PSYC-2314 Chapter 4

Self- _____________ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.

regulation

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure __________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves. A) cognitively B) behaviorally C) verbally D) physically

verbally

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? 4-month old Jill who is giggling 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame

7-year old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up? A) Rothbart and Bates B) Chess and Thomas C) Kagan D) Freud

Chess and Thomas

According to Erikson, shame and doubt arise when A) caregivers are impatient and do for toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves. B) infants feel pride in their new accomplishments and want to do everything themselves. C) infants are left to develop their own independence. D) caregivers fail to criticize toddlers for making mistakes.

caregivers are impatient and do for toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ____________ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ________________ emotions.

positive negative

Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as A) personality B) inhibition C) reactivity D) self-regulation

reactivity

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli? A) agitated B) aggravated C) social D) reflexive

reflexive

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? difficult slow-to-warm-up easy unstable

slow-to-warm-up difficult easy

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months. A) 18 B) 15 C) 6 D) 10

15

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions? (Select all that apply.) A) joy B) surprise C) pride D) interest E) empathy

Pride, empathy

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. A) personal B) one directional C) reciprocal D) singular

Reciprocal

A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile does.

Reflexive social

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______________child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ______________.

emotion

Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following? Multiple select question. distraction emotional reactivity self-esteem self-regulation secure attachment

emotional reactivity

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through A) emotions B) cognitions C) reactions D) instincts

emotions

Infants communicate via emotion even before they understand language and their emotions are critical to their survival. What does this exemplify? A) emotions are adaptive B) emotions are self-conscious C) emotions are reflexive D) emotions are cognitive

emotions are adaptive

______ play characterizes caregiver-infant interactions when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. A) imaginative B) face-to-face C) nonverbal D) role

face-to-face

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be unlikely to experience? A) disgust B) fear C) joy D) guilt

guilt

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow? A) he is insecurely attached babe B) he is securely attached baby C) he is insecure resistant baby D) he is an insecure disorganized baby

he is securely attach baby

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of A) support B) dependence C) independence D) social need

independence

Which of the following best exemplifies that infant emotions are adaptive? A) infants cry when they are hungry B) infants tend to be behaviorally inhibited C) infants develop primary emotions at birth D) infants will eventually develop a sense of self

infants cry when they are hungry

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence. It begins at about 6-7 months of age. It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It reflects a mother's motivation to create a positive emotional state for their infant.

it begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age it reflects a mother's motivation to create a positive emotional state for their infant

Which of the following are important ways that infants in their first year of life begin to understand that other people have intentions? joint attention executive attention gaze following implicit memory elaboration

joint attention gaze following

Young Marco is almost two years old. Whenever his mother goes away, he says to his babysitter, "Mommy gone, Mommy gone." This is an example of how toddlers can use ______________ to define their feelings and what is upsetting them.

language

Self-conscious emotions that involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated, such as shame, guilt, and pride, are sometimes referred to as ______ emotions. A) internal B) secondary C) sinful D) other-conscious

other-conscious

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as __________.

personality

Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as ___________ emotions.

positive

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. A) one directional B) singular C) reciprocal D) personal

reciprocal

Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child. A) difficult B) easy C) introverted D) slow-to-warm-up

slow to warm up

Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people? A) social referencing B) socioemotional selectivity C) joint attention D) reflexive attachment

social referencing

Individual's behavior style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their A) heredity B) temperament C) identity D) personality

temperament

Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in A) socialization B) independence C) temperament D) self-esteem

temperement

Emotion regulation in infants is influenced by context. True False

true

According to Erikson, the issue of trust versus mistrust. A) must be settled before moving onto the next stage B) has only positive outcomes as children age C) arises in each successive stage of development D) is resolved in the first year of life

Arises in each successive stage of development

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following? A) communication with others B) reciprocal socialization C) behavioral organization D) demonstrating intelligence

Behavioral organization, communication with others

Infants are often affected by fatigue, hunger, time of day, which people are around them, and where they are. This demonstrates the influence of ______ on emotion regulation. A) cognition B) physiology C) context D) instinct

Context

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ____________ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

Difficult

Fill in the blank question. Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n)_____________ child.

Difficult

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child. A) slow-to-warm-up B) introverted C) easy D) difficult

Easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an A) emotion B) temperament C) adaptive response D) trait

Emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through A) reactions B) instincts C) cognitions D) emotions

Emotions

Infants communicate via emotion even before they understand language and their emotions are critical to their survival. What does this exemplify? A) emotions are self-conscious B) emotions are reflexive C) emotions are cognitive D) emotions are adaptive

Emotions are adaptive

True or false: According to Bowlby, infant attachment develops from a specific attachment to a more generalized attachment.

False

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be unlikely to experience? A) joy B) fear C) disgust D) guilt

Guilt

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play. A) reciprocal and face-toface B) imaginative C) imitative and reciprocal D) imitative and face-to-face

Imitative and reciprocal

______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably. A) intention B) locomotion C) social referencing D) social orientation

Locomotion

The term ____________protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

Seperation

One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of ____________.

Social referencing

A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results? A) The behavior of the 1- and 2-year-olds exhibited clear cooperation. B) Neither group showed clear evidence of cooperation. C) The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence. D) The actions of both the 1-year-olds and the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation.

The action of the 2-year olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the one-year old suggested coincidence

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence. True False

True

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner. A) trust B) self-expression C) anger D) insecurity

Trust

Emotions regulation in infants is influenced by context. True False

True

Two-year-old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. What does this illustrate? A) developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions B) developmental differences in how personality is manifested C) that there are no differences in development in early childhood D) gender differences in how children use and communicate emotions

a developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions

What is the close emotional bond between two people called? A) accommodation B) organization C) attachment D) assimilation

attachment

Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called A) intimacy versus isolation B) generactivity versus stagnation C) integrity verus despair D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Insecure avoidant babies

babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? (Choose every correct answer.) A) reciprocal B) reflexive C) other-conscious D) synchronous

Reciprocal synchronous

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following? A) demonstrating intelligence B) behavioral organization C) communication with others D) reciprocal socialization

behavioral organization communication with others

After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of A) temperament B) self-recognition C) embarrassment D) vision

self-recognition

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display? somewhat negative affect frequent crying irregular daily routines low intensity of mood low activity level

somewhat negative affect low intensity of mood low activity level

Ainsworth created the _______ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

strange