PSYC-2314 Chapter 4
Self- _____________ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.
regulation
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure __________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves. A) cognitively B) behaviorally C) verbally D) physically
verbally
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions? 4-month old Jill who is giggling 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame
7-year old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame
Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up? A) Rothbart and Bates B) Chess and Thomas C) Kagan D) Freud
Chess and Thomas
According to Erikson, shame and doubt arise when A) caregivers are impatient and do for toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves. B) infants feel pride in their new accomplishments and want to do everything themselves. C) infants are left to develop their own independence. D) caregivers fail to criticize toddlers for making mistakes.
caregivers are impatient and do for toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves
In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ____________ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ________________ emotions.
positive negative
Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as A) personality B) inhibition C) reactivity D) self-regulation
reactivity
Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli? A) agitated B) aggravated C) social D) reflexive
reflexive
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? difficult slow-to-warm-up easy unstable
slow-to-warm-up difficult easy
In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months. A) 18 B) 15 C) 6 D) 10
15
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions? (Select all that apply.) A) joy B) surprise C) pride D) interest E) empathy
Pride, empathy
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. A) personal B) one directional C) reciprocal D) singular
Reciprocal
A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile does.
Reflexive social
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______________child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ______________.
emotion
Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following? Multiple select question. distraction emotional reactivity self-esteem self-regulation secure attachment
emotional reactivity
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through A) emotions B) cognitions C) reactions D) instincts
emotions
Infants communicate via emotion even before they understand language and their emotions are critical to their survival. What does this exemplify? A) emotions are adaptive B) emotions are self-conscious C) emotions are reflexive D) emotions are cognitive
emotions are adaptive
______ play characterizes caregiver-infant interactions when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. A) imaginative B) face-to-face C) nonverbal D) role
face-to-face
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be unlikely to experience? A) disgust B) fear C) joy D) guilt
guilt
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow? A) he is insecurely attached babe B) he is securely attached baby C) he is insecure resistant baby D) he is an insecure disorganized baby
he is securely attach baby
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of A) support B) dependence C) independence D) social need
independence
Which of the following best exemplifies that infant emotions are adaptive? A) infants cry when they are hungry B) infants tend to be behaviorally inhibited C) infants develop primary emotions at birth D) infants will eventually develop a sense of self
infants cry when they are hungry
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence. It begins at about 6-7 months of age. It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It reflects a mother's motivation to create a positive emotional state for their infant.
it begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age it reflects a mother's motivation to create a positive emotional state for their infant
Which of the following are important ways that infants in their first year of life begin to understand that other people have intentions? joint attention executive attention gaze following implicit memory elaboration
joint attention gaze following
Young Marco is almost two years old. Whenever his mother goes away, he says to his babysitter, "Mommy gone, Mommy gone." This is an example of how toddlers can use ______________ to define their feelings and what is upsetting them.
language
Self-conscious emotions that involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated, such as shame, guilt, and pride, are sometimes referred to as ______ emotions. A) internal B) secondary C) sinful D) other-conscious
other-conscious
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as __________.
personality
Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as ___________ emotions.
positive
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other. A) one directional B) singular C) reciprocal D) personal
reciprocal
Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child. A) difficult B) easy C) introverted D) slow-to-warm-up
slow to warm up
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people? A) social referencing B) socioemotional selectivity C) joint attention D) reflexive attachment
social referencing
Individual's behavior style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their A) heredity B) temperament C) identity D) personality
temperament
Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in A) socialization B) independence C) temperament D) self-esteem
temperement
Emotion regulation in infants is influenced by context. True False
true
According to Erikson, the issue of trust versus mistrust. A) must be settled before moving onto the next stage B) has only positive outcomes as children age C) arises in each successive stage of development D) is resolved in the first year of life
Arises in each successive stage of development
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following? A) communication with others B) reciprocal socialization C) behavioral organization D) demonstrating intelligence
Behavioral organization, communication with others
Infants are often affected by fatigue, hunger, time of day, which people are around them, and where they are. This demonstrates the influence of ______ on emotion regulation. A) cognition B) physiology C) context D) instinct
Context
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ____________ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
Difficult
Fill in the blank question. Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n)_____________ child.
Difficult
Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child. A) slow-to-warm-up B) introverted C) easy D) difficult
Easy
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an A) emotion B) temperament C) adaptive response D) trait
Emotion
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through A) reactions B) instincts C) cognitions D) emotions
Emotions
Infants communicate via emotion even before they understand language and their emotions are critical to their survival. What does this exemplify? A) emotions are self-conscious B) emotions are reflexive C) emotions are cognitive D) emotions are adaptive
Emotions are adaptive
True or false: According to Bowlby, infant attachment develops from a specific attachment to a more generalized attachment.
False
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be unlikely to experience? A) joy B) fear C) disgust D) guilt
Guilt
Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play. A) reciprocal and face-toface B) imaginative C) imitative and reciprocal D) imitative and face-to-face
Imitative and reciprocal
______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably. A) intention B) locomotion C) social referencing D) social orientation
Locomotion
The term ____________protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.
Seperation
One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of ____________.
Social referencing
A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results? A) The behavior of the 1- and 2-year-olds exhibited clear cooperation. B) Neither group showed clear evidence of cooperation. C) The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence. D) The actions of both the 1-year-olds and the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation.
The action of the 2-year olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the one-year old suggested coincidence
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence. True False
True
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner. A) trust B) self-expression C) anger D) insecurity
Trust
Emotions regulation in infants is influenced by context. True False
True
Two-year-old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. What does this illustrate? A) developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions B) developmental differences in how personality is manifested C) that there are no differences in development in early childhood D) gender differences in how children use and communicate emotions
a developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions
What is the close emotional bond between two people called? A) accommodation B) organization C) attachment D) assimilation
attachment
Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called A) intimacy versus isolation B) generactivity versus stagnation C) integrity verus despair D) autonomy versus shame and doubt
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Insecure avoidant babies
babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? (Choose every correct answer.) A) reciprocal B) reflexive C) other-conscious D) synchronous
Reciprocal synchronous
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following? A) demonstrating intelligence B) behavioral organization C) communication with others D) reciprocal socialization
behavioral organization communication with others
After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of A) temperament B) self-recognition C) embarrassment D) vision
self-recognition
Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display? somewhat negative affect frequent crying irregular daily routines low intensity of mood low activity level
somewhat negative affect low intensity of mood low activity level
Ainsworth created the _______ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
strange