PSYC 2000 Exam 2

[Ch 7] That frustrating feels of knowing you know something but cannot pull it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon, because _______________ a] TOT stands for "tip of the tongue" b] it primarily happens to very young children, or "tots" c] it was identified by the researcher trio of Tattinger, Osprey, and Thomas d] TOT stands for Too Old to Think

a] TOT stands for "tip of the tongue"

[LC 6/26] What is required for info to move from sensory memory to short-term memory? a] attention b] rehearsal c] retrieval d] testing

a] attention

[Ch 8] Humans have developed strategies to keep our decision-making to a manageable minimum by relyign on "fast and frugal" thinking. This kind of frugality is more commonly known as __________ a] cognitive economy b] fiscal conservatism c] judicious completeness d] mental savings

a] cognitive economy

[Ch 10] Jean Piaget proposed several stages of cognitive development in children. Which stage did he argue occurred between the ages of 7-11 years? a] concrete operations b] preoperational c] sensorimotor d] formal operations

a] concrete operations

[Ch 6] If you repeatedly paired a neural stimulus [i.e., a bell], with a stimulus that provided an autonomic response, at some point the neural stimulus alone would produce a(n) __________ a] conditioned response b] unconditioned stimulus c] unconditioned response d] conditioned stimulus

a] conditioned response

[Ch 10] Chronological age is one way to measure how aging will affect us, especially as we grow older. Which of teh following is another way of conceptualizing age? a] functional age b] intellectual age c] expectational age d] cohort age

a] functional age

[LC 6/24] ______ is essential for maintaining information in _______ memory a] hippocampus; explicit b] attention; procedural c] rehearsal; visual d] rehearsal; semantic

a] hippocampus; explicit

[Ch 10] A crucial ingredient of social development is self-control, or the ability to ___________ a] inhibit impulses b] frustrate ambitions c] delay development d] gratify desires

a] inhibit impulses

[LC 6/24] What is the availability bias [aka heuristic]? a] involves inaccurate predictions of the likelihood of an event due to errors in our memory of past events [i.e. readily available or retrievable from memory] b] involves being consistently unavailable to do something, but you think everyone else is available c] involves an over-reliance on how well an exemplar matches our available knowledge about a category d] involves seeing casual effects instead of random patterns due to not considering sample size

a] involves inaccurate predictions of the likelihood of an event due to errors in our memory of past events [i.e. readily available or retrievable from memory]

[Ch 7] A memory that is actually false, but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) ________________ a] memory illusion b] representative heuristic c] paradoxical memory d] active reconstruction

a] memory illusion

[LC 6/26] What happens when you go home and read info we discussed in class shortly after we discussed it? The chapter has some overlapping factual info about episodic memory, but none of the same episodic info. a] new episodic memories are formed. The info that is overlapping strengthens the neural links and non-overlapping episodic info disrupts and weakens the neural links b] no new episodic memories are formed. The info was already learned, therefore, the same echoic and iconic memories remain c] new episodic memories are formed. The info that is overlapping weakens the neural links and non-overlapping episodic info strengthens the neural links d] the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex takes over and strengthens the memory links

a] new episodic memories are formed. The info that is overlapping strengthens the neural links and non-overlapping episodic info disrupts and weakens the neural links

[Ch 7] Psychologists measure people's abilities by assessing three capacities: a] recall, recognition, and relearning b] relearning, receptivity, and reconstruction c] relearning, receptivity, and retrieval d] retrieval, recall, and relearning

a] recall, recognition, and relearning

[Ch 7] Although using _______ can sometimes lead to mistakes, they provide us with a frame of reference for interpreting new situations. a] schemas b] disambiguation tables c] interpretive expectations d] storage menus

a] schemas

[Ch 6] Which term refers to the situation in which an organism responds more slowly to a stimulus over time? a] sensitization b] aplysia c] habituation d] conductivity

a] sensitization

[LC 6/25] A child who has achieved object permanence but NOT conservation of quantity is most likely in what stage of cognitive development? a] sensorimotor b] preoperational c] concrete operational d] formal operational

a] sensorimotor

[LC 6/17] What does the Law of Effect refer to? a] the idea that a behavior that is reinforced will be repeated b] the idea that a behavior that is punished will be repeated c] the idea that partial reinforcement is most effective d] the idea that no behavior is a product of conditioning

a] the idea that a behavior that is reinforced will be repeated

[Ch 10] Having the ability to reason about what other people know or believe, we are said the have a capacity called __________ a] theory of mind b] object permanence c] general cognitive account d] intuitive physics

a] theory of mind

[LC 6/26] When info is learned, the episodic info is accessible in various places in the cortex. The sight of the info is stored in the visual cortex, the sounds you heard at the time are stored in the auditory cortex, the spatial info where you were when you learned the info is stored in the partial cortex, etc. All of these memories are linked via the HIPPOCAMPUS. When one piece of info gets activated, they all become active via co-activation, creating an EPISODIC memory. Every time you "retrieve" this memory, the neural links get stronger. The more you retrieve, the stronger they get and the easier it will be to retrieve them in the future, which is known as CONSOLIDATION. a] true b] false

a] true

[LC 6/26] What is the difference b/w an unconditioned response and a conditioned response? a] unconditioned response is not learned, it is reflexive. Conditioned response is learned over time through conditioning b] unconditioned response is learned over time through conditioning. A conditioned response is not learned, it is reflexive c] an unconditioned response happens slowly while a conditioned response happens quickly d] an unconditioned response is very common, while a conditioned response is very rare

a] unconditioned response is not learned, it is reflexive. Conditioned response is learned over time through conditioning

[Ch 6] Sarah feeds her dogs canned food every night. The routine is always the same. She takes out the electric can opener, whirs the can around the blade to open it, scoops the food into the bowl, and presents it to her dog. The dog now runs into the kitchen as soon as he hears the sound of the cabinet open and hears the can opener in motion. Acording to classical conditioning, the cound of the can opener is the _______ a] UCR b] CS c] UCS d] CR

b] CS

[LC 6/24] Problem solving can be thought of as: a] self-generated perception b] applying reasoning to knowledge to solve problems c] apply value to solutions to make choices d] a rule of thumb or simply common sense

b] applying reasoning to knowledge

[LC 6/25] Children who are unable to pass the false belief task a] are between 1 day and 2 years old b] are between 1 day and 5 years old c] are between 6 and 8 years old d] are between 6 and 10 years old

b] are between 1 day and 5 years old

[LC 6/26] What is the parental style that is associated with better outcomes for both child and parent? a] permissive b] authoritative c] authoritarian d] detached

b] authoritative

[LC 6/26] What is one of the main differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a] classical conditioning works better than operant conditioning b] classical conditioning involves innate automatic responses, and operant conditioning involves voluntary, purposeful responses c] classical conditioning has a stimulus and response, whereas operant conditioning does not, but has reinforcement and punishment d] classical conditioning is only used on people, whereas operant conditioning is used on people and animals

b] classical conditioning involves innate automatic responses, and operant conditioning involves voluntary, purposeful responses

[Ch 8] The model of the mind that takes into account the human ability to mentally simulate experiences is called the ______ model a] imaginative b] embodiment c] cognitive d] simulations

b] embodiment

[Ch 6] Which term refers to the classical conditioning phenomenon, in which a new CR "overwrites" an existing CR? a] spontaneous recovery b] extinction c] inhibition d] renewal effect

b] extinction

[Ch 7] More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from _________ a] forensic specialists b] eyewitnesses c] psychologists d] prosecutors

b] eyewitnesses

[LC 6/26] As discussed in class, some argue that long term memory can be considered our consciousness a] true, long-term memory involves what we are thinking about in any given moment b] false, short-term memory can be considered our consciousness c] false, echoic memory can be considered our consciousness

b] false, short-term memory can be considered our consciousness

[LC 6/20] Which of the following are examples of classical conditioning? Choose all that apply: a] getting a mosquito bite and having the urge to scratch it b] hating the sound of your alarm clock, even when heard in a random environment c] feeling awake/alert upon smelling coffee brewing d] drinking because you are thirsty e] screaming after someone sneaks up and scares you

b] hating the sound of your alarm clock, even when heard in a random environment && c] feeling awake/alert upon smelling coffee brewing

[Ch 8] Sometimes, when we are trying to solve a problem, we get stuck by looking at the problem in only one way. This phenomenon is known as _____________ a] salience b] mental set c] specious reasoning d] algorithm

b] mental set

[Ch 10] Jean Piaget concluded that children did not grasp _________ until between the ages of 8-12 months, but other researchers demonstrated that children as young as 5 months [and possibly even younger] could do it. a] unsupported objects b] object permanence c] theories of mind d] and hold objects

b] object permanence

[Ch 6] Studies with chimpanzees argued that the chimps were using insight to solve problems. However, the study design was flawed, which made it so that we cannot rule out that the chimps were learning by trail and error or by _____ a] analytical learning style b] observational learning c] latent learning d] instinctive drift

b] observational learning

[LC 6/26] A patient is injured badly in their dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. What type of memory is likely to be damaged as a result? a] sensory memory b] short-term memory c] explicit long-term memory d] implicit long-term memory

b] short-term memory

[LC 6/26] What neural evidence supports the idea that adolescents are less emotionally developed compared to adults? a] more sporadic neural connections between frontal and parietal lobes b] white matter "bands" or "tracks" are not fully developed between the prefrontal cortex and areas of the brain associated with emotion regulation c] corpus collosum connecting both hemispheres of the brain are not fully developed in adolescents compared to adults d] the amygdala is not fully developed until around 25

b] white matter "bands" or "tracks" are not fully developed between the prefrontal cortex and areas of the brain associated with emotion regulation

[LC 6/26] Who was the first to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs? a] John Watson b] BF Skinner c] Ivan Pavlov d] Albert Bandura

c] Ivan Pavlov

[Ch 10] Which parenting style combines the best features of authoritarian and permissive approaches? a] incisive b] decisive c] authoritative d] uninvolved

c] authoritative

[Ch 8] When people rely on mental shortcuts to reach a conclusion or to make a decision, they often fail to take intom account how common a behavior or characteristic is in general. This kind of information is called the ______ by psychological scientists. a] schematome b] prototype c] base rate d] ground level

c] base rate

[Ch 10] Jerome Kagan identified a temperament style called _________ for infants who are frightened by new or unexpected stimuli, such as unfamiliar faces, loud noises, or moving toys a] difficult b] fraidy cats c] behavioral inhibition d] slow to warm up

c] behavioral inhibition

[Ch 8] Which term means a certain window of time in which a particular activity, such as a language, must be learned in order for it to be learned at all? a] learning window b] cognitive opportunity c] critical period d] essential span

c] critical period

[Ch 7] _______ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds. a] recovered memory b] eidetic memory c] echoic memory d] iconic memory

c] echoic memory

[Ch 7] There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using ____________________ a] a mnemonic device b] levels of processing c] elaborative rehearsal d] distributed study

c] elaborative rehearsal

[Ch 10] What part of the brain does not mature until late adolescence or early adulthood and is responsible for planning, decision making, and impulse control? a] cerebellum b] Broca's area c] frontal lobes d] parietal lobe

c] frontal lobe

[Ch 8] Language is a system that allows us to create an infinite number of menaingful combinations of words and to communicate new ideas. This is because language is ____ a] pragmatic b] sequential c] generative d] nativist

c] generative

[Ch 8] When an outcome happens that makes you think "I knew it all along," be careful that you are not giving in to ____________ a] the representativeness heuristic b] base rate analysis c] hindsight bias d] the availability heuristic

c] hindsight bias

[Ch 8] Schemas refer to the concept in our memories about __________ a] how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population b] the likelihood that something will happen based on the ease with which is comes into our minds c] how certain actions, objects, and ideas relate to each other d] the probability of an event based on its superficial similarity to a prototype

c] how certain actions, objects, and ideas relate to each other

[Ch 6] A negative reinforcement ________ the rate of a behavior, whereas a punishment _______ the rate of a behavior. a] decreases, increases b] decreases, maintains c] increases, decreases d] maintains, increases

c] increases, decreases

[LC 6/26] What is required for info to stay in short-term memory? a] retrieval b] generalization c] rehearsal d] sustained firing

c] rehearsal

[Ch 8] Then we judge the likelihood of an event based on how prevalent that event has been in our past experience, we are relying on the ______ heuristic a] availability b] hindsight c] representativeness d] functionality

c] representativeness

[Ch 6] Compliments, cash, and good grades are examples of _________ a] primitive reinforcements b] primary reinforcements c] secondary reinforcements d] fixed interval reinforcements

c] secondary reinforcements

[Ch 7] Zhenya remembers that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Alina remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was 12. Zhenya is demonstrating __________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ memory. a] procedural, semantic b] semantic, procedural c] semantic, episodic d] episodic, semantic

c] semantic, episodic

[Ch 10] An environmental factor (such as alcohol, cigarettes, and certain drugs) that has a negative effect on the development of a baby in utero is called a ______ a] brysosome b] genetic disorder c] teratogen d] blastocyst

c] teratogen

[LC 6/24] Which is an effective strategy for improving long-term memory consolidation? a] using echoic memory b] skimming info c] testing d] rehearsal

c] testing

[Ch 6] Which reinforcement schedule usually yields the highest rate of responding? a] variable interval b] fixed interval c] variable ratio d] fixed ratio

c] variable ratio

[Ch 8] When we make a decision, we are _____________ a] considering every possible outcome b] leaping to a conclusion c] making the only possible choice d] selecting from a set of alternatives

d] selecting from a set of alternatives

[Ch 6] People are often shocked by shows that feature animals doing incredible tricks. Animal trainers use ______ to accomplish this, by reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to the target behavior until the target behavior is achieved. a] fading b] scheduling c] intervals d] shaping

d] shaping

[Ch 7] In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remember being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen? a] 10% b] 67% c] 32% d] 25%

d] 25%

[LC 6/17] What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? a] classical conditioning involves conditioned stimuli, but operant conditioning does not b] operant conditioning involved conditioned stimuli, but classical conditioning does not c] classical, but not operant, conditioning applies to learning in all animals, from humans to rats d] operant, but not classical, conditioning requires the organism to produce a behavior to receive a reinforcement

d] Operant, but not classical, conditioning requires the organism to produce a behavior to receive a reinforcement

[Ch 7] Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of info, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of info? a] elaborative rehearsal b] the Magic Number technique c] depth of processing d] chunking

d] chunking

[Ch 6] Preparedness can lead to the development of a phobia because we develop _______ between the fear-provoking stimuli and the negative consequences. a] latent inhibitions b] irrational responses c] predispositional awareness d] illusory correlations

d] illusory correlations

[Ch 10] Which of the following situations is an example of a bidirectional influence in developmental psychology? a] a child's environment contributes to his/her intellectual development b] children seek out stimulating activities in their home and school environments c] genes cause certain traits to be manifested d] parents influence their child's behavior, but the child's behavior also influences their parents' reactions

d] parents influence their child's behavior, but the child's behavior also influences their parents' reactions

[LC 6/26] What does extinction refer to?

gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the unconditioned stimuli are no longer presented

[LC 6/26] What is shaping?

learning that occurs from a reinforcement of successive amount of steps to a final desired behavior