PSYC 2113
Select all of the following are TRUE of steroid hormones?
- An example is gonadal (sex) hormones - Receptors are inside the cell - Fat-soluble chemical messenger synthesized from cholesterol
Put the following statement/events that occur during the course of an action potential in the correct order. Start with the description of how the ion channels of the neuron are at resting membrane (-70mV) and go from there.
1. Sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels are closed. 2. Depolarization occurs via the opening of some sodium ion channels. 3. Threshold (-50mV) is reached and all sodium channels open. 4. Sodium channels close when inside the cell reaches +30mV. 5. Potassium voltage-gated channels open. 6. Potassium rushes out of the cell because both concentration and voltage gradient are applying the same directional force on the ions. 7. Membrane hyperpolarizes returning the neuron to a relatively negative charge and ensuring one-way direction for the action potential and potassium channels close. 8. Sodium-potassium pump works to restore resting concentration gradient.
Put the following events in the proper order, assuming one find themselves in a stressful situation:
1st: Stress is perceived by the brain 2nd: Appearing to be first or the faster response because it uses the nervous system, the hypothalamus activates the SAM axis and epinephrine is shot into the bloodstream. 3rd: The hypothalamus initiates the HPA axis, the secondary system, by releasing corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). 4th: The anterior pituitary releases adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) into the blood stream. 5th: Cortisol is pumped into the blood stream by the adrenal cortex. 6th: Cortisol influences organs and tissue function and helps support fight-or-flight behaviors that epinephrine initially caused.
Which of the following statements does not describe how the neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse?
Absorption by the postsynaptic neuron
Which of the following embryos has a forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord?
All listed - salamander, chicken, human
Which of the following defines a synapse?
Axon terminal, space, dendrite
Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens?
Both sexes have both types of hormones
The action potential is a relatively efficient exchange of ions across the membrane because
Both the concentration and voltage gradients are pulling Na+ and K+.
Language (comprehension and verbal responses) uses the entire brain; however, two areas are critically important, ___________ area is primarily responsible for comprehension and located in the ____________ lobe; while ___________ area is primarily responsible for produce movements for speaking and located in the __________ love.
Broca's area is primarily responsible for comprehension & it is located in the temporal lobe Wernicke's area is primarily responsible for produce movements for speaking and located in the frontal lobe
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials can be caused by movement of which ions:
Cl- influx
Brain structure/region and function
Corpus collosum: Responsible for communication between two halves of the cortex Hypothalamus: Convey messages to pituitary gland Medulla: Responsible for vital reflexes Thalamus: Relay station for sensory organs Cerebellum: Regulates motor movement, balance, & coordination Hippocampus: Critical for memory formation
Which of the following is the correct order of transmission of information within a neuron?
Dendrite, cell body, axon hillock, axon terminal
Additional stimulation beyond the threshold of excitation will result in a greater depolarization of the membrane during an action potential.
False
An action potential is how neurons communicate with each other and can have varying intensities, meaning the polarity changes are unique for each one.
False
At rest, there is more sodium and less potassium inside the neuron than outside the neuron.
False
Behavior is only affected by an individual's genetics and biology.
False
In the musculoskeletal system, every axon of a motor neuron releases dopamine.
False
Myelination and synaptogenesis stop shortly after birth.
False
The sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis is considered the slow and longer lasting stress response system.
False
What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
Which somatosensory sense has both slow and fast adapting receptors
Hapsis
_________ symptoms are observed in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.
Hypokinetic
Which of the following criteria are used to determine if a substance is a neurotransmitter?
I. The chemical must be synthesized in the neuron. II. When the neuron is active, the chemical is released and produces a response. III. Injection of the chemical mimics the effects of neuronal stimulation. IV. Mechanisms exist for the removal of the chemical. (All of the answers are correct.)
Please match the following behavioral effect with its appropriate hormone:
Melatonin - increases readiness to sleep Testosterone - increases male libido Cortisol - increases energy especially early in the day Oxytocin - facilitates social bonding Insulin - decreases blood glucose levels in the bloodstream
_____________ help generate myelin in the CNS, whereas __________ help generate myelin in the PNS.
Oligodendroglial cells; Schwann cells
Every human has a blind spot in their vision due to where the ________ is on the retina.
Optic nerve
Just after the peak of the action potential, what movement of ions restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential?
Potassium ions leave the cell.
Match the region of the frontal lobe with their roles in production of motor behavior.
Prefrontal cortex - Plans complex behavior Premotor cortex - Produces/organizes the sequences of movement needed to carry out the complex behavior Primary motor cortex - Specifies and directs the muscles needed to produce the needed movements.
Which of the following is not part of a neuron's function?
Production of myelin
The ______________ is the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons that process visual information.
Retina
The _________ system plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, aggression, and arousal.
Serotonin
What determines whether a neuron has an action potential?
The combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs.
Concentration gradients lead to what kind of movements?
The movement of ions from high to low areas of concentration.
The __________ theory suggests that we have three types of color receptors, each with a different spectral sensitivity.
Trichromatic
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) can directly affect the hippocampus and amygdala under times of stress.
True
Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli.
True
Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.
True
In general, transmission between neurons is slower than the action potential down the axon.
True
Males have a greater cortisol response to stress than females do.
True
Neuroendocrine pathways like the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis require negative feedback to shut off activation of the pathway.
True
Neurotransmitters once released into the synapse will bind and release from receptors forever unless there is a mechanism to remove them.
True
Sensory receptors translate nonelectrical messages into electrical messages for the brain to interpret.
True
Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.
True
The lateral and medial superior olives react to differences in what is heard by the two ears.
True
The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the right side of the body.
True
A homunculus is
a representation of the body in sensory and motor cortex
Which of the following presynaptic events are in correct chronological order?
action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion reflux, exocytosis of neurotransmitter, diffusion of neurotransmitter
Somatosensory is to _________, as motor is to __________.
afferent; efferent
If we wear glasses that turn the image of the world upside down, the brain:
after hours to days will suddenly turn the world so it is right side up again
A brief hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane that makes it less likely that the neuron will fire an action potential is called
an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
The three osicles known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup __________.
are small bones that transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.
The __________ controls the force of a movement, whereas the _______ controls the timing and accuracy of the movement.
basal ganglia; cerebellum
When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ___________ channels in the axon terminal.
calcium
The _______ helps regulate the concentration of different ions inside and outside the neuron.
cell membrane
In the human body _____ make up ______ which make up ____________ which make up _________.
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Ionotropic receptors
change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them allowing influx or efflux of ions
Which of the following auditory structures has the appearance of a snail and has a name that is derived from the Greek word for land snail?
cochlea
Light is bent first by the ____ before entering the pupil.
cornea
The frontal lobes are responsible for controlling:
decision making
The _______ pathway extends from primary visual cortex to posterior parietal cortex and is known as the "how pathway."
dorsal stream
Reuptake is an alternative to which other process?
enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters
_____________ muscles move the limb away from the trunk, whereas _________ muscles move the limb back toward the trunk
extensor; flexor
Ill health induced by chronic stress exposure may be due in part to the prolonged secretion of what hormone?
glucocorticoids/cortisol
Which of the following is not one of the activating systems in the CNS?
glutamate
Testosterone and estradiol are examples of:
gonadal hormones
Somatosensory receptors that detect pressure and vibration include:
hapsis
Which of the following does NOT describe the properties of a hormone compared to neurotransmitters:
have a small scale effect
Which of the following ensures homeostasis is maintained?
hormones
In the last stages of auditory perception, the anterior pathway __________ sounds while the posterior pathway _____________ sounds.
identifies; locates
Damage to the primary somatosensory cortex results in:
impaired sensory discrimination on the contralateral side.
Prolonged exposure to the hormones called glucocorticoids, or chronic stress:
kill cells in the hippocampus
The _______ controls limbs and digits, whereas the ____________ controls mainly trunk muscles.
lateral corticospinal tract; ventral corticospinal tract
The thalamic relay nucleus for the auditory system is the:
medial geniculate nucleus
Glial cells whose function most closely resembles that of the immune system are called
microglia
Neurons that fire when we execute a movement and when we observe another person making the same movement are referred to as:
mirror neurons
To which of the following systems is the somatosensory system most closely linked?
motor
In the optic chiasm, information from the _________ retinas cross, whereas information from the ____________ retinas stay on the same side.
nasal; temporal
One reason that many neurons die during synaptic pruning is that they must compete for limited amounts of:
nerve growth factor
The process of growing neurons is referred to as __________, whereas the process of forming glial cells is known as __________.
neurogenesis; gliogenesis
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
norepinephrine
The primary visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobe
_____________ is hypothesizes to support a tend-and-befriend stress response, which may have evolutionarily benefited _________.
oxytocin; females
Incoming somatosensory information travels from the thamalus to which area of the cortex?
parietal lobe
Which of the following is NOT one of the three functional groups of hormones?
peptide hormones
Rods are found primarily in ______, whereas cones are found primarily in ______.
peripheral vision; the fovea
Which of the following is likely to be called the master gland?
pituitary gland
Coordinating multiple simultaneous movements to accomplish a goal is a function of the:
premotor cortex
The speed at which nerve impulses travel down an axon are greatly increased by:
refractory periods
In the occipital cortex, visual messages are first sent to the __________ cortex or primary visual cortex and then proceeds to the __________ cortex or secondary visual cortex.
striate; extrastriate
Fitness in the Darwinian sense refers to an organism's ability to
survive and contribute large numbers of fertile offspring to the next generation
The primary auditory cortex is located at the
temporal lobe
Glial cells are primarily responsible for:
the support of neurons
The sodium-potassium pump repeatedly transports _______ sodium ions out of the cell while drawing _______ potassium ions into it.
three; two
Unilateral (one side) damage to the spinal chord will result in the loss of __________ in the same side of the body and loss of __________ on the opposite side of the body below the site of damage.
touch and proprioception; pain and temperature
Hair cells in the cochlea are responsible for
transducing sounds waves into neural firing
The ventral spinothalamic tract is the main pain pathway to the brain.
true
The ________ pathway extends from primary visual cortex to the temporal cortex and is known as the "what pathway."
ventral stream
When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occurs in humans?
well before birth
The gate theory of pain can help explain:
why rubbing an injury can reduce pain.
Pure tones are sounds:
with a single frequency
