PSYC 2113

Select all of the following are TRUE of steroid hormones?

- An example is gonadal (sex) hormones - Receptors are inside the cell - Fat-soluble chemical messenger synthesized from cholesterol

Put the following statement/events that occur during the course of an action potential in the correct order. Start with the description of how the ion channels of the neuron are at resting membrane (-70mV) and go from there.

1. Sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels are closed. 2. Depolarization occurs via the opening of some sodium ion channels. 3. Threshold (-50mV) is reached and all sodium channels open. 4. Sodium channels close when inside the cell reaches +30mV. 5. Potassium voltage-gated channels open. 6. Potassium rushes out of the cell because both concentration and voltage gradient are applying the same directional force on the ions. 7. Membrane hyperpolarizes returning the neuron to a relatively negative charge and ensuring one-way direction for the action potential and potassium channels close. 8. Sodium-potassium pump works to restore resting concentration gradient.

Put the following events in the proper order, assuming one find themselves in a stressful situation:

1st: Stress is perceived by the brain 2nd: Appearing to be first or the faster response because it uses the nervous system, the hypothalamus activates the SAM axis and epinephrine is shot into the bloodstream. 3rd: The hypothalamus initiates the HPA axis, the secondary system, by releasing corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). 4th: The anterior pituitary releases adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) into the blood stream. 5th: Cortisol is pumped into the blood stream by the adrenal cortex. 6th: Cortisol influences organs and tissue function and helps support fight-or-flight behaviors that epinephrine initially caused.

Which of the following statements does not describe how the neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse?

Absorption by the postsynaptic neuron

Which of the following embryos has a forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord?

All listed - salamander, chicken, human

Which of the following defines a synapse?

Axon terminal, space, dendrite

Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens?

Both sexes have both types of hormones

The action potential is a relatively efficient exchange of ions across the membrane because

Both the concentration and voltage gradients are pulling Na+ and K+.

Language (comprehension and verbal responses) uses the entire brain; however, two areas are critically important, ___________ area is primarily responsible for comprehension and located in the ____________ lobe; while ___________ area is primarily responsible for produce movements for speaking and located in the __________ love.

Broca's area is primarily responsible for comprehension & it is located in the temporal lobe Wernicke's area is primarily responsible for produce movements for speaking and located in the frontal lobe

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials can be caused by movement of which ions:

Cl- influx

Brain structure/region and function

Corpus collosum: Responsible for communication between two halves of the cortex Hypothalamus: Convey messages to pituitary gland Medulla: Responsible for vital reflexes Thalamus: Relay station for sensory organs Cerebellum: Regulates motor movement, balance, & coordination Hippocampus: Critical for memory formation

Which of the following is the correct order of transmission of information within a neuron?

Dendrite, cell body, axon hillock, axon terminal

Additional stimulation beyond the threshold of excitation will result in a greater depolarization of the membrane during an action potential.

False

An action potential is how neurons communicate with each other and can have varying intensities, meaning the polarity changes are unique for each one.

False

At rest, there is more sodium and less potassium inside the neuron than outside the neuron.

False

Behavior is only affected by an individual's genetics and biology.

False

In the musculoskeletal system, every axon of a motor neuron releases dopamine.

False

Myelination and synaptogenesis stop shortly after birth.

False

The sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis is considered the slow and longer lasting stress response system.

False

What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

GABA

Which somatosensory sense has both slow and fast adapting receptors

Hapsis

_________ symptoms are observed in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.

Hypokinetic

Which of the following criteria are used to determine if a substance is a neurotransmitter?

I. The chemical must be synthesized in the neuron. II. When the neuron is active, the chemical is released and produces a response. III. Injection of the chemical mimics the effects of neuronal stimulation. IV. Mechanisms exist for the removal of the chemical. (All of the answers are correct.)

Please match the following behavioral effect with its appropriate hormone:

Melatonin - increases readiness to sleep Testosterone - increases male libido Cortisol - increases energy especially early in the day Oxytocin - facilitates social bonding Insulin - decreases blood glucose levels in the bloodstream

_____________ help generate myelin in the CNS, whereas __________ help generate myelin in the PNS.

Oligodendroglial cells; Schwann cells

Every human has a blind spot in their vision due to where the ________ is on the retina.

Optic nerve

Just after the peak of the action potential, what movement of ions restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential?

Potassium ions leave the cell.

Match the region of the frontal lobe with their roles in production of motor behavior.

Prefrontal cortex - Plans complex behavior Premotor cortex - Produces/organizes the sequences of movement needed to carry out the complex behavior Primary motor cortex - Specifies and directs the muscles needed to produce the needed movements.

Which of the following is not part of a neuron's function?

Production of myelin

The ______________ is the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons that process visual information.

Retina

The _________ system plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, aggression, and arousal.

Serotonin

What determines whether a neuron has an action potential?

The combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs.

Concentration gradients lead to what kind of movements?

The movement of ions from high to low areas of concentration.

The __________ theory suggests that we have three types of color receptors, each with a different spectral sensitivity.

Trichromatic

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) can directly affect the hippocampus and amygdala under times of stress.

True

Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli.

True

Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

True

In general, transmission between neurons is slower than the action potential down the axon.

True

Males have a greater cortisol response to stress than females do.

True

Neuroendocrine pathways like the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis require negative feedback to shut off activation of the pathway.

True

Neurotransmitters once released into the synapse will bind and release from receptors forever unless there is a mechanism to remove them.

True

Sensory receptors translate nonelectrical messages into electrical messages for the brain to interpret.

True

Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.

True

The lateral and medial superior olives react to differences in what is heard by the two ears.

True

The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the right side of the body.

True

A homunculus is

a representation of the body in sensory and motor cortex

Which of the following presynaptic events are in correct chronological order?

action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion reflux, exocytosis of neurotransmitter, diffusion of neurotransmitter

Somatosensory is to _________, as motor is to __________.

afferent; efferent

If we wear glasses that turn the image of the world upside down, the brain:

after hours to days will suddenly turn the world so it is right side up again

A brief hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane that makes it less likely that the neuron will fire an action potential is called

an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

The three osicles known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup __________.

are small bones that transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.

The __________ controls the force of a movement, whereas the _______ controls the timing and accuracy of the movement.

basal ganglia; cerebellum

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ___________ channels in the axon terminal.

calcium

The _______ helps regulate the concentration of different ions inside and outside the neuron.

cell membrane

In the human body _____ make up ______ which make up ____________ which make up _________.

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Ionotropic receptors

change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them allowing influx or efflux of ions

Which of the following auditory structures has the appearance of a snail and has a name that is derived from the Greek word for land snail?

cochlea

Light is bent first by the ____ before entering the pupil.

cornea

The frontal lobes are responsible for controlling:

decision making

The _______ pathway extends from primary visual cortex to posterior parietal cortex and is known as the "how pathway."

dorsal stream

Reuptake is an alternative to which other process?

enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters

_____________ muscles move the limb away from the trunk, whereas _________ muscles move the limb back toward the trunk

extensor; flexor

Ill health induced by chronic stress exposure may be due in part to the prolonged secretion of what hormone?

glucocorticoids/cortisol

Which of the following is not one of the activating systems in the CNS?

glutamate

Testosterone and estradiol are examples of:

gonadal hormones

Somatosensory receptors that detect pressure and vibration include:

hapsis

Which of the following does NOT describe the properties of a hormone compared to neurotransmitters:

have a small scale effect

Which of the following ensures homeostasis is maintained?

hormones

In the last stages of auditory perception, the anterior pathway __________ sounds while the posterior pathway _____________ sounds.

identifies; locates

Damage to the primary somatosensory cortex results in:

impaired sensory discrimination on the contralateral side.

Prolonged exposure to the hormones called glucocorticoids, or chronic stress:

kill cells in the hippocampus

The _______ controls limbs and digits, whereas the ____________ controls mainly trunk muscles.

lateral corticospinal tract; ventral corticospinal tract

The thalamic relay nucleus for the auditory system is the:

medial geniculate nucleus

Glial cells whose function most closely resembles that of the immune system are called

microglia

Neurons that fire when we execute a movement and when we observe another person making the same movement are referred to as:

mirror neurons

To which of the following systems is the somatosensory system most closely linked?

motor

In the optic chiasm, information from the _________ retinas cross, whereas information from the ____________ retinas stay on the same side.

nasal; temporal

One reason that many neurons die during synaptic pruning is that they must compete for limited amounts of:

nerve growth factor

The process of growing neurons is referred to as __________, whereas the process of forming glial cells is known as __________.

neurogenesis; gliogenesis

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

norepinephrine

The primary visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

_____________ is hypothesizes to support a tend-and-befriend stress response, which may have evolutionarily benefited _________.

oxytocin; females

Incoming somatosensory information travels from the thamalus to which area of the cortex?

parietal lobe

Which of the following is NOT one of the three functional groups of hormones?

peptide hormones

Rods are found primarily in ______, whereas cones are found primarily in ______.

peripheral vision; the fovea

Which of the following is likely to be called the master gland?

pituitary gland

Coordinating multiple simultaneous movements to accomplish a goal is a function of the:

premotor cortex

The speed at which nerve impulses travel down an axon are greatly increased by:

refractory periods

In the occipital cortex, visual messages are first sent to the __________ cortex or primary visual cortex and then proceeds to the __________ cortex or secondary visual cortex.

striate; extrastriate

Fitness in the Darwinian sense refers to an organism's ability to

survive and contribute large numbers of fertile offspring to the next generation

The primary auditory cortex is located at the

temporal lobe

Glial cells are primarily responsible for:

the support of neurons

The sodium-potassium pump repeatedly transports _______ sodium ions out of the cell while drawing _______ potassium ions into it.

three; two

Unilateral (one side) damage to the spinal chord will result in the loss of __________ in the same side of the body and loss of __________ on the opposite side of the body below the site of damage.

touch and proprioception; pain and temperature

Hair cells in the cochlea are responsible for

transducing sounds waves into neural firing

The ventral spinothalamic tract is the main pain pathway to the brain.

true

The ________ pathway extends from primary visual cortex to the temporal cortex and is known as the "what pathway."

ventral stream

When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occurs in humans?

well before birth

The gate theory of pain can help explain:

why rubbing an injury can reduce pain.

Pure tones are sounds:

with a single frequency