflicted with psychological problems worked tirelessly to help establish 32 mental hospitals dedicated to the treatment of troubled youths.
Dorthea Dix
What key factor or delay in their development makes it difficult for Down syndrome individual to establish independent living skills?
Down syndrome children experience a considerable delay in expressive language development.
The first humanitarian institution for educating so-called "feeble-minded" youth was established by __________.
Dr. Samuel G. Howe
Dyscalculia can best be described as __________.
Dyscalculia stands for a range of math difficulties. Dyscalculia is the inability to perform more advanced calculations, such as division
Currently, recommendations for children with LD emphasize educational methods designed for the child and that that child's existing abilities should be cultivated. What do these proposals recognize?
Each child is unique and learns in his or her own way
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment, which of the following is the primary cause for separation anxiety?
Early insecure attachments
In prenatal intervention for preventing intellectual disability disorder, what is the primary means available to clinicians, parents, and other stakeholders?
Educational programs
In a group discussion with several parents of children who have suffered some form of abuse, Dean discusses one of the most important elements of the continuum of parental emotional sensitivity and expression. "Where would you list cussing at your child in that list?" he asks. What is the right answer?
Emotional tone and delivery
During their clinical interview and subsequent encounters with his therapist, Tommy's mother often speaks for her shy, reticent child, answering the therapist's questions when she needs to assess Tommy's perceptions of himself. How might the therapist succeed in interviewing both mother and child separately but also with the participation of both?
Engaging Tommy in a simple puzzle that only Tommy and his therapist can touch
The Centers for Disease Control as well as other sources suggest the prevalence of children with ASD in the world's population.
Estimates range as high as 1 percent to 2 percent of children
Trina is 15. Her mother allows her to sleep with her boyfriend at home because it is a "safe place." Trina, however, thinks her mother is being "creepy" and disobeyed her until the police brought her home for engaging in a sexual act. How should Trina's behavior be treated?
Even though her mother is permissive about sex, an objective therapist should treat Trina's oppositional behavior first.
What are the cognitive processes in the brain that underlie a child's capacity for self-regulation functions?
Executive function (EFs)
Oswaldo's parents agree to a course in parent management training (PMT). The father tends to be too lenient with Oswaldo and the other too strict. So, Oswaldo received mixed messages about his truancy, bullying, and other antisocial behaviors. How might PMT help this family?
Family therapy with PMT will show both parents systematic methods of rewarding good behaviors and punishing the bad. PMT is particularly useful in showing how overly disciplining a child is counterproductive. A family therapist can address how the mother and father react differently to Oswaldo's behavior and show all three "what page they need to be on—the same one."
Which of the following is early predictor of antisocial behavior?
Fear of new situations
What distinguishes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) from other anxiety disorders?
Fear that is not focused on any one thing
Why does the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) include a "Cultural Formulation Interview"?
Federal law mandates that cultural assessments be part of all psychological assessments for which federal funds are used.
Clinicians should consult __________ when treating special needs children.
Federal, state, and local laws
child maltreatment
abuse and neglect of children by parents or by others responsible for their welfare
Vicente, 13, admits to his therapist Dean that, as a Hispanic, he always feels "cheated compared to the other kids and that's why I feel bad all the time." Since Vicente comes from a middle-class home, albeit both parents have to work more than one job, what Vicente says supports current research about a child's depression vis-à-vis his or her ethnicity and socioeconomic background?
For Vicente, that part of the brain that senses reward doesn't connect in a way that makes him feel good about himself.
While children with moderate to profound intellectual disability show a clear etiology for their disorder, most children with mild intellectual disability have no clear cause. Why is this the case?
For children with mild intellectual disability, there is no apparent organic cause.
The most common genetic cause of autism is __________.
Fragile-X Syndrome
This statement best describes the goal of functional analysis:
Functional analysis identifies as many factors as possible that contribute to a child's problem behaviors
Which of the following statements suggests how GAD is a tenacious disorder?
GAD is often rediagnosed in the same children at different ages
Among children with mild intellectual disability, boys outnumber females by a ratio of 1.6 to 1. Why do some researchers believe this prevalence may not be accurate?
Gender differences in ID may be an artifact of identification and referral patterns that tend to result in more boys being diagnosed as having intellectual disability rather than true differences in prevalence.
Which developmental task is associated with the age period of middle childhood?
Getting along with peers, including acceptance and making friends
If you print the letter R and see it as a picture of an R, which of the following words would best describe it as a symbol (of an R, of course)?
Grapheme, Semiologue
Which of the following children are demonstrating problems with Executive Function (EF)?
Gregory often calls out answers without raising his hand despite remarks from his peers or reprimands from the teacher.
As a toddler, whenever Hannah needed "Puff the Bear," she walked over to the television—where he had to be or else the stuffed animal "didn't exist"—and extended her hand and "grasped at empty air without looking at me," according to her mother. What kind of gesture did Hannah demonstrate?
Hannah demonstrated a protoimperative gesture.
Donald reads with his lips moving. He really tries hard. How should his teacher or therapist assess his problem in a formal manner?
Have him take an applicable IQ test
Which of the following is not one of the recognized forms of depressive disorder?
Minor depressive disorder (mDD) (Recognized forms of depressive disorders: Major depressive disorder (MDD), Persistent depressive disorder (P-DD), Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD))
Which pioneering researcher in the field of eugenics connected genes to the inheritance of dysfunctional traits such as alcoholism and low intelligence?
Henry Goddard
Whenever he pulls off one of the wheels of his favorite toy-a plastic fire engine-Henry brings it to his therapist to fix. However, he doesn't bring the wheel. If his therapist points to the wheel on the other side of the play room, he doesn't turn to look for it, nor does he show any desire to share interest with his therapist for the sheer pleasure of interaction. How might you describe this impairment?
Henry has an impairment in joint attention
When a child can finally hear and say his name "Jim" by hearing his name spelled j, i, and m, what happened in his brain?
His brain has perceptually mapped the letters and sound of his own name.
After watching The Walking Dead, James, who has just been diagnosed with GAD, starts worrying about his family, friends, and most of all, himself becoming zombies. Should his mother let him watch next week's episode?
His mother probably should not let him watch the next episode given clinical features of GAD. His mother probably should not let him watch the next episode because children with GAD are so impressionable.
Evan is reticent about speaking to the rest of the class. Not only do his classmates find him "weird," so does his teacher? "I can't figure out why he tests well but just hyperventilates and stammers when I ask him a simple question ... it's just weird." Why might Evan not be diagnosed properly and in a timely way for a social anxiety (likely SOC)?
His teacher may never inform the parent. They, in turn, may never know he has SOC or something else.
A girl who is trying to adapt to her new school environment after moving to Texas from China is undergoing which of the following processes?
acculturation
What interaction could be called the "vicious circle" the child with DMDD and his or her parents?
How the child's irritability is met by parents who respond in kind.
Dan is often very restless and can be found running around the classroom, bouncing on his chair, and talking excessively. These behaviors best represent which aspect of ADHD?
Hyperactivity
Carla admitted to the school psychologist, "I feel like I have had postpartum depression since the day Nicole was born. She can't get mad at me, but she can get mad at school." What current understanding suggests a connection between Nicole's negative emotions and her mother?
If a mother is depressed early in her life, research suggests there is greater risk for CD.
Which of the following reasons most serves to influence mental health professionals in looking for alternative delivery systems of mental health services, such as nontraditional service providers?
The high percentages of children and families that do not receive specialized assessment or treatment services
restricted and repetitive behavior
action that is characterized by high frequency repetition in a fixed manner, and desire for uniformity
Therapists and clinicians who recommend prenatal services should recommend providers that consider the cultural background of their recipients. Why?
There is the recognition that family members make choices based on cultural influences such as ethnicity and language.
target behavior
action that is the primary problem of concern.
Which of the following statements best reflects the current view of ADHD treatments?
There's no cure for ADHD, but a wide-variety of effective treatments are available to help children cope with the symptoms and lead productive lives.
The diagnosis of a psychological disorder indicates a child's failure to ________.
adapt
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
condition characterized by frequent and severe temper outbursts and chronic, persistently irritability that is present between the outbursts
Which of the following is true about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to the DSM-5?
a. All children with ASD display its core features, characterized by significant and persistent deficits in social interaction and communication skills and by restricted and repetitive patterns of interests and behaviors.
developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
condition characterized by marked motor clumsiness and delays in achieving motor milestones
Lolly, 15, wakes up from any kind of dream. Last night, it was a pleasant one or so it seemed when she described what happened. She was just riding her bicycle through a maze of tall, wind-tossed trees. Then she bolted up in bed, breathing hard and sweating. This experience is mostly associated with which of the following anxiety disorders?
PD
Children exposed to chronic or severe situations involving death or injury are more vulnerable to __________.
PTSD
Which of the following psychological disorders is most associated with children from inner-city area who are living in poverty?
PTSD
How does the similar structure hypothesis differ from the similar sequence structure?
In addition to sharing the same set of stages, children with the same mental age show equivalent performance on various cognitive tasks.
In cognitive-behavioral therapy, what is the difference between teaching a child to be strategical in solving a problem and then metastrategical?
In addition to solving one kind of problem (being strategic), the child would learn how to transfer what she or he has learned to another kind of problem in another kind of scenario (being metastrategic).
Which of the following refers to an inability to sustain attention, to remember and follow through on instructions, and resist distraction?
Inattention
_______________ by the age of 7 is the most consistent and strongest predictors of poor academic outcomes by the age of 16.
Inattention
major depressive disorder (MDD)
condition characterized by multiple mood, cognitive, psychomotor, or somatic symptoms present during the same 2-week period
Which of the following statements is not true about intellectual disability from childhood to adulthood?
Intellectual disability is always lifelong despite adaptive skills, training, improved IQ, and the like. The impairment can be diagnosed with more challenging assessments.
Donald, 16, is a self-described loner, according to the school psychologist, dresses in a way that sets him apart and says the other boys his age "suck." Which of the following current theories might best fit his behavior and depression?
Interpersonal models & Behavioral theories
How common is SOC?
It can affect between 6 percent and 12 percent of people during their lifetime
Monty, 12, is a victim of sexual abuse by her gym teacher. He was called Monique at the time and explains that he now considers himself male and that "what happened to me wouldn't be wrong now." Dean, his therapist, asks Monty if being Monty and not Monique makes him feel better about himself? Why does Dean ask such a sensitive question?
It is important to be certain that being Monty is not a form of escape and that he can express his feelings.
Why is the facilitated communication method considered by many psychology professionals to be pseudoscience?
It is not backed by research
"5-year old Jaclyn is an autistic child." What is the primary problem with this statement?
It uses a term related to abnormality to describe the child, rather than the condition.
Consider the example of Jackie. Why would her therapist interpret the child's "emotional response" as an indication of a difficulty in language comprehension?
Jackie's anger and frustration function for what is communication to her, her only way of responding when she cannot use her words or know what is said to her.
Which of the following children are LEAST likely to be diagnosed with ADHD due to gender differences?
Jillian is frequently inattentive and distracted in class, but she's not disruptive and doesn't cause trouble
Jimmy waited for the next child to dive from the high board. Then it was his turn. Standing at the edge of the board, he looks down and sees the deep end below and then sees himself landing on his belly, and the other kids laughing at him. The life guard orders him to climb down the ladder. Did he experience anxiety, fear, or panic?
Jimmy experienced anxiety.
British child psychiatrist ____________ integrated aspects of evolutionary biology with existing psychodynamic concepts of early experiences to develop his theory of __________________.
John Bowlby; attachment
Which noted English philosopher of the seventeenth century advanced then novel idea that children should be raised with thought and care rather than indifference and harsh treatment?
John Locke
Which of the following task would represent the impulsivity associated with ADHD?
John is often reprimanded by his teacher for blurting out the answers in class without raising his hand.
Jordan's grades improved in arithmetic when he was fitted with hearing aids. Why does he no longer have an SCD?
Jordan can now hear the math teacher, whose classroom instruction was crucial in addition to what Jordan read in his textbook.
What connection did Kanner, an early pioneer of ASD, make between the so-called "refrigerator parent" and a child with what he called "early infantile autism"?
Kanner saw a parallel between cold, indifferent parents and their offspring. He also saw autism as a defense mechanism on the part of a child whose parents subconsciously wanted their offspring to die.
In addition to the demands of school, which of the following scenarios might reveal problems in speech articulation and expression earlier (as well as later) in life?
Karl's older brother has a new pet chameleon named "Chameleon." Karl gets mad when his brother laughs at him for calling it "Camel."
Lilly tells her therapist, "All the other girls hate me anyway." Her therapist responds, "Maybe they won't if you stop hitting and teasing them. Did you ever think that what you're doing is not getting you anywhere?" What is Lilly's therapist trying to do with such advice in the context of problem-solving skills training (PSST)?
Lilly's therapist is relying on one of the milestones recommended by the Fast Track intervention. Lilly's therapist is attempting to devalue her aggression, showing her that it is not having the desired effect. Lilly's therapist is trying to find a point of empathy, where Lilly understands why the other girls are hostile toward her.
Generalized anxiety disorder co-occur with all the following, however the rates for _________ are especially high, in keeping with the feelings of vulnerability it facilitates.
MDD
Which of the following anxiety disorders co-occur with GAD?
MDD
Maggie continues telling Dean about herself. "I don't have friends. In fact, my friends are chickens around me. They flock together and run away." Dean explains to her about the pathways that her low social status has taken. "Well, clearly you don't sound to me as socially helpless, but there is a second path being taken here." What is that path in Maggie's case?
Maggie may be on an aggressive path, where she faces rejection by her peers
Maggie cannot stand to see herself in the swimming pool with others looking at her, who may see her as "so fat" despite the fact that she is over 5 feet tall and has a normal body weight for her body type. What role does her self-image play in depression?
Maggie's perception of herself may heighten her risk for depression.
A number of proposals and initiatives have been made to meet the needs of children with ADHD who are not being diagnosed or treated. Which of the following strategies, based on institutional models that work for other needs, might reach more children who lack the advantages of other groups?
Making children's mental health services more affordable or free, that is, by broadening the delivery systems Making children's mental health services a priority for state and federal assistance programs
Manon, who is being diagnosed for ASD, more often ignores the other children at the play-table stacking blocks. She seems not to notice them or the blocks and only looks over with a startled expression when she "decides to hear." What is the best way to describe her deficit based on this anecdotal description?
Manon is not monitoring the social interactions around her.
Which of the following children most likely exhibits a positive symptom of COS?
Manon refuses to speak to her imaginary invisible friend, Jimmy
Martha thought her daughter Alice was just not getting enough sleep as her moodiness changed to fits of crying and even screaming. Eventually, Alice was diagnosed with a severe form of depression attributed to the suicide of a boy at school whom she didn't even know. Martha thought it was just a "phase." What might Dean, the family therapist, say to calm her fears about "being a bad parent"?
Many parents don't see depression as not real "just growing pains. It is normal for a parent not to assume the worse and see depression as temporary.
The predominant form of treatment for children with COS is __________.
Medication and psychosocial intervention
For several days, sometimes only a month apart, Megan, 15, felt depressed, bloated, irritable, took no pleasure in cheerleading, could not sleep, and felt tired for days. Her doctor assured her that she likely did not have major depressive disorder. Why?
Megan's symptoms did not occur in the same 2-week period.
Symptoms of ADHD were first described by ________________ in 1775
Melchior Adam Weikard
The levels of severity for an intellectual development disorder include __________.
Mild, moderate, severe, profound
During the 1940s and 1950s, it was not uncommon for children with behavioral issues to be incorrectly labeled as a person with ____________________, even though they displayed no intellectual disability.
Minimal Brain Damage and Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD)
Which of the following psychological disorders is positively correlated with ADHD and likely to co-occur?
Mood disorders like Major Depressive Disorder
Problems or disruptions of brain growth and development at a younger age are typically associated with_________________________.
More severe organic disorder and central nervous system complications
What form of anxiety increases the risk for conduct problems?
Negative emotionality and social avoidance
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), the most common form of child maltreatment is which of the following?
Neglect
For the second summer in a row, Jimmy, 8, won't wear a bathing suit because "I'm a fat kid" and so won't go to the public pool unless his mother makes him. Once at the pool, he refuses to change his clothes and instead plays in the pool's video arcade until it is time to leave. Should Dean, his therapist, diagnose him as a child with SOC?
No, Jimmy, being obese, has a medical condition.
Virtually identical genetic copies of a parent's anxiety disorder can be inherited by his or her offspring. Is this statement accurate.
No, the child's anxiety order can take another form.
Can an alcoholic father contribute to the teratogenic effects of fetal alcohol syndrome?
No, the teratogenic effects of alcohol only occur during fetal development in the womb of a woman who consumes alcohol.
Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest causal relationship between Variable A and Variable B?
None (correlation does not equal causation!)
Why have psychologists abandoned various single-cause theories for conduct problems?
None of these theories serve to explain the diversity in antisocial behavior.
What is the flawed notion in the term "free-floating anxiety"?
None, but the term doesn't place the emphasis on how a child fixates on different objects of fear
Teddy, 7, refuses to go outside in the dark. Ever since watching a documentary about UFOs, he is afraid that he will abducted. A plane, with its flashing lights in the night sky, terrifies him now. Which primary criterion for a specific phobia best describes his phobia?
None, since Teddy's fear is more in keeping with an obsession.
Which of the following statements about the cause of ADHD is most accurate?
Numerous causes for ADHD have been proposed but none of have been unanimously accepted as fact due to lack adequate testing or support.
SSRIs are most effective when used in treating _________.
OCD
An adolescent diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) cannot also be diagnosed with simultaneous __________.
ODD
Which of the following conduct problems is more prevalent in childhood?
ODD
Why would a follower of the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century see the parents of Down syndrome children as a threat to society?
One or both parents obviously carried inborn qualities that did not improve the white race.
The model for how to raise children is as much a factor for a healthy family environment as it is an unhealthy one. Which of the following is both and immediate and traditional source of this model, especially for new parents?
One's own childhood
Which of the following psychological theories is most associated with Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
Operant Conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement; extinction and punishment)
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
condition characterized by significant and persistent deficits in social communication and interaction skills, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior
What distinguishes MDD from persistent depressive disorder (P-DD)?
P-DD is a chronic condition that does not respond well to treatment.
__________________________ is a treatment that focuses on teaching both effective parenting practices and strategies for coping with challenges of parenting a child with ADHD.
Parent Management training (PMT)
Which of the following is a logical theory for a cause of autism that is now obsolescent?
Parental neglect
Loretta, since she first "learned to talk," used what her mother called "cute ways of pointing, nodding, rolling her eyes, and shrugging her shoulders. Now, we have to say 'Use your words, Etta!'" What does this say about the role of parents in speech disorders?
Parents can reinforce nonverbal forms of communication Perhaps none, since Loretta may have a speech developmental problem
This season was different. For over a month, Lucas. 12, keeps blocking the door when his parents have bowling night. This surprises them because he was proud that he never needed a babysitter. But now he worries that his parents might be changed into zombies or vampires. Which of the following symptoms for separation anxiety disorder (SAD) does he exhibit?
Persistent or excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death.
Although Bishop and colleagues in a 1999 twin study found environmental factors to be the cause of language and speech orders, Bishop himself later found genetic evidence for __________.
Phonological short-term memory
The Centers for Disease Control has published recent data based on a survey of U.S. high school students who have been involved in hazardous, on-campus behaviors. What is the most common experience that these students have reported?
Physical fights
Which of the following developmental precursors was not listed or discussed for children with COS or who develop schizophrenia later in life?
Pica (eating nonnutrivie substances)
A useful paradigm in illustrating the increasing use of antidepressants. The use of __________, for example, showed a dramatic uptick in prescriptions during the mid-1990s.
Prozac & other SSRIs
Lourdes is being seen by her child therapist for the first time. She can answer his simple questions (favorite color and the name of the family cat) but when she does, she rolls her eyes in an exaggerated, counterclockwise motion, without ever looking at the therapist. Which symptom domain of ASD does she exhibit?
Possibly both, social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior
Lisa had cancer in middle school. Since then, the disease has been in remission for over a year year. Yet she started to touching her hair and sometimes plucking out individual hairs to "make sure it's staying in." Could she have hair-pulling disorder?
Possibly, for Lisa associates hair loss with the cancer, a medical condition that cannot be the real cause for her behavior. (Getting cancer again is, nevertheless, the cause of her obsession and compulsive hair pulling.)
________ describes a process in which the brain reduces unnecessary neural connections.
Pruning
Why is transportation a consideration for conducting a family interview when the parents are divorced and the father lives in a different state?
Practitioners should take into consideration what assessments are cost-effective and feasible within the limits of available resources.
Which of the following are NOT correct ADHD presentation-types?
Predominately Impulsive (ADHD-I) (The types are: Predominantly hyperactive (ADHD-HI), Combined (ADHD-C), Predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI))
What kind of exposure does cognitive-behavioral therapy rely on in treating children and families for trauma and maltreatment?
Primary or secondary victimhood
Do people who print their names and words have an impairment in written expression—and what about people who "prefer a keyboard," who would rather "text" and "emoji" (regardless of how bad they spell)?
Printing, texting, using a computer keyboard to communicate usually requires normal gross motor skills. Thus, people who can perform those tasks will likely still be able to learn or relearn handwriting. Poor handwriting or any "workaround" is an SLD with an impairment in written expression
Very few emotional and behavioral disorders of occur at different times for different racial groups. Which of the following best explains why there is no difference in the timing of behavioral disorders between races?
Race is a socially constructed concept, not a biological one.
Why might a therapist describe Julie's inability to look into her teacher's eyes as a "defense mechanism"?
Research suggests that children with ASD avoid looking at the eye region because it is perceived as threatening
Dean, Monique's therapist, attributes her low-test scores for a college entrance exam to the P-DD that impacted her grade and middle school years. What research does he rely on for this observation?
Research that associates the long-lasting effects of P-DD on cognitive development
What kind of environment for children and adolescents with intellectual disability shares the same unique responsibilities of family members as well as replicates some of their benefits?
Residential care and out-of-home placement
Rodney, who is 8, annoys the other children in class. His half-brother is 19 and his mother works late, so they are "not there for him." How can you see his behavior as functional, even positive, before attempting to modify it?
Rodney's looking for attention may be an adaptation to overcome loneliness or neglect.
The risk of a child developing ADHD who also has a parent with the same disorder is approximately 60% which strongly suggests that the disorder _____________________.
Runs in families
The most common co-occurring disorder for children and adults diagnosed with selective mutism __________.
SOC
Which of the following "steps" would be out of place in a stepped program for the treatment of an anxiety disorder?
SSRIs
Which child exhibits an internalizing behavior?
Sarah prefers to draw pictures of fires during recess by herself and will not play with the other children
That many parents are not certain they can tell their child is suicidal and that many parents are not aware of their children's mental problems highlight the importance of this monitoring intervention.
School-based screening
In what way do schools facilitate cognitive-behavioral interventions in helping children after a traumatic incident has occurred to children or people they know?
Schools can bring in specially trained counselors or adopt appropriate "first aid" programs.
Which of the following represent the four attachment styles proposed by developmental research Mary Ainsworth (1978)?
Secure, Insecure- Anxious, Insecure- Resistant; Insecure- Disorganized
panic disorder (PD)
condition characterized by sudden feelings of terror that strike repeatedly and without warning
In the 1999 film The Sixth Sense, the character Cole Sear claims he sees "dead people." Which of the commonly identified dimensions in child psychopathology might his therapist categorize this claim?
Seeing "dead people" would be categorized as a thought problem (i.e., a strange idea).
Bella begs her mother to buy not one but two boxes of sanitary wipes. Bella has an obsessive-compulsive disorder related to catching colds and her worst fear—"rotavirus flu"—because of the vomiting and diarrhea. What is the best way for Bella's mother to handle such requests?
Since getting sick is a real concern, Bella's mother should discuss such requests with her therapist first.
Although most often reported in the news, especially between teachers and students, it is not one of the more common forms of neglect.
Sexual abuse
Shannon, 16, was adopted by the Smith family when she was an infant. She recently discovered parallels between her stealing money for drugs and and her birth mother, who died of a heroin overdose 10 years earlier. What might the family's psychologist tell the Smiths about the challenges facing their daughter as she recovers?
Shannon's conduct issues may have as much to do with how she was raised as it does hereditary factors.
Which of the following might be considered a social adaptive behavior skill?
Sharing the bathroom in a group home
Tarin, an eight-year-old who identifies as a girl, presents with frequent episodes of enuresis. What gender pattern does she fit?
She fits a problem that is more commonly reported among males.
The DSM-5 lists three required symptoms for social communication and interaction. Which of the following is most likely not an example of the diagnostic criteria for this domain?
Shouting the name of a companion animal more than once whenever it is observed
Which of the following choices best describes the concept of multifinality?
Similar early experiences lead to different outcomes.
Polly only meets the first domain of diagnosing autism spectrum disorder. She cannot empathize with others when they tell her how they feel. She parrots them and becomes totally self-referential. If she has a disorder, what label does the DSM-5 provisionally give to her?
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
For the teenage child with who has been in and out of detention centers, halfway houses, and foster homes, what makes helping them challenging?
Society increasingly wants such children treated as adults and facing adult penalties and rehabilitation
adolescent-onset conduct disorder
condition for which individuals show no symptom characteristic of the condition prior to age 10 years
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
condition in adults characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI)
condition in which children appear easily distracted, careless, not listening, unfocused, disorganized, and forgetful
Which of the following statements about the developmental course of ADHD is correct?
Symptoms of ADHD change with development of the child across the lifespan.
By observing a brain-damaged patient's ability to write down what he could not otherwise express through speech, Franz Joseph Gall led to which breakthrough?
Specific areas of the brain process how humans express and receive language.
Kelli, who identifies as female, has twice tried to kill herself in the past. Although her vegan mother worries about the side effects of so many chemicals in Kelli's body, Dean, their family therapist, recommends that her daughter continue with antidepressants as well as hormone therapy. What evidence might be compelling for his advice?
Statistics show that the use of antidepressants is correlated with a lower incidence of suicide among young people.
Dean, a family therapist, asks a question: "There is only one right answer this time. Childhood must be a safe place, sure, but it must have some of this, too, or a child cannot learn to adapt." Which of the following might be the answer?
Stress
combined presentation (ADHD-C)
condition in which children are both easily distracted and aggressive and defiant
Given that serotonin has a beneficial effect, which of the following examples would be the most plausible observable personality trait (phenotype) for a child with a genetic resilience to being bullied from the 5-HTT gene? Why might they not suffer as much from being bullied?
Such bullied children would experience less anxiety or fear when during such a negative experience and in the aftermath
Maggie, 14, explains to Dean that seeing him is pointless. "You can't help me like people, like myself!" Why would Dean see this as a cue that cannot be ignored by him, her parents, teachers, and friends?
Such cues are serious because they express the child's hopelessness.
How do medications as clozapine and risperidone act on the central nervous system of children with COS?
Such medications block dopamine transmission.
People, especially age-mates, are often impatient with children with an SLD. When asked about their impatience, they will usually respond that math, reading, and other activities, are easy to complete. What does this say about the preconceptions children with an SLD face?
Such preconceptions are based on what most people can do, not what one person can do
Which of the following would not be characteristic of the early stages of COS?
Talking to oneself
Family interventions that recognize the concept of "prevention before occurrence" should begin with which of the following first?
Teaching parents how to enjoy being around their children.
Due to changes in DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability disorder, the three areas of criteria for diagnosing ID have much less focus on IQ. How might this be explained?
The DSM-5 focuses less on IQ because of the years of controversy over IQ measurement and social influence
Because of the challenges of testing the intelligence of children with ASD, the assessment tool most often used is?
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
What physical and mental benefit is derived from the secure attachment to a parent--a benefit that is compromised for children who face the loss (or abuse) of a parent?
The ability to handle distress that can have a negative impact on the emotions
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI)
condition in which children don't have trouble focusing but are likely to be aggressive and defiant
Which of the following best represents correct theories on the developing brain?
The brain is a work-in-progress in which the environment plays an essential role as supervisor of re-wiring.
Researchers have ruled out this factor as a primary cause of CD because incidents of disruptive behavior can occur at daycare, preschool, and in the home.
The classroom experience and the academic demands
Given the anecdotal observations of their own children, what do parents tell us about the earliest point of onset for ASD?
The age of onset seems to be no later than the second birthday, after the first symptoms in most children diagnosed with ASD have presented and are seen by parents as a cause for concern. Hide Feedback
Which of the following best describes the extreme male brain theory of ASD and what it proposes about the disorder?
The alleged dominance of the systemizing dimension of the male brain and the alleged dominance of the empathy dimension of the female brain might explain the high ratio of males with ASD.
What overriding factors complicate treating children as children rather than as adults or quasi-adults?
The current legal status and rights of a child as opposed to an adult's
Consider behavioral and psychodynamic theories of depression. Which example below is a significant change in a child's life or environment that can be a key factor for both theories?
The death of a loved one
What would be a good reason for an up and coming mental health expert to focus their attention on the treatment of children's psychological issues?
The demand for mental health services for children is expected to double over the next decade.
The number of children born with Down syndrome has decreased, despite a number of women waiting until their 40s and early 50s to have children. What explains the drop?
The drop in Down syndrome births is due to increased prenatal screening and termination of pregnancies diagnosed with Down syndrome.
Why do premature infants exhibit a higher incidence of ASD than children born full term according to some studies?
The exact reason is unknown beyond their gestational age being less than 26 weeks.
In addition to the different social roles that are expected of female adolescents and their experiences, what are the other factors that might explain female vulnerability to anxiety?
The genetic difference between males and females Neurobiological differences specific to females
Which of the following is the earliest "revolution" in how to teach children with special needs for virtually every kind of SLD?
The inclusion movement
The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability has three core features. Which of the following is not one of them?
The individual must exhibit deficits in physical strength and stamina in games and social activities.
During a clinical interview, what might the interviewer observe in addition to writing down what interviewees tell them, that is, what also can be considered "responses" to questions?
The interviewer may want to observe nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions and body posture.
What part of the brain or body does the genetic cause of stuttering have the most effect according to research?
The left hemisphere of the brain
Why is it possible that the estimates of depression for young people are still too low?
The number of children diagnosed with MDD do not account for how widespread depression is.
Margaret is four years old and requires diapering to attend school, go the store with her family, and other similar activities. Under which category does this inability fall in the levels of severity for intellectual development disorder?
The practical domains
Link (short for Lincoln) is combative at school. The psychologist asks him about his mother's boyfriend. "Does he pick on you? Hit you sometimes?" Why might she ask these questions?
The school psychologist is looking for the source of Link's maladaptive behavior.
In terms of the study of child abnormal psychology, what is a developmental pathway?
The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships over time
In addition to their appearance, willingness to trust alternative sources of authority, and youth, children targeted by adults (and even older children) for sexual abuse must also be vulnerable in this respect?
The targeted child must have a setting that leaves him or her unsupervised.
Which of the following best describes the "Flynn effect"?
The way IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing, with an average of 3 IQ points per decade.
The alternative term for a mood disorder is "affective disorder." What is operant in the word "affective"?
The way an emotional state regulates behavior
Given the recurrence of depression in young people, the high comorbidity, associated deficits, and other variables, which of the following statements best states the challenges of "getting well" with depression?
There is no one treatment for depression with a definite beginning and end.
For Vanessa and Matthew, the children discussed in this chapter, which of their intellectual disabilities is most discernable by others?
Their inability to effectively communicate due to their limited language skills.
Why might children with ADHD be perceived by therapists has having some form of childhood depression in the past?
Their symptoms are similar to some of those associated with masked depression
Why is there so little "fanfare" about the heritability of intelligence, which is as high as 50 percent?
There is little "fanfare" because the other 50 percent depends on nongenetic factors, that is, environmental influences that vary markedly.
Despite the fact that some children with ASD have fragile-X anomaly and other chromosomal defects, why hasn't a "ASD gene" been identified?
There is no "ASD gene" because ASD has been associated with more than one chromosome.
What is the attributable difference between just "feeling sad" and depression?
There is no attributable difference.
Why is it important to avoid using labels (e.g., "an autistic child") when referring to persons with psychological disorders?
These labels describe the patterns of behavior that may occur in certain circumstances, not the people
Why are stressful social interactions with parents, siblings, and other children seen as a negative influence on a child's development?
They may lead to maladaptive interactions learned in childhood. They can lead to neurobiological changes that can affect social development.
Consider the similar sequence hypothesis of organic impairment. Is it true that children with intellectual disability pass through stages of development that are different from children without an intellectual disability?
This is not true, but there is a difference that lies in the rate and upper limit of the invariant development stages of both children with and without ID.
"Learning disability" is a diagnostic term for significant problems in reading, writing, math, and other skills required for academic success.
This statement is incorrect. There is no such diagnostic term
The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was developed by __________. It is designed to produce a rating scale for individuals from ages 6 to __________.
Thomas Aschenbach/18
What is the purpose of a semistructured interview?
To elicit information in a relatively consistent manner regardless of who conducts the interview
Why is a medical exam part of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to clinical assessment?
To investigate whether a physical problem is related to a child's disorder.
In 1912, New York Times editors remarked that "this country has so far taken no steps to segregate [i.e., the weak-minded, criminals, alcoholics, juvenile delinquents, and the like], so the number of them is constantly increasing." What did this newspaper of record mean by "segregating"?
To separate males and females of the same kind
Baseline data are taken prior to intervention and are collected from one or two problems that clinicians seek to change.
True, baseline data are collected as part of the observation and recording of a behavioral problem. True, baseline data are only applicable to a very limited range of presentations in a child or adolescent under observation.
The DSM-5 criteria for selective mutism if stringent due to the conditions rarity. Which of the following children might be disqualified?
Wilson has a stutter. Recently, he decided to "cure it" by just not talking at school
separation anxiety disorder (SAD)
condition in which individuals display age-inappropriate, excessive, and disabling apprehension about being apart from their parents or home
During their clinical interview and subsequent encounters with his therapist, Tommy's mother often speaks for Tommy. What kind of information could she contribute for the initial assessment that is more reliably taken from her rather than her child?
Tommy's grades
What is MDD's "double standard"?
Twice as many females than males suffer from depression.
Which of the following statements is least likely to be an example of ruminative coping?
Undine takes her tray and sits down at the lunch table with the girls she thinks are spreading rumors about her.
Why doesn't the gene FMR-1 follow a traditional X-linked inheritance pattern?
Unlike the female carriers of other X-linked intellectual disability, females with FMR-1 may exhibit phenotypes seen in male progeny.
Mindy, 32, still has problems holding her own at company parties, picnics, and even meeting friends at Starbucks. She has been under treatment for SOC since middle school. How long, on average, should she expect to be "like me."
Until her mid- or late 30s
Why has the maltreatment of children been seen as "problematic" in the modern period, that is, from the 1800s onward?
Until the 1800s, the welfare of the child was strictly under the jurisdiction of the head of household.
anxiety disorder
condition in which the child experiences excessive and debilitating anxiety
mood disorder
condition in which the subject suffers from extreme, persistent, or poorly regulated emotional states
What kind of IQ is lower in children with conduct disorder and how does it affect them?
Verbal IQ is lower and may affect a child's ability to understand language.
Which of the following is not representative of projective testing?
Viewing a finished puzzle and selecting its constituent parts in 1 minute
Which of the following symptoms is rare or nonexistent for children diagnosed with ODD?
Violent interactions with other children involving physical contact
Why do many children experience more than one form of SLD?
Virtually every aspect of learning and making use of what one has learned relies on the same functions of the brain.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
condition marked by age-inappropriate distraction and impulsivity, resulting in significant impairment in life functioning
competence
ability to adapt to one's environment
resilience
ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology
attention
ability to concentrate exclusively on relevant stimuli and ignore task-irrelevant stimuli in the environment
joint attention
ability to coordinate one's focus on another person and an object of mutual interest
adaptive functioning
ability to cope effectively with ordinary life demands, to live independently, and to abide by community standards
behavioral inhibition (BI)
ability to delay one's initial reactions to events or to stop actions once they've begun
A psychologist, who is treating a group of adolescents who have suffered trauma through maltreatment or sexual abuse, wants to incorporate narrative therapy. Which of the following strategies should she avoid or modify?
Writing poems against maltreatment and sexual abuse and publishing them in a scrapbook
Conception; 20,000-25,000
XY; XX
Derek, 7, refuses to enter closets unless he has a flashlight and someone with him. If a ball or Hot Wheel rolls under his bed, he will ask his mother to get it for him. He believes there are "monsters and ghosts" hiding in the closets, under beds, and in dark places in general. Does he exhibit a specific fear?
Yes, because Derek senses danger in the dark.
Are children with obsessive-compulsive disorder self-aware of their obsessions and compulsion? If they are, what evidence is there for this?
Yes, for many children know to conceal their behaviors to avoid ridicule and/or being forced to confront and stop them
phonology
ability to learn and store the rules for combining sounds into meaningful units or words
sustained attention
ability to maintain a persistent focus over time on unchallenging, uninteresting activities or when fatigued
A collection of genes that provides for a heritable trait, such as intelligence or red hair, is called __________.
a genotype
The DSM-5 uses the term "avolition" to describe __________.
a lack of motivation
According to Watson and Raynor, for a specific phobia, the object of fear provides __________.
a reward in the form of relief when the object is avoided
Annie was born premature. When she was diagnosed for ASD, this information from her medical records was indicated as __________.
a specifier associated with her disorder
social learning
a theoretical approach to studying behavior interested in overt behaviors and how possible cognitive mediators may influence such behaviors
For which category of young people are the effects of treatment (for example, psychotherapy) weakest?
Youths with depression or multiple problems
Oscar, 14, plays his drums for an hour and then stop, throwing his sticks into an imaginary audience. Then he spends the next hour sitting in the Lazy Boy and watching the Cartoon Channel. Then he beats on his drums for another hour and sits in front of the television again—"like a catatonic" his mother tells Dean, the family therapist. Dean describes Oscar's symptoms as being more characteristic of __________.
a cyclothymic disorder
Many children diagnosed with SAD (about half) may following onset develop __________.
a depressive disorder
childhood-onset conduct disorder
condition whereby the child displays at least one symptom of the condition order prior to age 10 years
spectrum disorder
condition whose symptoms, abilities, and characteristics are expressed in many different combinations and degree of severity
The goal of qualitative research is to ________.
describe & interpret
multifinality
concept that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings
The most current findings that relate ASD and childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) suggest that __________.
autism and COS can be diagnosed in the same child
Jimmy, 13, will not go near the deep-end of the pool or the high diving board. A year ago, he had to be carried down by the life guard after suffering a panic attack on the ladder. What feature of PD and agoraphobia does Jimmy's behavior exhibit?
avoidance
mentalization
awareness of other people's and one's own mental states
developmental pathway
concept to describe the sequence and timing of particular behaviors
From an overall ethical perspective, which of the following is the primary focus when conducting research with children?
balancing all three factors (protecting scientific freedom, assuring the child's welfare, respecting the right to privacy)
unexpected discrepancy
basic premise of definitions of learning disorders that denotes a disparity between measured ability and actual performance
For most children with conduct disorder, the nature of their antisocial behaviors over time __________.
become new and different
Primary and Secondary Control Enhancement Training (PASCET) and like interventions are derived from __________.
behavior therapy and cognitive therapy
A __________________ approach attempts to change aspects of the child's environment to improve upon specific problems.
behavioral
Although Paula, a school psychologist prefers to work while listening to public radio broadcasts of classical music and the like, she developed a familiarity with the lyrics of hip-hop music for understanding the anxiety disorders of inner-city students. To her __________ goes a long way in making a competent assessment of their problems.
being culturally aware
non-accidental trauma
being the victim of violence at school or being exposed to violent acts at home or community
For a child with ASD, a lack of pragmatic competence can be simply described as __________.
being unable to interpret the context of what is spoken to him or her
Most young people diagnosed with BP experience their first episode ___________.
between the ages of 15 and 19
Stress hormones that influence a child's levels of fear and anxiety reflect which type of influence?
biological
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a new classification intended to correct the misdiagnoses of __________ in young children.
bipolar disorder
"You actually will feel it viscerally," Dean tells the classroom during one of his talks about managing stress. In addition to such elements as a strong negative emotion and fear, Dean also means __________.
bodily symptoms
ADHD is more commonly diagnosed among _____ than ________.
boys; girls
COS is rare in children, but it is more common in __________ rather than __________.
boys; girls
________________ are used to test neurobiological theories and have revealed a consistent set of neural circuits associated with ADHD.
brain-imaging studies
nosology
branch of science that attempts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories
Behavioral genetics
branch of science that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior
phonological awareness
broad construct that includes recognition of the relationship that exists between sounds and letters
two-factor theory
concept used to explain learning and maintenance of fears through a combination of classical and operant conditioning
Which of the following is not one of the ABCs of assessment?
concerns (the ABCs are: Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences)
Despite the differences in the nature of the symptoms and duration, P-DD __________.
can occur before a diagnosis of MDD later in life
Children with dyslexia often cannot understand a sentence because they __________.
cannot detect phonological structure of the sentence, decode words slowly or not at all, do not recognize the graphemes or shapes of letters
A child who has generalized anxiety disorder refuses to go camping with friends because of rabid bats. He will not go to the multiplex because he is afraid someone will shoot at the audience. In "coping" with what can be real threats, he relies on __________.
catastrophic thinking
Within the context of the development of child problematic behaviors very few ______________________ exist.
cause and effect relationships
Paraphrasing an old saying, to say that a child with ASD sees "this one blade of grass through the forest" is indicative of a deficit in what area?
central coherence
Folk stories of infants stolen by elves or fairies and replaced with __________ suggest that ASD has been around for centuries.
changelings
Which of the following provides assent for participation in research?
child
echolalia
child's immediate or delayed parrot-like repetition of words or word combinations
temperament
child's innate reactivity and self-regulation with respect to the domains of emotions, activity level, and attention
Proponents of facilitated communication state that during this process communication is controlled by the ________, whereas controlled studies indicate that communication is controlled by the ________.
child; facilitator
One theory about the intelligence of autistic savants, which closely aligns with their ability to excel in one thing, like playing any piano composition after hearing it only once, states that __________.
children think in images rather than abstract ideas, which allows them to record what they experience
bullying
children who expose another child, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions, such as physical contact or words
juvenile delinquency
children who have broken a law, anything from sneaking into a movie without a ticket to homicide
with limited prosocial emotions
children with conduct disorder who display either lack of remorse; lack of empathy; or being unconcerned about performance
The single most common cause of moderate to severe intellectual disability is caused by __________.
chromosome abmormalities
stimulant medications
class of drugs commonly used for the management of symptoms of ADHD and its impairments
Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)
condition associated with depressed or irritable mood and significant impairment in functioning
The decision-making process for Felicia's psychological disorder begins with __________.
clinical assessment
stigma
cluster of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivates fear, rejection, and discrimination against people with mental illnesses
sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)
cluster of symptoms including sleepy, lethargic, easily confused, in a fog, unmotivated, and apathetic
theory of mind (ToM)
cognition and understanding of mental states that cannot be observed directly both in one's self and in others
The belief system that a child develops about the world around them is a function of which of the following?
cognitive influences
information-processing disturbance
cognitive misperception and distortion in the way events are perceived and interpreted
If a child claimed to see "ghosts" at school, which category of treatment would be best suited for treating such an irrational belief?
cognitive treatments
For research purposes, Gen Xers who grew up the United States are considered a ________.
cohort
irritability
common symptom of major depressive disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder characterized by angry mood and temper outbursts
language disorder
communication disorder characterized by difficulties in the comprehension or production of spoken or written language
A child who has been diagnosed with depression and social anxiety disorder demonstrates which concept?
comorbidity
When an adolescent presents symptoms of depression and obesity, which of the following terms best describes such occurrences?
comorbity
Developmental psychopathology is primarily centered on which of the following?
comparative norms
In the example of Jack in "A Closer Look," which of the following descriptions might best describe their parenting style in addition to being "overprotective"? It is what the education program for the parents focused on most in the narrative.
compensating
The ability of a child to successfully adapt to his or her environment is called ________.
competence
gene-environment interaction
complex interplay of nature and nurture to account for genetic and environmental influences and their timing
difference viewpoint
concept that cognitive development of children with intellectual disability isn't the same asvnormally developing children
psychoanalytic theory
concept that personality and mental health outcomes have multiple roots
equifinality
concept that similar outcomes may stem from different early experiences
Some children with ADHD may outgrow the disorder or learn to effectively cope with the symptoms if they did not display problems with ______________.
conduct
Since many children enter school with preexisting conduct problems, such evidence suggests that __________.
conduct problems are not the primary cause of academic failure
Which choice would be an example of a protective school or community factor that can enhance a child's level of psychological resilience?
connections to social organizations
The economic impact for people with ADHD across the lifespan is:
considerable
When the results of a particular method of measurement are considered reliable, they are ________.
consistent
social cognition
construct to describe how people think about themselves in relation to others, and how they interpret ambiguous events
semistructured interview
consultation that includes specific questions designed to elicit information in a relatively consistent manner
externalizing behavior
continuous feature of behavior that includes a mixture of impulsive, overactive, aggressive, and delinquent acts
What determines the degree of experimentation in research activity?
control
When research demonstrates a correlation between two variables that are expected to be related, the research is said to have which of the following?
convergent validity
treatment
corrective action to eliminate or reduce the impact of an undesired outcome that has already occurred
HPA-axis abnormalities and dysregulation respond to stressors in the environment by the release of __________.
cortisol
A one-time comparative study of children who are 7, 10, and 13 years old is an example of ________.
cross-sectional research
Which of the following would be the farthest from the center of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of environmental influences?
cultural customs
An African American child suffering from anxiety and fear-induced insomnia after seeing white people carrying Confederate flags on television may exhibit a __________ that is specific to life in the United States, much like the mal de ojo causes similar presentations among children in Mexico.
cultural syndrome
Which of the following is at the center of sensitive periods of development?
environment
Which of the following did researchers employ to develop the human connectome?
dMRI
Which of the following correctly pairs an imaging technique with its area of focus?
dMRI - connection
developmental-versus-difference controversy
debate regarding the cognitive progression of children with mental impairments
Imagine being a therapist working with the parents of a child with ASD. You suggest that the parents imitate the child's use of toys. Prompting the child to engage in play with a preferred toy will most likely
decrease social avoidance
A perceptual map connects __________, which allows a child to hear the difference between words, no matter how closely they sound alike.
dedicated connections in the brain phonemes together to form language
According to physician, George Sill, symptoms of overactivity and poor attention in the early 1900s were the result of
defective moral control
treatment effectiveness
degree to which a therapy can be shown to work in actual clinical practice
treatment efficacy
degree to which a therapy can produce changes under well-controlled conditions that depart from those typically used
external validity
degree to which findings can be generalized, or extended to characteristics other than those in the original study
Although reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) are restricted to the early years of a child's life, they can result in __________ later in childhood.
delays in cognitive and socioemotional development
school refusal behavior
denial by children to attend classes
Approximately 20% to 30% of children and adolescents with ADHD also experience ___________.
depression
agoraphobia
disorder characterized by a fear of being alone in places or situations from which escape may be difficult
reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
disorder characterized by a pattern of disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors
disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED)
disorder characterized by a pattern of overly familiar and culturally inappropriate behavior with relative strangers
hoarding disorder
disorder characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value
body dysmorphic disorder
disorder characterized by preoccupation with defects or flaws in physical appearance that aren't observable by others
excoriation disorder
disorder characterized by recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions and significant impairment in life functioning
OCD
disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images usually causing anxiety or distress
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
disorder in which the subject experiences chronic or exaggerated worry and tension, almost always anticipating disaster
selective mutism
disorder involving a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other situations
dyslexia
disorder of reading not due to low intelligence
Schizophrenia
disorder that involves characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior
relational disorder
disorder that occurs in the context of relationships, such as child abuse and neglect
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
disorder wherein the child displays persistent anxiety following exposure to or witnessing of an overwhelming upsetting event
Compared to children on adolescent-limited (AC) path, children on the life-course-persistent (LCP) path __________.
display more aggressive forms of antisocial behavior
hallucinations
disturbance in perception in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed even though they are not real
delusion
disturbance in thinking involving disordered thought content and strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality
methylphenidate
drug most commonly used in treating children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
______________ focus(es) on managing inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors that interfere with learning.
educational interventions
Data collected from pediatricians on their patients' response to a new anti-anxiety medication will be used to determine its ________.
effectiveness
Before a new medication is approved for sale to the public, researchers must determine its ________.
efficacy
behavior analysis
effort to identify factors that could be contributing to a child's problem behavior, thoughts, and feelings
maintenance
effort to increase adherence to treatment over time in order to prevent a recurrence of a problem
Two mood states associated with the manic phase of bipolar disorder include __________ .
elation and euphoria & elevate and irritable moods
What is a primary form of communication for very young children?
emotion
Which of the following is at the core of attachment theory?
emotion
When the class hamster died, five of the children cried a little, two were almost inconsolable, and six didn't seem very concerned. Which of the following terms best reflects this situation?
emotion reactivity
_________________________ refers to individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience which provides information about an individual's level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.
emotion reactivity
Anxiety is expressed by each of the following response systems except __________.
emotional
personality disorders
enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates noticeably from the expectations of the individual's culture
Although the Fast Track program achieved its intended long-term goals for adulthood, it did not have as much impact on __________.
enhancing life functioning
neural plasticity
malleable nature of the brain, evidenced throughout the course of development (use-dependent)
By medicating children with ASD, the chief benefit is __________.
managing specific behavioral symptoms of ASD and comorbid behaviors
social anxiety disorder (SOC) (social phobia)
marked and persistent fear of performance requirements that expose the individual to scrutiny and possible embarrassment
What was the first "disorder" that experts identified as being unique to children and adolescence?
masturbatory insanity
electroencephalogram (EEG)
measure of brain functioning whereby electrodes record the electrical activity of the brain
communication deviance
measure of interpersonal attentional and thought disturbance observed in families of children with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder
graded exposure
measured subjection of an individual to a feared situation
Standardization refers to which aspect of the research process?
measurement
Which type of variable is associated with the outcomes of research?
mediator
It is predicted that by 2020 ________________ problems will surpass all _______________ diseases as a major cause of disability throughout the world.
mental health; physical
The term "intellectual disability" (ID) replaced "__________" in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
mental retardation
neuroimaging
method of examining the structure and/or function of the brain
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
method of teaching readiness skills involving a step-by-step approach of presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response
incidental training
method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that strengthens the behavior by capitalizing on naturally-occurring opportunities
molecular genetics
method that directly assesses the association between variations in DNA sequences and variations in particular traits
psychological abuse
mistreatment involving actions by parents or caregivers that cause serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders
sexual abuse
mistreatment of children that includes fondling a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and exploitation
callous and unemotional (CU) interpersonal style
mode of social interaction characterized by absence of guilt, lack of empathy, and traits of narcissism and impulsivity
structured observation
monitoring in which a subject is given specific tasks to carry out, and researchers look for specific information
anxiety
mood state characterized by strong negative affect, bodily symptoms of tension, and apprehensive anticipation of future danger
Beginning in the 1960s, the recognition that an entire range of learning problems could not be explained by physical and mental deficiencies led to __________.
more treatment options for children with learning disorders, increased teacher training to adequately respond to children with various learning disorders, the empowerment of new stakeholders in the treatment of children with learning disorders
protodeclarative gesture
movement or vocalization that directs the visual attention of other people to objects of shared interest
protoimperative gesture
movement or vocalization used to express needs, such as pointing to an object that one desires
The notion that people who are exposed to the same situations might end up in with very different outcomes demonstrates the concept of ________.
multifinality
Which of the following is key to advancing formal scientific knowledge in a particular field of study?
multiple findings
The assumption that abnormal child behavior is _____________ requires that clinicians consider the influence of interacting events and developmental pathways on the developmental of a disorder.
multiply determined
depressive ruminative style
narrow and passive focus on negative events for long periods of time
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) estimates that __________ out of a thousand children experience some form of maltreatment.
nearly 10%
anhedonia
negative mood state characterized by a lack of enjoyment and loss of interest in most activities
dysphoria
negative mood state characterized by prolonged bouts of sadness
depressogenic cognition
negative perceptual and attributional style and belief associated with depressive symptoms
Maria, a single parent and a mother, considers 13-year-old son her best friend. She even relaxes and smokes a joint with him now and then from his supply or hers. How might such a parenting style be categorized?
negative, especially in regard to exploiting the child for the parent's benefit.
The ______________ perspective considers brain and nervous system functions as underlying causes of psychological disorders.
neurobiological
Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is categorized in the DSM-5 as a(n)_______________ disorder.
neurodevelopmental
There is strong evidence that ADHD is a __________________ disorder, but biological and environmental risk factors shape the expression of the symptoms.
neurodevelopmental
Boy show higher rates of early-onset disorders that involve ______________, and girls show more ____________ disorders with a peak age of onset in adolescence.
neurodevelopmental impairment; emotional
Brain circuits and _______________ relate to particular psychological disorders, permitting more targeted treatments.
neurotransmitters
According the DSM-5's criteria for RAD and DSED can be diagnosed for children __________.
no younger than 9 months
The genetic cause of COS can be attributed to which gene?
none
Which ethnic group is most often diagnosed with selective mutism?
none
What chemical is produced by the "deep blue place"?
norepinephrine
cultural syndrome
pattern of co-occurring, relatively invariant symptoms associated with a particular cultural group, community, or context
psychopathic features
pattern of deceitful, callous, manipulative, and remorseless behavior
neurotic paradox
pattern of self-perpetuating behavior in which overly-anxious children are unable to abandon their self-defeating behaviors
The behavior lens proposed by Weisz and colleagues sees child psychopathologies as partly a child's behavior and how it is __________.
perceived by members of the same culture
Which of the following is more likely to be a postnatal environmental factor that may interact with a genetic susceptibility to COS?
older paternal age
general intellectual functioning
one's basic level of cognitive ability, which is assessed through administration of a standardized test
According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, __________ of all children who receive special educational services in the United States and Canada have a learning disability.
one-third
attachment
ongoing process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant caregivers
Tommy responds by telling his teacher, "I don't wanna talk to you right now!" Then he just looks sad and cannot speak to her. Dean explains it is not unusual to see __________ in children who may, in the end, have selective mutism.
oppositional behavior
In the _______________________ perspective, early patterns of adaptation evolve with structure over time and transform into higher-order functions.
organization of development
The fact that a child must learn to babble before they can talk is an example of which of the following?
organization of development
Which of the following terms best reflects the scientific approach to research?
organized
The most common morbidities for agoraphobia are __________.
other anxiety disorders
Multisystemic therapy (MST) is intended to obviate the need for __________.
out of home placement
traumatic sexualization
outcome of child sexual abuse, wherein the child's sexual knowledge and behavior are shaped in developmentally inappropriate ways
Which of the following is not considered to be part of the intervention spectrum?
outpatient mental health
It is generally accepted that __________ of children with conduct disorder (CD) also have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
over half
Which of the following is a common behavior problem exhibited by a three-year-old child?
overactivity
Comorbidity
overlapping of two or more disorders at a rate greater than would be expected by chance alone
Which of the four categories of conduct problems has the highest risk for later psychiatric problems and impairments in functioning?
overt-destructive
behavioral activation system (BAS)
part of the brain that initiates behavior in response to cues of reward or nonpunishment
behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
part of the brain that produces anxiety and hinders ongoing behavior in the presence of novel events
brain circuit
path made up of clustered neurons that connect one part of the brain to another
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months
psychological disorder
pattern of behavioral, cognitive, or physical symptoms that causes significant distress in the subject
externalizing problems
pattern of behaviors that begins during childhood and encompasses behaviors such as aggression and delinquent behavior
internalizing problems
pattern of behaviors that begins during childhood and includes anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and withdrawn behavior
intervention
range of problem-solving strategies directed at helping the child and family adapt to their circumstances
Dean, a therapist who specializes in children with ASD, often attempts to "play" with his clients not unlike one of their age-mates. What important "first building block" of teaching is he attempting to cultivate between himself and the child?
rapport
childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS)
rare and possibly severe condition that has an onset prior to age 18 and worse long-term outcomes
When discussing anxiety, the "fight or flight response" is the __________.
reaction to perceived danger
frontostriatal circuitry of the brain
region consisting of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia associated with executive functions and response organization
Infants' ability to ________ their emotions are a key element of their relationships with caregivers.
regulate
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
regulatory system of the brain that influences a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions
A moderator variable is associated with the ________ of other variables.
relationship
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
repeated and prolonged pronunciation of certain syllables that interferes with communication
cycle-of-violence hypothesis
repetition of patterns of violent behavior across generations
pronoun reversal
repetition of personal pronouns exactly as heard, without changing them according to the person being referred to
conduct disorder (CD)
repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are violated
self-stimulatory behavior
repetitive body movements or movements of objects, such as hand flapping or spinning a pencil
compulsion
repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behavior or mental act performed in response to an irrational thought
Charles takes copious notes when he meets with the parents of a child with ASD who has been known to kick them and others. Charles usually asks if he can share a favorite food or candy with the child. He has a purpose, which is to __________.
research his options for rewarding positive behaviors
A child is exposed to a variety of risk factors for psychological problems. Instead of having difficulties demonstrates extraordinary strength and triumphs over these problems. She is demonstrating a high level of ________.
resilience
Popular rap artist "Jay Z" demonstrated ____________ when he channeled his challenging childhood experiences into a drive to change his life circumstances for the better.
resilience
From the perspective of abnormal child psychology, a harsh parenting style in the family home would be classified as a ________ of a particular disorder.
risk factor
life-course-persistent (LCP) path
route to antisocial behavior in which the child engages in antisocial behavior starting at an early age
adolescent-limited (AL) path
route to antisocial behavior whereby the child's antisocial behavior begins around puberty, and desists in young adulthood
real-time prospective design
schema in which the research sample is followed longitudinally over time, with data collected at specified time intervals
single-case experimental designs
schema most frequently used to evaluate the impact of a clinical treatment on a subject's problem
eugenics
science that deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race
tic disorders
set of conditions characterized by sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or sounds
categorical classification
set of diagnostic systems that are primarily based on informed professional consensus
nonshared environment
set of factors that produces behavioral differences among siblings living in the same household
shared environment
set of factors that produces similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings living in the same household
emotion regulation
set of processes by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning
negative cognitive schemata
set of stable structures in memory that guide information processing consistent with the subject's negative self-image
phonemes
set of the basic sounds that make up language
epigenetic
set of underlying biological changes to genetic structure resulting from environmental factors, such as toxins, diet, stress
self-injurious behavior (SIB)
severe and sometimes life-threatening acts that cause damage to the subject's own body
The most salient feature of DMDD is __________.
severe irritability
Despite the different kinds of communication and learning disorders that children have, one common denominator for all these children is __________.
stress
cortisol
stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands
adjustment disorder
short-term diagnosis given to individuals who react to common forms of stress in an unusual or disproportionate manner
learning disability
significant difficulty in mastering one or more of the following skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and mathematics
social-cognitive ability
skill involved in attending to, interpreting, and responding to social cues
decoding
skill necessary for reading that involves breaking words down into parts
The most common somatic symptom of anxiety disorders include __________.
sleep disorders
Which of the following medical specifiers in diagnosing ASD is the most common?
sleep distrubances
A young boy who sees his friend get hit and killed by a car and then as a teenager is afraid to learn to drive may be experiencing which of the following?
sleeper effect
Darnell knows that he's great at sports and that most of the kids in his class like him and think he's funny. What is Darnell demonstrating?
social cognition
Children with one of the anxiety disorder can cost 20 times more than those from the general population because of the __________ costs.
societal
According to most modern cultural anthropologists, the concept of race is:
socioculturally constructed.
Specific mutism co-occurs most often with ____________.
specific phobia SOC
Children with the following anxiety disorders may experience somatic symptoms with the exception of ___________.
specific phobias
DSM-5's diagnostic criteria uses __________ to rate subtypes of a disorder.
specifiers
The WISC-V places greater emphasis on fluid reasoning, higher-order reasoning, and information-processing speed than other factors such as spelling because __________.
spelling is seen as being culturally influenced
LeBron and LeTonio are identical twins. Their father Terence has been diagnosed with MDD. This means that, based on studies of twins and other studies of the heritability of depression, the twins __________.
still only have a less than 50 percent chance of suffering from depression
______________ are the most effective and most commonly used to treat the symptoms of ADHD.
stimulant medications
___________________ have been used since the 1930s to treat the symptoms of ADHD.
stimulant medications
What should an investigator do when over the course of research the potential for causing harm to child subjects becomes apparent?
stop the research project
In the movie Rain Man (1988), the first film that brought autism into the mainstream of popular culture, Dustin Hoffman plays Raymond, an autistic savant whose talent for perfect recall gets him and his brother (Tom Cruise) into trouble in a Las Vegas casino. Raymond's fictional talent exaggerates but exhibits one of the most fascinating features of some people with ASD, __________.
the extraordinary perceptual abilities that certain individuals have in rare instances
Which of the following carries the ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of a research project?
the investigator
The tragic phenomenon of "copycat suicides" among adolescents can, in part, be attributed to __________.
the many young people who develop a depressive disorder within 6 months of the loss of a friend or peer.
What is the most common diagnosis in children when tested for bipolar?
the milder forms of BP
The operant word for what a child should expect from his or her caregiving environment between what that child demands and how to respond to that need is __________.
the right balance
Which age group is more often reported for antisocial behaviors?
toddlers & preschoolers
Which term best reflects the relationship between a child and their environment?
transactional
exposure therapy
treatment for anxiety disorders that subjects individuals to the source of their fear while providing ways to cope
flooding
treatment for anxiety involving prolonged and repeated exposure to the anxiety-provoking situation until the subject's anxiety lessens
systematic desensitization therapy
treatment for anxiety whereby with repeated presentation, the child feels relaxed in the presence of stimuli that previously provoked anxiety
trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT)
treatment for children who have significant emotional or behavioral difficulties related to one or more stressful life events
true experiment
trial in which the researcher has maximum control over the independent variable or conditions of interest
Children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) mitigate their fears with all of the following except __________.
unintentional behaviors
naturalistic observation
unstructured observation of a child in his or her natural environment
protective factor
variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and decreases chances that the outcome will occur
risk factor
variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and increases chances that the outcome will occur
That part of the brain that responds to reward anticipation is called the __________.
ventral striatum
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth in the United States face extremely hostile circumstances in a society that is largely heterosexual. In surveys, the most frequent form of victimization reported by this population is:
verbal abuse
hopelessness theory
view that depression-prone individuals make internal, stable attributions to explain negative events and external, unstable attributions about positive events
Lori began to talk before her first birthday and could even speak in short but complete sentences as a toddler. Her problems reading words on the blackboard or in a storybook appeared in kindergarten. Why wasn't her problem discovered earlier?
when a child enters school, he or she is taught to connect spoken and written language
sensitive period
window of time during which environmental influences on development are heightened, thus providing enhanced opportunities to learn
The word "autism" is derived from the Latin word for "__________."
within oneself