PSYC 2 Ch.4 State of Consciousness
Stage _______ sleep is characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.
1
Which of the following indicate if drug use has become drug abuse?
1. being unable to stop getting high 2. missing school or work because of drug use 3. being high in solitary situations
Which of the following are purpose of sleep as speculated by scientists?
1. conserves energy during a time (night) when food is less likely to be available 2. allows neurons in the brain to rest
What are some of the physiological changes that occur during meditation?
1. decreased blood pressure 2. decreased heart rate 3. decreased oxygen use 4. changes in brain waves
Which of the following have been shown to help if you have trouble sleeping?
1. drinking a glass of warm milk at bedtime 2. avoiding caffeine in the afternoon
What are some of the effects of MDMA?
1. empathy 2. relaxation
What are some characteristics of people who are easily hypnotized?
1. frequent daydreaming 2. easily absorbed in a book or music
Which of the following are effects of alcohol?
1. impulsiveness 2. reduced anxiety 3. disorientation
What are some effects of amphetamines?
1. increased alertness 2. insomnia 3. mood elevation
Amphetamines are known to:
1. increased paranoia 2. elevate mood
Which of the following can be caused by sleep deprivation?
1. loss of creativity 2. decline in logical reasoning 3. slower reaction tie to new stimuli
What are some effects of cocaine?
1. mood elevation 2. increased confidence
What are some of the effects of marijuana?
1. more intense sensory experiences 2. euphoria
What are some of the effects of LSD?
1. perceptual distortion 2. paranoia
What are some legitimate medical uses for marijuana?
1. reducing symptoms associated with AIDS 2. reducing nausea associated with chemotherapy
What are some of the causes of insomnia?
1. relationship problems 2. stress at work
What are some of the effects of barbiturates?
1. suicidal behavior 2. mood swings 3. reduced anxiety
Which of the following are reasons to take drugs?
1. the perceived pleasure of the drug 2. escape from everyday life 3. to achieve a religious state
Which of the following are legal reasons a physician may prescribe barbiturates?
1. to induce sleep 2. to help with alcohol withdrawal 3. to control seizures 4. to reduce anxiety
In which of the following situations would you be considered in an altered state of consciousness?
1. while under hypnosis 2. taking drugs 3. during sleep
Circadian cycles last about _______ hours.
24
How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?
4
About what percentage of people cannot be hypnotized at all?
5-20%
Which statement most accurately reflects the cross-cultural perspective of seeking altered states of consciousness?
Altered states of consciousness are sought by cultures across the globe and across history.
Which of the following is a stimulant?
Cocaine
What is rohypnol occasionally referred to as?
Date rape drug
Euphoria is most likely to be experienced by users of which of the following drugs?
Marijuana
_________ is a technique to refocus attention and increase relaxation by evoking an altered state of consciousness without the use of drugs. It typically does not involve interaction with another person.
Meditation
_______ are drugs used to increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.
Narcotics
Which of the following is considered a stimulant?
Nicotine
What is one reason that psychoactive drugs have the ability to alter consciousness?
Psychoactive drugs mimic neurotransmitters in the brain
During what stage of sleep is dreaming most likely?
REM
Which stage of sleep is characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, eye movements, and breathing rate?
REM sleep
Which of the following is typically treated with daily exposure to bright light?
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Who is the psychologist most associated with unconscious wish fulfillment theory?
Sigmund Freud
Which single sleep stage makes up about half of the total sleep of young adult?
Stage 2
An individual would be least responsive to outside stimulation in which stage of sleep?
Stage 4
Almost half of the dreams people have involve aggression of some sort.
True
A physician may prescribe ________ to reduce anxiety.
a barbiturate
Many people stay up all night studying before a major exam. This is probably not wise because one effect of sleep deprivation is:
a declined in logical reasoning
Missing class or work because of drug use the night before is a sign that drug use has potentially become drug _________.
abuse
A Drug that produces dependence is said to be _______.
addictive
Seasonal ________ disorder is a form of depression most likely to occur during the winter.
affective
A(n) _________ is a person who abuses alcohol by continuing to drink even when it causes serious difficulties in the person's life.
alcoholic
Sleeping and the use of psychoactive drugs are similar in that they are both _______ states of consciousness.
altered
An individual who may stop breathing multiple times during the night while sleeping likely has sleep ________.
apnea
An individual who may stop breathing multiple times during the night while sleeping likely has sleep _________.
apnea
If one's body cannot function without a drug, then he or she has a _______ addiction; whereas if one believes they need a drug, he or she has a psychological addiction.
biological
Which of the following is a stimulant?
caffeine
Stimulant drugs tend to increase the level of activity within the:
central nervous system
Dopamine is the transmitter most directly linked to:
cocaine
Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at any given moment is called ________.
consciousness
In which of the following ways can hypnosis be used as an effective psychological tool?
controlling pain
What is a common and dangerous amphetamine?
crystal meth
Fantasies you construct while awake are called ________.
daydreams
An overdose of cocaine may result in:
death
In psychological __________, people believe they need a drug to respond to the stresses of daily life.
dependence
What category of drug are barbiturates?
depressant
What category of drug is alcohol?
depressant
Drugs that slow down the nervous system are called ________.
depressants
One sign that a person has consumed too much alcohol is:
disorientation
When hypnotized, people:
do not always do what they are told to do.
What is the purpose of dreams according to dreams-for-survival theory?
dreams allow the reprocessing and consolidation of information needed for survival.
What is the purpose of dreams according to activation-synthesis theory?
dreams are the result of random memories being activated
If you are having a hard time getting to sleep, which of the following might help?
drinking a glass of warm milk at bedtime
People who are hypnotizable are likely to find themselves:
easily absorbed in a book or music
According to unconscious wish fulfilment theory, we dream because we must:
express unconscious desires and motivations
Which of the following is likely to be experienced by a person with sleep apnea?
extreme fatigue
For men, binge drinking is defined as consuming ________ or more drinks in one sitting.
five
For women, binge drinking is defined as consuming ________ or more drinks in one sitting.
four
According to Sigmund Freud, dreams provide a way to:
fulfill our wishes
A drug that is capable of producing pronounced changes in perception is a(n) ________.
hallucinogen
What category of drug is MDMA (ecstacy)?
hallucinogen
Which statement most accurately describes the genetic influence on alcoholism?
having an alcoholic in one's family increases the risk of alcoholism
________ leads to a trancelike state in which you are susceptible to suggestion.
hypnosis
Amphetamines are known to:
increase alertness
Which of the following does not support the notion that hypnosis represents a different state of consciousness?
increased sensitivity to pain
Like most stimulants, caffeine:
increases heart rate and muscle tension
The _______ content of dreams are the actual desires of an individual, whereas the ________ content of dreams represent the apparent story line.
latent, manifest
In general, the older we get, the _______ sleep we need.
less
The most salient or obvious content of dreams is the ______ content.
manifest
In comparison to Sigmund Freud, modern psychologists are more likely to emphasize the:
manifest content of dreams
THC is the active ingredient in:
marijuana
Which of the following drugs can cause lung disease after long-term use?
marijuana
Which of the following is classified as a hallucinogen?
marijuana
If you were interested in learning more about yourself, you might try:
meditation
The purpose of ________ a learned technique for refocusing attention, is to relax and possibly gain insight into oneself.
meditation
Who is more likely to engage in binge drinking?
men
Which of the following is used to treat the physiological cravings associated with heroin addiction?
methadone
During what periods does one's natural circadian rhythm cause the most drowsiness?
midafternoon, nighttime
_______ is a disorder characterized by uncontrollably falling asleep regardless of the activity one is currently engaged in.
narcolepsy
Morphine and heroin are both classified as:
narcotics
Scientists have suggested that we sleep so that:
neurons can rest
Daydreaming is:
not an altered form of consciousness
_______ drugs influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior.
psychoactive
If one's body cannot function without a drug, then he or she has a physiological addiction; whereas if one believes they need a drug, he or she has a _______ addiction.
psychological
Which of the following is most likely the function of circadian rhythms?
regulating basic bodily functions and behaviors
Which of the following is an example of circadian rhythm?
sleeping
One reason that tired drivers are more likely to become involved in traffic accidents is that sleep deprivation results in:
slower reaction time to new stimuli
While hypnosis has been found to reduce ______ behavior, it has been found successful in reducing _______ behavior.
smoking, drug
Which stage of sleep is characterized by slow brain waves less than 50% of the time, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep?
stage 3
Which stage of sleep is the deepest?
stage 4
A(n) ________ is a drug that has an arousal effect on the central nervous system.
stimulant
What category of drug are amphetamines?
stimulants
The use of barbiturates has been linked to:
suicide
Dreams-for-survival theory suggests that dreams provide time to reconsider and process information critical for our daily ___________.
survival
Activation-_________ theory suggests that dreams are the result of random electrical activity in the brain that stimulates memories.
synthesis
A person who wakes suddenly from non-REM sleep and has feelings of extreme fear and panic and heightened physiological arousal has likely experienced a night ___________.
terror
Physiological drug dependence is characterized by:
the body's inability to function without a drug.
According to psychoanalytic theory, sometimes, objects in dreams represent something else. The object that is being disguise is referred to as:
the latent content
Psychological drug addiction is characterized by:
the person's belief that she or he cannot function without the drug
Hypnosis can be used to heighten relaxation, reduce anxiety, and increase expectations of success. Which of the following exemplifies these uses for hypnosis?
treating psychological disorders
Hypnosis can be used to reduce smoking behavior.
true
Many psychologists today believe the manifest content of dreams is more important than Freud thought.
true
Meditation can cause long-term changes in the parts of the brain responsible for concentration.
true
Sleep _______ does not pose any risk unless the walker wanders into a life threatening environment.
walking
If you fly from the United States in Europe, you will likely find yourself tired in the middle of the day and wide wake at night. Why is this?
your circadian rhythms are off
