PSYC 2301: Chapter 3 - Research methods and designs
Match the basic ethical principles of the Belmont Report (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). 1. Principle of Beneficence 2. Principle of Respect for Persons 3. Principle of Justice
1. Research should confer benefits and risks must be minimal. 2. Research participants are treated as autonomous. 3. There must be fairness in receiving the benefits of research as well as bearing the burdens of accepting risks.
Match the basic ethical principles of the Belmont Report (in the left column) with their applications (in the right column). 1. Principle of Beneficence 2. Principle of Respect for Persons 3. Principle of Justice
1. necessity to conduct a risk-benefit analysis 2. informed consent of participants 3. selection of subjects for research
The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct provided by the American Psychological Association (APA) is known as the ______.
APA Ethics Code
Identify an argument used by scientists who support the use of animals in research.
Animal research has aided many discoveries that would not have been possible without it.
Current ethical guidelines for both behavioral and medical researchers have their origins in the ______.
Belmont Report
The ______ defined the principles and applications that have guided more detailed regulations developed by the American Psychological Association and other professional societies and U.S. federal regulations that apply to both medical and behavioral research investigations.
Belmont Report
____ is an opportunity for a researcher to deal with issues of withholding information, deception, and potential harmful effects of participation.
Debrief
True or false: Among participants in behavioral research studies, physical stress is more common than psychological stress.
False
True or false: If one cannot replicate the results of a study, it indicates deliberate fraud.
False
True or false: The problem of deception is limited to laboratory research.
False
In the United States, which of the following is responsible for the review of research conducted by every college and university that receives federal funding?
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Identify an accurate statement about fraud in scientific research.
It involves the fabrication of data.
Identify a way to make an informed consent form easy to understand.
It should be written in the second person, i.e., referring to the reader as "You."
Identify an accurate statement about the Nuremberg Code.
It was rooted in the context of the Nazi experience.
The ______ is a legal document that outlines 10 rules of research designed to prevent research atrocities.
Nuremberg Code
______ refers to misrepresenting another's work as your own.
Plagiarism
______ becomes an issue when, without a subject's permission, a researcher collects information under circumstances that the subject ordinarily believes are private.
Privacy
Identify an accurate statement about institutional review boards.
They are local review agencies composed of at least five individuals.
Identify a reason researchers use animals in their behavioral research.
The researchers can carefully control the environmental conditions of the animals.
True or false: For long-term research projects, the IRB will review the project at least once each year.
True
True or false: Many of the principles in the APA Ethics Code echo the ethical principles laid out in the Belmont Report.
True
True or false: There are research procedures in which getting informed consent from participants is not necessary.
True
Which of the following is an ethical code of conduct developed by the World Medical Association? a) Declaration of Helsinki b) Nuremberg Code c) Belmont Report d) Principle of Respect for Persons
a) Declaration of Helsinki
Research must be which of the following, according to the federal agencies that regulate IRBs? (Check all that apply.) a) generalizable b) systematic c) random d) anonymous e) brief
a, b
Which of the following are most likely to cause psychological distress in the participants in a behavioral research study? (Check all that apply.) a) asking the participants about traumatic or unpleasant events in their lives b) giving unfavorable feedback about the participants' abilities c) giving favorable feedback about the participants' personalities d) debriefing the participants on the purpose and significance of the study
a, b
Researchers planning to conduct an investigation are required to submit an application to an Institutional Review Board (IRB). Which of the following are included in the application? (Check all that apply.) a) the exact wording of the informed consent form b) description of risks and benefits c) procedures for maintaining confidentiality d) description of participants' behaviors e) procedures for maximizing risks
a, b, c
Which of the following are among the five general ethical principles of the APA Ethics Code? (Check all that apply.) a) integrity b) beneficence and nonmaleficence c) insensitivity d) respect for rights and responsibilities e) subjugation and dependence f) fidelity and responsibility g) justice
a, b, d, f, g
Identify the points an informed consent form of a research study typically includes. (Check all that apply.) a) risks and benefits of the study b) procedures that will be used, including time involved c) journals in which the study will appear d) information about similar research projects and investigations e) confidentiality of the data collected
a, b, e
In a risk-benefit analysis of a research study, what are the types of benefits that a participant may gain from the research study? (Check all that apply.) a) acquisition of a new skill b) gaining access to scientific equipment and resources c) treatment for a psychological or medical problem d) being privy to personal details of the other participants in the study
a, c
It is important that an informed consent form ______.
be easy for participants to understand
The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code states that psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons and the welfare of animal subjects of research. This refers to the principle of ______.
beneficence
An accurate statement about debriefing in a research study is that it occurs ______.
after the completion of the study
When minors are asked to participate in a research study, a written consent form signed by a parent or guardian is generally required in addition to agreement by the minor; this agreement by a minor is formally called ______.
assent
Although fraud may occur in many fields, it is most serious in science and journalism because these are two fields in which written reports are ______.
assumed to be accurate descriptions of actual events
An Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is composed of ______.
at least one scientist, one veterinarian, and a community member
A researcher collects information from the subjects of a study about their criminal history. No one except the researcher and her team have access to the information. This helps ______.
avoid a breach of confidentiality
Which of the following is true of the Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration? a) Each was developed by the American Psychological Association. b) They did not explicitly address behavioral research. c) Neither of them were applicable to medicine. d) They both contained strict enforcement structures.
b) They did not explicitly address behavioral research.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be given expedited review by the IRB? a) research on individual or group characteristics or behavior b) observation of public behavior c) physical measures like heart rate, muscle tension, and blood pressure d) taking of biological specimens
b) observation of public behavior
Which of the following are unlikely to present major ethical problems in behavioral research? (Check all that apply.) a) observing people while they share their personal problems with doctors b) observing people as they walk in public spaces c) observing people as they stop at traffic lights d) observing people in public restrooms
b) observing people as they walk in public spaces c) observing people as they stop at traffic lights
A research procedure would be deemed deceptive if the observers in the study kept which of the following hidden? (Check all that apply.) a) their research history b) their identity c) their purposes d) their hypothesis
b, c
When is it generally acceptable to withhold information from the participant of a study? (Check all that apply.) a) when the researcher is unsure about the validity of the study and its results b) when the information would not affect the participant's decision to participate in the study c) when there is a debriefing session, after the completion of the study, in which the participant is given the relevant information d) when the participant is not aware of the practices of informed consent or debriefing
b, c
Which of the following are forms of exempt review research? (Check all that apply.) a) data from voice, video, and image recordings b) use of secondary data c) comparisons of educational strategies d) benign behavioral interventions done with adults who are able to consent d) research that poses greater than minimal risk
b, c, d
Identify the potential risks that are examined in a risk-benefit analysis. (Check all that apply.) a) misuse of scientific data b) loss of confidentiality c) lack of satisfaction in being part of a scientific study d) psychological harm
b, d
Identify the reasons for a decrease in the type of elaborate deception seen in the Milgram study. (Check all that apply.) a) More researchers have become interested in emotions rather than cognitive variables. b) Ethics committees at universities and colleges now review proposed research more carefully. c) Elaborate deception has been proven to be an inaccurate method of conducting psychological research. d) The general level of awareness of ethical issues has led researchers to conduct studies in other ways.
b, d
Which of the following is charged with reviewing animal research procedures and ensuring that all regulations are adhered to? a) American Veterinary Research Board b) Government Accountability Committee c) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) d) Institutional Review Board (IRB)
c) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
Which of the following is most likely to happen if the IRB approves of most aspects of a research proposal but has problems with the proposed informed consent procedure? a) The IRB will solicit proposals from other researchers to perform the research. b) The IRB will note it as an issue and take it up upon review after the research has begun. c) The IRB will request a change in the method. d) The IRB will reject the proposal for not having full compliance.
c) The IRB will request a change in the method.
A writer copies a section of another person's work word for word. Which of the following would need to be true to qualify this as word-for-word plagiarism? (Check all that apply.) a) The writer is arguing against the claims in the copied section. b) The words are not placed in quotation marks. c) The meaning of the words is misinterpreted. d) The source of information is not cited.
c, d
Which of the following research activities are considered minimal risk? (Check all that apply.) a) recording participants' reactions to induced psychological stress b) research involving strenuous physical exercise by participants of various fitness levels c) research on individual or group behavior in which the researcher does not manipulate participants' behavior e) recording routine physiological data from adult participants
c, d
The fact that fraud could be a possible explanation of the results of a study stresses the importance of ______.
careful record keeping and documentation of the procedures and results
In the context of informed consent, which of the following is most likely a threat to autonomy?
coercion
After providing research participants with information such as the objectives of the study, the risks and benefits of participation, and so on, they are free to ______.
consent or refuse to participate in the study
Which of the following best describes plagiarism?
including a paragraph or even a sentence that is copied without using quotation marks
Which of the following is true of limited review of minimal risk research? a) It is more time-consuming than a full IRB review. b) It only involves research that does not include sensitive data. c) It is exempt from the review requirements of federal regulations. d) It is usually done by one member of the IRB.
d) It is usually done by one member of the IRB.
Which of the following general ethical principles included in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code states that "psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work"? a) principle of welfare b) principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence c) principle of autonomy d) principle of fidelity and responsibility
d) principle of fidelity and responsibility
In ____ research, is defined as active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study.
deception
MVS Corp., a pharmaceutical company, conducted research to test its new facial product for women. The participants were told not that they were part of a research project but that they were models hired for the company's advertising campaign. The participants were paid handsomely. This scenario best exemplifies ______.
deception
One of the ethical dilemmas in the Milgram obedience study was that the participants ______.
did not know that they were participating in a study of obedience
The Milgram study on obedience played an important role in the development of ______.
ethical standards that guide ethical decision making
Research in which there is no risk is ______.
exempt from review as long as the researcher applies for exempt status
In research, anonymous questionnaires, surveys, and educational tests are all considered ______.
exempt research
What type of review is required for research that is minimal risk research but does not match the exempt research categories?
expedited review
A writer is most likely engaging in paraphrasing plagiarism when he or she ______.
expresses the meaning of a passage from a source text in his or her own words without proper citations
The principle of justice included in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code refers to ______.
fairness and equity
Any research procedure that places participants at greater than minimal risk is subject to ______ review.
full
Elaborate deception in behavioral research is likely to be approved only when the research is ______.
important and there are no alternative procedures available
The idea of ______ in research signifies that people in a research project should be provided with all information that might influence their active decision of whether or not to participate in a study.
informed consent
Which of the following is a concern that makes obtaining informed consent cumbersome?
lack of autonomy
In the context of the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code, the APA has provided ______.
leadership in formulating ethical principles and standards for behavioral research
Studies that might be subject to ______ review are those that include benign behavioral interventions for which sensitive data are collected from adult participants under the circumstance where participants would need to be identified.
limited
When a behavioral research procedure could conceivably cause some physical harm to the participants, great care must be taken to ______.
make the procedures ethically acceptable
The type of research activity in which the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests is referred to as ____ ____ research.
minimal risk
Ethical principles require determining whether the procedures used in research studies have ______.
minimized risk to participants
According to HHS regulations, research must be systematic, which means that it
must be purposely and intentionally designed.
The real purpose of Milgram's obedience experiment was to study ______.
obedience to authority
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be given expedited review by the IRB? a) physical measures like heart rate, muscle tension, and blood pressure b) taking of biological specimens c) research on individual or group characteristics or behavior d) observation of public behavior
observation of public behavior
In ______ plagiarism, instead of the words being directly copied without attribution, the ideas are copied without attribution.
paraphrasing
In the context of the Milgram obedience study, the fact that participants did not know that they were participating in a study of obedience limited the ______.
participants' rights to self-determination
During research, any procedure that limits an individual's freedom to consent is ______.
potentially coercive
Which of the following general ethical principles included in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code states that psychologists recognize that fairness and equity entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by psychologists?
principle of justice
The principle of integrity included in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code states that psychologists seek to ______.
promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology
In the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code, the principle of beneficence refers to the need for ______.
research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of participation
According to the general ethical principle of fidelity and responsibility included in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code, trust is primarily applicable to ______.
researchers' relationships with research participants
One of the general ethical principles in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code states that psychologists respect the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. This is termed the principle of ______.
respect for persons
In the context of the principle of respect for persons included in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code, psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the ______.
rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making
The principle of beneficence leads us to examine potential risks and benefits that are likely to result from a research study; this is called a(n) - ____ _____ analysis.
risk benefit
Informed consent forms for participants should be written in ______.
simple and straightforward language
According to the ethical principle of integrity included in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code, psychologists do not ______.
steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or intentional misrepresentation of fact
In reference to the use of animals in research, it has been found that animal rights groups often exaggerate ______.
the amount of animal research that involves any pain or suffering whatsoever
Animals are used to test the effects of drugs and to study ______.
the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying behavior
Procedures that could conceivably cause some physical harm to participants are rare but possible. Other than making procedures ethically acceptable, it must be ensured that ______.
the researcher offers clear benefits that would outweigh the potential risks of the procedures
Researchers can attempt to avoid confidentiality problems by making sure that ______.
the responses given by research participants are kept anonymous
Martha, a researcher, copies a section of someone else's work word for word. Which of the following steps should Martha take to avoid committing word-for-word plagiarism?
using quotation marks to cite
