PSYC 245 Midterm practice

The state of stress has two components: a ___, the even that creates the demands, and a ___, the person's reactions to the demands. A. stressor; stress response B. stress response; stressor C. stress event: stress response D. stressor; stress reaction

A.

Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful? A) determining general laws of behavior B) suggesting new areas for further study C) studying unusual problems D) learning a great deal about a particular patient

A`

Which is a physical symptom of depression? A. sleeping poorly B. lack of desire to go to work C. decreased level of physical activity D. experiences of sadness and dejection

a. sleeping poorly

A person who primarily prescribes medication but does not conduct psychotherapy is called a: A pharmacist B psychopharmacologist C clinical psychologist D family practice nurse

B

Which of the following is part of the legacy of Dorothea Dix? A) deinstitutionalization B) state mental hospitals C) federal prisons D) privatization of mental hospitals

B) state mental hospitals

Disorders that represent the conversion of conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms would include: A) psychophysiological disorders B) conversion disorders C) disassociative disorders D) phobia disorders

B

What model of mental illness did most people hold during the Middle Ages? A) the moral model B) the medical model C) the psychogenic model D) the demonology model

D) the demonology model

____ disorder is a condition in which an individual feigns or induces physical symptoms, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person.

Factitious

Someone who has panic symptoms and cannot identify an environmental trigger for the event is most likely experiencing which specific type of attack? A.Situationally bound attack B.False attack C.Situationally cued attack D.Uncued attack

Uncued attack

___ is a key to one's sense of identity, the link between one's past, present, and future.

memory

Biofeedback training often combines monitoring of physiological responses with A.medication. B.self-reports of anxiety levels. C.in vivo exposure. D.relaxation training.

relaxation training.

Research indicates that the generalized subtype of social anxiety disorder is associated with a childhood history of A.neglect. B.abuse. C.panic attacks. D.shyness.

shyness.

Between _ percent of all people experience illness anxiety disorder. A. 1 and 5 B. 2 and 4 C. 1 and 3 D. 1 and 4

A.

If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose: A) a drug that increased neuronal firing speed B) a benzodiazepine C) any of the antidepressants D) a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than neuron level

B) a benzodiazepine

If your primary symptom were excessive worry, the psychotropic drug for you would be an: A) antipsychotic. B) antidepressant. C) antiemetic. D) antianxiety medication.

D) antianxiety medication.

People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be ______ than they were 50 years ago. A) medicated with psychotropic drugs B) hospitalized in mental institutions C) homeless or in prison D) treated in outpatient facilities

D) treated in outpatient facilities

Which of the following are components of the autonomic nervous system? A.Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems B.Brain and spinal cord C.Peripheral nervous system and brain D.Somatic sensory system and parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

The central feature of bulimia nervosa is: A) purging either by vomiting or use of laxatives B) binge eating, followed by a compensatory behavior C) fanatic exercising proceeded by binge eating D) excessive dieting and weight loss

B

In regard to most disorders, serotonin is thought to a. function independently of other neurotransmitters. b. regulate other neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine. c. be unrelated to symptoms. d. none of the above

B

Which model of abnormality would focus on factors such as norms, family structure, and support systems, in particular? A behavioral B cognitive-behavioral C gestalt D sociocultrual

D

Patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem, on average, experience improvement greater than ______ of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment. A) 25 percent B) 75 percent C) 100 percent D) 0 percent

B. 75 present

If you were receiving medications to control hallucinations and delusions, you would MOST likely be receiving: A) antidepressants. B) antipsychotics. C) antibipolar drugs. D) minor tranquilizers

B. Antipsychotics

Which of the following are "new diagnoses" that clinicians are currently seeing in their practices? A. eco-anxiety B. cyber fear. C. terrorism terror D. crime phobia

B. Cyber fear C. terrorism terror D. crime phobia

"That's all right. You are doing your best, don't worry. I am here for you." A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST likely follow the: A) cognitive tradition. B) humanistic tradition. C) psychodynamic tradition. D) rational-emotive tradition.

B. Humanistic tradition

The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a client's family structure, societal norms, and a client's roles in society is: A) existential B) cognitive-behavioral C) sociocultural D) humanistic

C) sociocultural

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is A.) experieincing reduced responsiveness B.) experieincing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt C.) experieincing avoidance D.) reexperiencing the traumatic event

D

Health psychology, a subfield of behavioral medicine, focuses on all of the following EXCEPT a. promotion and maintenance of health. b. health policy formation. c. improvements in healthcare systems. d. psychosomatic effects on health.

D

If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use: A) a measure of reliability B) standardization C) a validity assessment D) a response inventory

D

If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: A) disengaged B) externalized C) cultural D) enmeshed

D

If a new test for assessing anorexic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of others tests for assessing anorexic tendencies, then the new test has high: A) standardization criteria B) performance criteria C) predictive validity D) concurrent validity

D

Which item is an analogue study? A) studying the elderly in nursing homes B) studying the effects of metaphors on memory C) studying children in their classrooms D) studying the effects of stress in nonhumans

D

These are a group of hormones which are released by the adrenal glands at times of stress. A. serotonin B. ACH C. insulin D. corticosteroids

D.

This behavioral exposure treatment involves clients moving their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they would ordinarily avoid. A. ERDR B. EMCR C. ENDR D. EMDR

D.

This is a group that meets to talk about and explore members' problems in an atmosphere of mental support. A. vet group B. chat group C. talk group D. rap group

D.

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, classical conditioning was demonstrated when A.the CS elicited the CR. B.the UCS elicited the CR. C.the UCS elicited the UCR. D.the CS was paired with the UCS.

the CS elicited the CR.

Which of the following is an example of an open-ended interview question? A."How frequently do you miss class?" B."Do you have periods of feeling blue or hopeless?" C."Tell me more about it." D."Is your family supportive of your decision to seek treatment?"

"Tell me more about it."

If a deer jumps out in front of you while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) cortisol system C) conservation system D) sympathetic nervous system

...

Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother's new husband and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A) catharsis. B) resistance. C) transference. D) countertransference.

B. Resistance

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques uses a radioactive substance and allows us to trace neuotransmitter pathways in the brain? A.Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) B.Functional MRI (fMRI) C.MRI D.CAT scan

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

Psychophysiological, or ___, disorders are referred to as psychological factors affecting other medical conditions by the DSM-5

psychosomatic

In using the same test more than once during the course of therapy, the psychologist is most likely trying to gauge the course of symptoms over time or A.the acceptability of the treatment recommendations. B.the effect of treatment. C.the baseline frequency of symptoms. D.the validity of the diagnosis.

the effect of treatment.

The key elements of systematic desensitization include progressive muscle relaxation, constructing a hierarchy of fears and _______. A.the learning process B.the Freudian process C.the Oedipal process D.the aversion process

the learning process

"Abnormal behaviors-indeed, all behaviors-are acquired through learning." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? A behavioral B psychodynamic C cognitive D humanistic-existential

A

"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves with honesty and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behaviors." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by: A.) humantistic theorists B.) sociocultural theorists C.) behaviorists D.) cognitive theorists

A

7. Which one of the following statements is MOST consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression? A) Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely. B) One must completely eliminate negative thoughts to recover from depression. C) Negative thoughts are valuable guides for behavior. D) The behavioral approach alone is preferable to cognitive interventions.

A) Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely.

The "typical" child who commits suicide is a: A) boy who understands what death really is. B) girl who understands what death really is. C) boy who does not understand what death really is. D) girl who does not understand what death really is.

A. boy who understands what death really is

You would expect a remorseless, seasoned criminal to score highly on which scale of the MMPI? a. Paranoia b. Psychopathic deviation c. Psychasthenia d. Social introversion

Answer: B

Your best friend tells you she has just gotten a job in a Veteran's Administration hospital where she will administer and interpret tests, diagnose and treat mental disorders, and continue her research on chronic disorders. All of her training in _____________ has paid off. a. nursing b. psychiatry c. social work d. clinical psychology

Answer: D

In terms of risk, who is more likely to experience depressive disorder? A) a man C) a person over 50 (man or woman) B) a woman D) a teenage male

B

According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories? A. They employ more lethal means. B. They believe death will not end their existence. C. They intend to end their lives with their action. D. They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

B. They believe death will not end their existence.

Cognitive therapsists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: A.) lack of empathy B.) overacttive id impulses C.) maladaptive assumptions D.) interpersonal loss

C

If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then: A.) phobias should be less frequent in modern than in ancient times B.) animals and humans should have the same phobias C.) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others D.) all phobias dimish--with treatment--at about the same rate

C

_____ is/are more effective than other antidepressants for treating atypical depression. A) SSRIs C) MAOIs B) Tricyclic antidepressants D) ECT

C

The mood and thoughts of suicidal people are MOST often characterized as: A) anxious and irrational. B) angry and aggressive. C) sad and hopeless. D) tense and manic.

C. sad & hopeless

_____ is a loss of pleasure. A) Hypomania C) Psychomotor agitation B) Vegetative affect D) Anhedonia

D

The mood and thoughts of suicidal people are MOST often characterized as: A. tense and manic. B. angry and aggressive. C. anxious and irrational. D. sad and hopeless.

D. sad and hopeless.

Which therapy would treat depression and anxiety by attaining insights, along with a release of emotions, which would act to develop more mature patterns of behavior? A.Cognitive-Behavioral B.Psychodynamic C.Humanistic D.Biological

Psychodynamic

Geraldine has completed an IQ test. In reviewing the test results, the psychologist observes that the patient's Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) is significantly lower than her Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI). Given this information, which of the following tests has the psychologist administered to Geraldine? A.Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale B.Simon Intelligence Test for Adults C.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV D.Luria-Nebraska Intelligence Test

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV

What is operant conditioning? A.measuring behaviors by use of observation B.learning by use of rewards and punishments C.learning by use of associations D.ending an association by use of extinction

learning by use of rewards and punishments

Both structured and unstructured clinical interviews are used for screening, diagnosis, treatment planning, and A.outcome evaluation. B.field testing. C.reliability monitoring. D.establishing construct validity.

outcome evaluation.

People with conversion and somatic symptom disorders usually seek ___ only as a last resort.

psychotherapy

Carl Rogers felt that therapists should demonstrate _______, which involves valuing clients for who they are and not judging them. A.unconditional positive regard B.therapeutic insight C.emotional distancing D.self-disclosure

unconditional positive regard

Symptoms after a traumatic event that last for ___ may be diagnosed as acute stress disorder. A. less than one month B. three months C. three weeks D. six months

A.

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders supports which theoretical perspective(s)? A. biological B. cognitive C. behavioral D. humanistic

A. biological

The ___ phenomenon refers to an acute feeling of knowing. One is unable to recall some piece of information, but one knows that he or she knows it. A. tip-of-the-tongue B. jamais vu C. deja vu D. metamemory

A.

Select the following correlation that demonstrates the strongest relationship between two variables. A.-.76 B.+.75 C.-.50 D.+.20

-.76

If a person complains of a wide variety of physical symptoms over a period of time in the absence of a physical basis for the symptoms, the diagnosis would likely be: A) somatic symptom disorder B) psychophysiological disorder C) conversion disorder D) body dysmorphic disorder

A

If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and could never measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called: A) conditions of worth B) empathy C) moral anxiety D) unconditional positive regard

A

If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, the researcher can conclude that: A) as stress increases, health decreases B) mental illness causes both stress and poor health C) stress causes people to have poor health D) poor health causes people to experience stress

A

Illness anxiety disorder exists when a. a person is excessively concerned about being sick, even when only experiencing minor symptoms. b. real physical illness is exaggerated to the point where the patient can only focus on the pain. c. the patient has an unrealistic fear of contacting germs. d. the patient is truly ill but does not trust the medical establishment enough to seek treatment.

A

For me, crossing a bridge is terrifying. If you hardly notice crossing a bridge, we differ in: A) trait anxiety. B) state anxiety. C) situation anxiety. D) physiological anxiety.

C) situation anxiety.

Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells us that: A children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior B children of people with schizophrenia inherit a "criminal" gene. C criminal children cause their parents to become schizophrenic. D people with schizophrenia teach their children to become criminals.

A

Imagine that you are asked to give a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence. Your BEST response would be: A "Although they are used widely, they are not particularly reliable." B "The APA endorses their use." C "On average, 50 out of 100 truths are categorized as lies." D "Most courts admit evidence from polygraphs in criminal trials."

A

In 1936 Canadian researcher Hans Selye discovered that giving injections to laboratory rats caused them to develop ulcers. His finding led to a new area of study called a. stress physiology. b. stress psychology. c. animal psychology. d. psychosomatic pathology.

A

Studies have found that children and adolescents taking _____ have a greater risk for suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts. A) SSRIs C) MAOIs B) tricyclic antidepressants D) ECT

A

A therapist's preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as: A) naturalistic observation B) structured observation C) self-monitoring D) battery observation

A

Adults with a(n) _____ attachment are LEAST likely to be vulnerable to depression. A) secure C) anxious ambivalent B) insecure D) ambivalent

A

Although Jill feels fine now and believes that she is healthy, she still worries endlessly about developing a serious illness. Most likely Jill would be diagnosed with a. illness anxiety disorder. b. conversion disorder. c. somatization disorder. d. body dysmorphic disorder.

A

An alter is a. a separate identity experienced by someone with dissociative identity disorder. b. a new identity created by someone with dissociative fugue. c. a new identity created by someone with generalized amnesia. d. a physical symptom with no physical cause experienced by someone with somatic symptom disorder.

A

An effective treatment for SAD is a. exposure to bright light shortly after awakening. b. exposure to bright light in the evening. c. exposure to a negative ion generator shortly after awakening. d. exposure to a negative ion generator in the evening.

A

Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is: A) standardization B) reliability C) face validity D) predictive validity

A

As a result of taking antidepressant drugs, a person is experiencing increased production of new neurons in the hippocampus. This is: A) normal, and is one indication of successful treatment. B) abnormal, and is one indication that the drug is not working. C) abnormal, and is an indication that bipolar disorder would be the proper diagnosis. D) abnormal, and is an indication that the depression is worsening

A

Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which of the following would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior? A Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs. B Barney wants the cookies desperately but asks his mother for a couple. C Barney waits or his mother to eave the room, takes a few cookies, and runs away. D Barney asks for some cookies in a whiney voice and throws a tantrum when he is denied

A

Changes in body image among African American women and among women in non-Westernized cultures support the idea that ______ has/have a strong influence on body image. A) exposure to white U.S. culture B) the impact of gender C) cognitive distortions D) genetic similarities

A

Cognitive symptoms of depression include all of these EXCEPT: A) hypersomnia. C) negative evaluations. B) feelings of worthlessness. D) strong feelings of guilt.

A

Compared to projective tests, personality inventories: A have higher validity B are less standardized C have lower reliability D are more difficult to administer and evaluate

A

Deciding that a client's psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called: A) diagnosis B) psychotherapy C) triage D) assessment

A

Depressive individuals tend to exhibit a. greater right anterior brain activity. b. greater left anterior brain activity. c. more alpha wave activity. d. less overall brain activity.

A

Factitious disorder imposed on another is often characterized by a. deliberate actions directed toward making a child sick. b. a parent denying that a child has symptoms that have, in fact, been observed. c. a parent developing the same symptoms that their child has. d. convincing a child to lie to a doctor about factitious symptoms.

A

Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called _________ variables. A) confounding B) blind C) controlled D) irrelevant

A

Family members are overinvolved in each other's lives but are affectionate and loyal. This description fits Salavador Minuchin's defintion of an: A) institutionalized family pattern B) autonomous family pattern C) under functioning family pattern D) enmeshed family pattern

A

For which disorder would you expect to find nearly equal numbers of men and women sufferers? A) binge-eating disorder B) purging-type anorexia nervosa C) bulimia nervosa D) restricted-type anorexia nervosa

A

Having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are ______ symptoms of depression. A) physical / behavioral C) behavioral B) emotional D) motivational

A

Ideally, ctrical incident stress debriefing occurs: A.) immediately and is short-term B.) after a "recovery" period and is long-term C.) after a "recovery" period and is short-term D.) immediaitely and it long-term

A

Which model of abnormality would MOST focus on factors such as norms, family structure, and support systems? A) behavioral B) cognitive-behavioral C) gestalt D) sociocultural

D. Gestalt

Current IQ test scores are standardized using a mean of ______ and a standard deviation of __________. A.100; 10 B.115; 10 C.115; 15 D.100; 15

100; 15

Which of the following is an incorrect match between a drug and the problem it is used to treat? a. Reserpine: aggression b. Benzodiazepines: panic attacks c. Bromides: hallucinations d. Neuroleptics: delusions

Answer: C

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have: A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine. B) especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine, and their metabolites. C) particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin, as measured by their metabolites. D) an absence of the neurotransmitters cortisol and serotonin

A

If a clinician begins by asking, "Would you tell me about yourself?" the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n): A.) unstructured interview B.) structured interview C.) mental status exam D.) interview schedule

A

5. Too many T4 (helper) cells can result in a. an autoimmune disease. b. diminished antibody responses. c. long-term immune activity. d. diminished immune functions.

A

A group if physical illnesses that seem to be cause or worsened by an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors is called: A) psychological factors affecting other medical conditions B) illness anxiety disorders C) conversion disorders D) somatic symptom disorders

A

A person who is suicidal and can see no reason for living BEST fits which definition of abnormality? A) danger B) deviance C) dysfunction D) distress

A

Which is the MOST accurate biological explanation for people who gain weight after losing it? A) the brain is trying to restore the person to a set weight point B) abnormally high levels of serotonin persist despite dieting C) excessive stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus D) hypothalamus stops producing the appetite suppressant GLP-1

A

Which statement about ECT is NOT true? A) ECT works by targeting the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine. B) ECT is used when a patient's symptoms of depression are severe and the patient cannot take medication because of side effects or for other medical reasons. C) ECT for depression is typically administered two to three times a week over several weeks. D) Depressed patients who have not responded to antidepressants commonly relapse after receiving ECT.

A

Which treatment produces the fastest results in the biological treatment for unipolar depression? A) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) B) second-generation antidepressant drugs C) MAO inhibitors D) tricyclic antidepressant medication

A

Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior: A) is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety B) originally is associated with an increase in anxiety C) is logically rather than randomly connected to fearful situations D) is exhibited by everyone

A) is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety

Which of the following best captures the meaning of reliability? A.Test scores vary over time but stay within 2 standard deviations of the mean. B.Test scores of different people are highly correlated. C.A test consistently produces the same score for the same person. D.Interrater agreement is low.

A test consistently produces the same score for the same person.

The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning? A somatogenic B psychogenic C moral D deterministic

A.

A teenager's hands and arms are covered with self-inflicted burns, and the teenager seems almost addicted to this destructive behavior. The self-inflicted burns would MOST likely be classified as: A) self-injury, a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "subintentional death" classification. B) self-injury, which is not a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "subintentional death" classification. C) a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "death darer" classification. D) a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "death seeker" classification.

A. self-injury, a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "subintentional death" classification

Developing norms for an assessment tool by giving it to a large number of subjects is called: A. standardization. B. validity. C. reliability. D. accuracy.

A. standardization

People with low incomes are ______ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders. A. twice B. four times C. just D. three times

A. twice

A circuit of this system controls alarm reactions. a. Noradrenergic b. Dopamine c. 5-HT d. GABA

Answer: A

Acute stress disorder a. is really PTSD occurring directly after the trauma. b. can include dissociative symptoms. c. is a new disorder in DSM-IV. d. all of the above

Answer: D

now about the relationship of the variables? A.There is no relationship between the variables. B.As hours of sleep increase, test performance increases. C.As hours of sleep decrease, test performance increases. D.There is a causal relationship between the variables.

As hours of sleep decrease, test performance increases.

_____ has to be present in order for a fear to be considered a phobia. A.Excessive worry B.Avoidance C.Sudden onset D.Panic

Avoidance

Electroconvulsive therapy would be MOST recommended when: A. depression is mild to moderate. B. the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs. C. suicide is not judged to be a significant risk. D. the patient first comes to therapy.

B. the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs.

Correlational studies and experiments are preferred over case studies the following reasons: A. they offer rich details that make the results extremely interesting. B. they use statistical tests to analyze results. C. they typically observe many individuals. D. they are more easily replicable

B. they use statistical tests to analyze results C. they typically observe many individuals D. they are more easily replicable.

Relapse for people with bulimia and people with anorexia is MOST likely triggered by: A) medication withdrawal B) weight gain C) life stresses D) media exposure

C

Dread and horror are part of the ___ responses to stress. A. physical B. mental C. emotional D. cognitive

C.

Culturally sensitive therapists would be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT: A) recognize that children of immigrants have special challenges. B) help clients express anger and pain related to their life situation. C) encourage clients to become fully acculturated into the dominant culture. D) focus on raising the client's self-esteem.

C. encourage clients to become fully acculturated into the dominant culture.

Emile Durkheim's theory of suicide fits into the: A) cognitive model. B) biological model. C) sociocultural model. D) psychodynamic model.

C. sociocultural model

According to Bandura, if you have self-efficacy: A. will automatically have high self-esteem B. you will be able to perform at a higher level of competence C. you will willingly take on challenging endeavors D. you believe that you can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary

C. you will willingly take on challenging endeavors D. you believe that you can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary

Alonzo is a very laid-back kind of guy. He knows how to work hard, but is not so competitive at work that he butts heads with his colleagues. He likes to relax, takes life "as it comes," and generally experiences low levels of stress. Alonzo can be described as having a ___ personality. A. Type A B. Type C C. Type B D. Type D

C>

Which of the following designs captures a "snapshot" of a cohort at one time? A.Cross-sectional B.Randomized controlled C.Longitudinal D.ABAB reversal

Cross-sectional

A client in a totally relaxed state vividly imagines formerly anxiety-arousing situations without feeling any lingering anxiety. MOST likely, that client has just completed what type of therapy? A) family systems B) cognitive therapy C) Freudian psychoanalysis D) systematic desensitization

D

A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing: A.) physiological damage B.) typical panic attacks C.) a normal response to stress D.) panic disorder

D

Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed: A. antidepressant B. antianxiety C. antihypochondriacal D. antipsychotic

D

The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders is to: A. have the subpersonalities develop equal "shares" of the person's functioning B. have the "other" subpersonalities become subject to the subpersonality that the the "protector role" C. gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities D. merge the subpersonaliities into a single identity

D. merge the subpersonaliities into a single identity

The principle of informed consent assumes that: A. the benefits outweigh the risks. B. there are no risks in the study under consideration. C. there is compensation. D. the participant can understand the explanation.

D. the participant can understand the explanation

What is the cause of death in the majority of male suicides in the United States? A) hanging B) car accidents C) drug overdose D) use of guns

D. use of guns

William is a well-educated 40-year-old man who suffers from schizophrenic disorder. Originally, he was employed as a computer programmer, but he was fired two months ago because of chronic absenteeism. For the last several weeks he has been homeless. He sleeps at night in a cardboard box behind a Dunkin Donut after closing time. Which of the following theories might describe William's current plight? A.Downward drift B.Developmental trajectory C.Downward shift D.Downward SES

Downward drift

In operant conditioning, a reinforcer serves to _______ a behavior it follows. A.strengthen B.weaken C.diminish D.extinguish

strengthen

In the classical conditioning paradigm demonstrated by Pavlov through his study of the physiology of dog digestion, what was the UCS? A.Pavlov B.Bell C.Food powder D.Salivating

Food powder

_______, or the ability to speak freely and openly about anything, is a cornerstone of Freud's treatment methods. A.Unconditional positive regard B.Biochemical therapy C.Changing cognitions D.Free association

Free association

Dr. Santiago is interested in evaluating the prevalence of binge drinking in freshmen and seniors at a local college. After collecting data from a self-report survey, he concludes that freshmen have a higher rate of binge drinking than seniors. Given these findings, what is Dr. Santiago able to conclude from the research? A.Freshmen will continue to drink at this rate throughout their college careers. B.Freshmen binge drink more than seniors in this college at this time. C.The freshman rate for binge drinking will decrease as students move closer to graduation. D.Seniors most likely engaged in high rates of binge drinking as freshmen.

Freshmen binge drink more than seniors in this college at this time.

An older client is being evaluated for memory deficits. After completing an assessment, the clinician suspects that the client suffers from Alzheimer's disease. This client would most likely have problems in which part of the limbic system? A.Caudate B.Hippocampus C.Amygdala D.Cingulate gyrus

Hippocampus

What are the differences between incidence and prevalence in epidemiology? A.Incidence refers to the number of cases within a small sample; prevalence is the number of cases within a population. B.Incidence refers to the number of new cases in a population within a certain time; whereas prevalence is the total number of active cases. C.Incidence consists of the total number of cases in a research study; prevalence is the number of new cases in a study. D.Incidence is the number of cases in 12 months or less; prevalence describes the number of cases in 12 months or more.

Incidence refers to the number of new cases in a population within a certain time; whereas prevalence is the total number of active cases.

According to Freud, which of the following was critical to overcoming psychological difficulties? A.Insight B.Empathy C.Hypnosis D.Regression

Insight

What is the major disadvantage of case studies? A.Case studies do not provide in-depth accounts. B.Case studies provide very little information on the individual. C.Case studies do not provide information about family history. D.It is difficult to draw generalities from case studies.

It is difficult to draw generalities from case studies.

What is a major advantage to cognitive behavior therapy? A.It tries to understand the complex dynamics of personality. B.It may cause memory loss C.It is empirically-based and designed to change behavior. D.It gives people the unconditional positive regard they desire

It is empirically-based and designed to change behavior.

Identify a primary limitation of case studies. A.They do not apply to the general population, only the mentally ill. B.It is risky to draw general conclusions about a disorder from a single example. C.Their basis for truth is flawed. D.They become outdated quickly.

It is risky to draw general conclusions about a disorder from a single example.

What is meant by the term "empirically supported treatment"? A.It means that Dr. Phil has used the therapy. B.It means that a treatment has demonstrated its ability to improve patients' symptoms. C.It means that the patient goes through catharsis. D.It means that a patient is able to uncover their unconscious desires.

It means that a treatment has demonstrated its ability to improve patients' symptoms.

Which statement best illustrates the major advantage of a case study? A.It provides summaries on a large number of individuals who share unusual mental conditions. B.It provides research statistics on interesting personality issues. C.It provides generalities about psychological symptoms. D.It provides an in-depth account of an individual's experience with a mental disorder.

It provides an in-depth account of an individual's experience with a mental disorder.

What is the major disadvantage of the experimental method? A.Researchers cannot determine correlation from the experimental method. B.Researchers cannot determine causation from the experimental method. C.Many important variables cannot be manipulated. D.Researchers cannot use random assignment in the experimental method.

Many important variables cannot be manipulated.

Which of the following IS NOT a feature of randomized controlled designs that can affect a study's outcome? A.Assessment strategies B.Participant selection procedures C.Internal validity D.Moderator variables

Moderator variables

Roshanda is a good-natured four-year-old who typically enjoys her 7:30 PM bedtime ritual. After the first day of preschool, Roshanda cries and refuses to stay in bed following her mother's goodnight kiss and demands to sleep in her parents' bed. After three unsuccessful attempts to entice Roshanda to sleep in her own bed, her mother gives in. This pattern is repeated every night. Which statement most appropriately applies to this scenario? A.Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement. B.The mother could overcome Roshanda's resistance to obedience through vicarious conditioning. C.The pattern of behavior is not indicative of a typical fear response for a child. D.Roshanda's behavior is resistant to extinction.

Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement.

_____ is more immediate, more intense, and more emotionally focused than anxiety. A.Panic B.Excessive worry C.Pessimism D.Apprehension

Panic

During which of the following psychosexual stages does a child experience fantasies about the opposite-sex parent? A.Oral Stage B.Anal Stage C.Phallic Stage D.Genital Stage

Phallic Stage

What are the advantages to using brain imaging techniques? A.They can rule out neurological conditions and can help researchers explore the relationship between brain functions and specific mental disorders. B.They can define and determine the severity of almost any disorder. C.They can accurately diagnose the patient without other data. D.They are inexpensive to conduct and can take the place of psychological assessments.

They can rule out neurological conditions and can help researchers explore the relationship between brain functions and specific mental disorders.

Hippocrates believed that maladaptive behaviors were caused by an imbalance in bodily humors that originated either with physical factors or A.demonic possession. B.a shifting of lunar tides. C.the wrath of the gods. D.a change in the seasons.

a change in the seasons.

Dr. Otto went to graduate school for five years and completed an internship. She now has a doctoral degree and works with patients and treats them using psychotherapy. She cannot prescribe medication, but is pursuing the right to do so. Name Dr. Otto's profession. A.a psychiatrist B.a social worker C.a mental health counselor D.a clinical psychologist

a clinical psychologist

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) assesses an individual's ability to set shift, or display flexibility, in thinking as the goal of a task changes. As a "frontal lobe test," it is able to discriminate A.a frontal lesion from a nonfrontal lesion in a patient. B.violent versus nonviolent patients. C.and detect only subcortical lesions. D.persons at risk for a seizure disorder.

a frontal lesion from a nonfrontal lesion in a patient.

Trent suddenly begins trembling, sweating and having heart palpitations as he enters the convention center where he is scheduled to speak. He feels like he is losing control, and just wants to run away and hide. After breathing deeply and slowly for several minutes, the feeling subsides. What is Trent likely experiencing? A.a compulsion B.a panic attack C.obsessive-compulsive disorder D.generalized anxiety disorder

a panic attack

The Rorschach projective test includes _______. A.a behavioral journal B.a structured interview C.a series of images on cards D.a detailed questionnaire

a series of images on cards

Compare the following, and determine which is most likely to trigger the onset of an anxiety disorder? A.a disability or impairment B.a loss or failure C.a threat or danger D.a relationship or friendship

a threat or danger

The clinical interviewer MOST interested in discovering assumptions and interpretations that influence the person would have what orientation? a) cognitive b) psychodynamic c) humanistic d) behavioral

a) cognitive

What approach to classification focuses on a specific characteristic and how much of that characteristic is displayed? A.subjective B.labeling C.dimensional D.categorical

dimensional

___ is the final merging of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder.

fusion

Specific phobias of ______ are more common in women than in men. A.blood-injury-illness B.heights C.animals D.needles

animals

___ medications may reduce the occurrence of flashbacks, nightmares, and panic attacks, as well as feelings of depression.

antidepressant

The term "deviance" implies A.having a mental illness. B.engaging in criminal wrongdoing. C.looking different. D.behaving differently.

behaving differently.

According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from: A. learned helplessness. B. irrational expectations. C. regression to the oral stage. D. learned anxiety turned inward.

c. regression to the oral stage

Anxiety disorders are often _____ conditions. A.extremely short-term B.chronic C.acute D.violent

chronic

___ disorder is marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes.

dissociative

Harry, who is afraid of snakes, wants to get over his fear before taking a camping trip with his buddies. A therapist tells Harry to stand in an enclosure filled with nonpoisonous snakes for several minutes, until he no longer feels fearful. What technique is the therapist recommending? A.aversion therapy B.systematic desensitization C.flooding D.psychodynamic therapy

flooding

The cerebral cortex is divided into _____ lobes. A.four B.three C.five D.two

four

Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the brain? A.frontal B.temporal C.parietal D.four

four

Freud and his successor, Carl Jung, had fundamental disagreements about the motivation for behavior. While Freud thought that past events and sexual impulses were important, Jung believed that A.future goals and spiritual motivators were causal elements. B.present events and spiritual motivators cause behavior. C.past events and sexual and spiritual motivators were important. D.birth order was the most important determinant.

future goals and spiritual motivators were causal elements.

Mike and Jill are twins who were raised together. Jill developed an eating disorder at the age of 16, but Mike did not. Jill's psychologist believes her hormones contributed to the development of her disorder. According to epidemiological studies, what is the most likely factor that would contribute to the difference between Mike and Jill? A.society B.attachment issues C.gender differences D.parenting style

gender differences

The type of sample selected for a research study affects the recruitment strategy for participants as well as the A.number of dependent variables studied. B.generalizability of the study findings. C.number of conditions in a study. D.length of the study.

generalizability of the study findings.

What is the function of the id, according to psychoanalytic theory? A.houses biological drives B.mediates the interactions between the superego and the ego C.reduces conscious anxiety D.promotes awareness of societal norms

houses biological drives

Thought suppression may actually _____ associated with those thoughts. A.eradicate unwanted cognitions B.instill healthy coping behaviors C.decrease the physical responses D.increase the undesirable emotions

increase the undesirable emotions

Two psychologists diagnosed a patient and both arrived at the same disorder and same diagnosis. This is an example of _____. A.multiaxial classification B.concurrent validity C.comorbidity D.interrater reliability

interrater reliability

While psychoanalytic and humanistic models assume that abnormality lies within the individual, ________ models assume that abnormal behavior must be understood in a larger context outside of the individual. A.socioenvironmental B.sociocultural C.sociopathic D.phenomenological

sociocultural

One way to overcome a limitation of the case study method is to A.standardize the types of treatment methods used. B.vary the levels of the independent variable. C.generate conclusions as to the cause of a disorder in a case report. D.vary the number of sessions used.

standardize the types of treatment methods used.

All of the following are techniques Freud used for treatment EXCEPT A.hypnosis. B.dream analysis. C.sublimation. D.free association.

sublimation.

A psychologist is interested in finding the lifetime prevalence rate for substance abuse in the U.S. His main interest is in learning A.if the rate of substance abuse is higher in adolescence than adulthood. B.the number of people who currently report substance abuse problems. C.the number of people who report substance abuse problems at any point in their lives. D.whether the number of people who report developing substance abuse problems has increased within the last year.

the number of people who report substance abuse problems at any point in their lives.

What does a correlational study assess? A.the pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of a disorder B.the relation between two factors C.biological structures D.causality among multiple factors

the relation between two factors

According to Freud's theory, the id is A.located at the conscious level of awareness. B.the source of basic drives and of psychic energy. C.capable of delaying gratification through its conscience. D.controlled by the superego but not by the ego.

the source of basic drives and of psychic energy.

Although Dr. Johnson has been trained in Exner's comprehensive system for scoring and interpreting the Rorschach Inkblot Test, he does not use the test as part of his clinical test battery. Having reviewed the literature, Dr. Johnson found that A.the test has significant test reliability and validity but the normative data are outdated. B.the projective nature of the test makes it useful for screening severe pathology, but it results in false negatives when used with normal individuals. C.the test has questionable test reliability, its normative data are outdated, and it has limited validity. D.the test has appropriate validity properties, but its projective nature limits its use for scientist-practitioners.

the test has questionable test reliability, its normative data are outdated, and it has limited validity.

In nonwestern societies, people tend to be more concerned with how anxiety affects _____. A.their social life and their work life B.the business climate C.their work life D.their families and their religious experiences

their families and their religious experiences

In an experiment involving a specific form of therapy, the independent variable is the A.outcome of the intervention. B.variable not manipulated by the experimenter. C.treatment administered. D.variable that serves as a moderator.

treatment administered.

What did the psychodynamic paradigm identify as the cause of abnormal behavior? A.the pleasure principle B.the id, superego, and ego C.unconscious mental conflicts D.hysteria

unconscious mental conflicts

Which of the following is a limitation of the case study? -A. It does not result in high generalizability -B. It does not lead to an individualized approach -C. It does not enable the therapist to understand the whole patient -D. It does not allow the therapist to propose a course of treatment for a patient

-A. It does not result in high generalizability

Approximately what total percentage of adults in the U.S. have suffered from a psychological disorder at some time in their lives? A.25% B.38% C.10% D.47%

47%

Which correlation coefficient represents the weakest relationship? A) -.06 B) +.30 C) +.54 D) -.95

A

Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders? A.) self-hypnosis B.) classical conditioning C.) regression D.) lack of repression

A

Which is NOT a consequence of anorexia nervosa? A) fever and high blood pressure B) development of the silky hair that covers newborns C) dry, rough, cracked skin D) amenorrhea

A

I am generally a calm, relaxed person. If you are generally a tense, excitable person, we differ in: A) trait anxiety. B) state anxiety. C) situation anxiety. D) content anxiety.

A) trait anxiety.

The ______ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. A) id B) superego C) erogenous zone D) ego

A. Id

What is a parasuicide? A) a failed attempt to commit suicide B) a murder followed by a successful suicide C) a successfully committed suicide on the first try D) a successfully committed suicide after many tries

A. a failed attempt to commit suicide

In the treatment of schizophrenia, a case manager's primary goal is to help with: A. coordination fo services B. providing cognitive therapy C. providing psychodynamic therapy D. prescribing medication

A. coordination fo services

When talking with a potentially suicidal individual on a suicide hot line, the final step for the counselor is to: A) formulate a plan. B) establish a positive relationship. C) understand and clarify the problem. D) assess the caller's suicide potential.

A. formulate a plan

Which mental disorders have been found to contribute to the greatest number of suicides? A) mood disorders B) sexual disorders C) personality disorders D) psychophysiological disorders

A. mood disorders

According to the textbook, DSM-IV is based on the a. classical system of nosology. b. dimensional system of nosology. c. categorical system of nosology. d. prototypical system of nosology.

Answer: D

You are deciding whether to purchase a new assessment measure your staff will use in your psychology clinic. The factor(s) you should consider include a. its reliability. b. its validity. c. its standardization. d. all of the above

Answer: D

"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? A cognitive-behavioral B humanistic-existential C psychodynamic D cognitive

B

Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is: A.) predictive validity B.) standardization C.) face validity D.) reliability

B

Theories focused on learned responses to the environment are usually described as: A) psychoanalytic B) behavioral C) sociocultural D) psychodynamic

B) behavioral

Hippocrates' model of mental illness would be descirbed as: A. Psychiatric B. Somatogenic C. psychogenic D. supernatural

B. Somatogenic

What we call "conscience" is closest to what Freud called the: A) defense mechanism. B) superego. C) ego. D) erogenous zone.

B. Superego

Hypnotism is associated with which of the following? A. the somatogenic perspective. B. the late 1700's C. Mesmer. D. psychoanalytic therapy.

B. The late 1700's C. Mesmer D. Psychoanalytic therapy

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: A. has not received much support at all in therapy applications. B. receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. C. is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability. D. receives support in therapy applications, but its usefulness is limited to treating generalized anxiety disorder.

B. receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.

Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is: A validity B the reliability of the technique C the chance to get a general sense of the client D that it asks only open-ended questions

C

_____ refer(s) to a slowing of motor functions indicated by slowed bodily movements and speech. A) Anhedonia C) Psychomotor retardation B) Psychomotor agitation D) Vegetative signs

C

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: A) schizophrenia B) anxiety disorders C) depression D) bipolar disorder

C) depression

About how many suicides are attempted annually in the United States? A) 30,000 B) 120,000 C) 600,000 D) 2 million

C. 600,000

In sciences, the perspectives used are to explain phenomena are known as: A. Facts B. Theories C. Models D. Hypotheses

C. Models

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which of the following would be a part of your paradigm? A. the cognitive model B. the humanistic-existential model C. the family-social perspective D. the psychodynamic model

C. The family-social perspective

Which one of the following is the MOST likely reason for the relationship between alcohol use and suicide? A) There is a chemical in alcohol that triggers a suicide response in the brain. B) Alcohol is less well metabolized by those who are depressed. C) Alcohol lowers inhibitions and impairs judgment. D) Pound for pound, women get drunk on less alcohol than men.

C. alcohol lowers inhibitions & impairs judgment

A society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of people with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls: A) egoistic suicide. B) altruistic suicide. C) anomic suicide. D) intragroup suicide.

C. anomic suicide

According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is: A. simply not effective. B. far and away the best treatment for all anxiety disorders. C. better than no treatment D. about as effective as meditation.

C. better than no treatment D. about as effective as meditation.

A friend of yours says, "Yes, I support the right of people to commit suicide, especially if they are in a lot of pain, or don't have long to live." In the United States, your friend's opinion is: A) very uncommon; over 75 percent of all Americans oppose the right to commit suicide under any circumstances. B) somewhat uncommon; slightly under half of all Americans oppose the right to commit suicide under any circumstances. C) common; over two-thirds of all Americans support the right to commit suicide under those circumstances. D) almost universal; virtually all Americans support the right to commit suicide under those circumstances.

C. common; over two-thirds of all Americans support the right to commit suicide under those circumstances

Which of the following aspects of religion is MOST closely linked to suicide? A) doctrine B) fellowship C) devoutness D) denomination

C. devoutness

It is common that the majority of people who commit suicidal acts also have another psychological disorder. Which would be the MOST common disorder associated with suicidal attempts? A) eating disorders B) dissociative disorders C) mood disorders D) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

C. mood disorders

Over the past couple of decades, the correlation between number of antidepressant prescriptions and younger patient suicide rates has been: A) nonexistent. B) positive; as the number of antidepressant prescriptions increases, so does the younger patient suicide rate. C) negative; as the number of antidepressant prescriptions increases, the younger patient suicide rate decreases. D) first negative (in the 1990s), then positive (in the twenty-first century).

C. negative; as the number of antidepressant prescriptions increases, the younger patient suicide rate decreases

Immediate stressors particularly common among those who attempt suicide include all the following EXCEPT: A. stress from a flood. B. death of a loved one. C. occupational stress. D. divorce.

C. occupational stress.

A patient receiving dialectal behavior therapy (DBT) for borderline personality disorder experiences an emotion that he or she realizes is inappropriate. Immediately after, the patients acts in a very different, appropriate, way. This DBT procedure is called: A. reactive correction B. counterbalancing C. opposite action D. fine tuning

C. opposite action

When José did not get the job he thought he deserved, he was convinced that everything was going wrong and he would never find another job. This thought is an example of: A) depression. B) selective perception. C) overgeneralization. D) unconditional negative regard.

C. overgeneralization.

A patient comes to a clinician with complaints of depression and anxiety. Given the rule of no symptom appearing in more than one category, what would likely be the diagnostic result? A.No diagnosis would be entered given the contradictory information. B.The International Classification of Diseases-10 would be used. C.The rule would not affect the diagnosis. D.Comorbid diagnoses would be recorded.

Comorbid diagnoses would be recorded.

A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n): A) unconditioned response B) conditioned response C) unconditioned stimulus D) conditioned stimulus

D

A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n): A.) uncondtioned stimulus B.) unconditioned response C.) conditioned response D.) conditoned stimulus

D

Compared to projective tests, personality inventories genreally have: A.) greater reliability and poorer validity B.) pooer reliability but greater validity C.) pooer reliability and greater validity D.) greater reliabity and greater vvalidty

D

Contrary to the earlier belief that the brain and immune system operate independently of each other, scientists now know that a. the immune system functioning can be suppressed through classical conditioning. b. there are many connections between the nervous system and the immune system. c. there are psychological influences on the neurological responding implicated in our immune response d. all of the above

D

Dr. Tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage for 1 hour. The other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then administered a test of their memory of details from the passage. What was the dependent variable? A the study time B health C the reading passage D the results of the memory test

D

Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders (babies of teenage mothers, children off those with severe mental disorders) are categorized as: A. positive psychology B. psychoanalysis C eco-anxiety treatment D preventive

D

Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independant variable, they are called ________ variables. A.) controlled B.) blind C.) irrelevant D.) confounding

D

Which disorder is NOT experienced by more women than men? A.) specific phobia B.) social anxiety disorder C.) generalized anxiety disorder D.) obsessive-compulsive disorder

D

Which is a likely reason for using adjunctive therapy to treat bipolar disorder? A) People stop taking lithium because they miss the depression B) People take overdoses of lithium because it makes them feel so food C) People stop taking lithium because they dislike the euphoria it causes D) People stop taking lithium because they feel more productive and creative when not taking it

D

Which mental disorders have been found to contribute to the greatest number of suicides? A) sexual disorders B) personality disorders C) psychophysiological disorders D) mood disorders

D

Which model is MOST likely to emphasize the importance of one's history of conditioning as the source of depression? A) humanist-existential B) psychodynamic C) sociocultural D) behavioral

D

Which of the following does NOT describe an effective psychosocial intervention that has been reported in oncology research studies? a. Use of psychological treatments that reduce pain and depression and enhance feelings of well-being b. Use of videotapes and dolls that reduce children's stress and anxiety during medical procedures c. Use of therapy sessions that temporarily prolong life for breast cancer patients both during and after the intervention d. Use of cognitive imaging techniques that temporarily render the AIDS virus inactive for brief periods

D

With which social factor is depression associated? A) social exclusion C) social interactions B) stressful life events D) All of the answers are correct.

D

All of the following are listed in your text as psychological treatment that can assist physical disorder except: A. relaxation training B. biofeedback C. hypnosis D. retrospective analysis

D.

An extreme and long-term form of factitious disorder is: A. Von Willebrand's disease B. pseudologia fantastica C. anxiolytic amnesia D. munchausen syndrome

D.

Behavioral theorists propose that the physical symptoms of hysterical disorders being ___ to sufferers. A. emotional relief B. punishment C. reinforcement D. rewards

D.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of ___ therapy. A. psychodynamic B. cognitive C. humanistic D. exposure

D.

Glands release ___ into the bloodstream. A. glucose B. neurotransmitters C. cerebral spinal flood D. hormones

D.

If a woman is a victim of rape, what does research suggest is a possible outcome? A. The victim is likely to harm another soon after B. The victim is more likely to have a personality disorder C. The victim is likely to become isolated and never marry D. The victim is much more likely to develop serious long-term health problems

D.

In the United States, people from ___ cultures seem to display more somatic symptoms in the face of stress. A. African-American B. Asian C. Italian D. Hispanic

D.

The elements that can trigger acute and posttraumatic stress disorders include: A. combat B. disasters C. victimization D. all of the above

D.

When we encounter a stressed, the ___ nervous system accelerates the automatic processes in our body, and after the stressor is over, the ___ nervous system returns us to normal functioning. A. somatic; autonomic B. somatic; sympathetic C. parasympathetic; sympathetic D. sympathetic; parasympethetic

D.

Which disorder is marked by a parent making up or producing physical illnesses in their children? A. muchausen syndrome B. briquet's syndrome C. multiple personality disorder D. munchausen syndrome by proxy

D.

Which disorder is marked by a parent making up or producing physical illnesses in their children? A. munchausen syndrome B. briquet's syndrome C. multiple personality disorder D. Factitous disorder imposed by another

D.

Which of the following affects your breathing, can quicken heartbeat and stimulates the adrenal glands to release epinephrine? A. diabetes mellitus B. parasympathetic nervous system C. linear appraisal D. sympathetic nervous system

D.

Which of the following individuals is least likely to suffer from factitious disorder? A. A man who works as a paramedic as his full-time profession B. A woman who works as a nurse or a medical assistant C. A man who has a subscription to the New England Journal od Medicine, even though he does not work in the medical field. D. A woman who received successful surgery for ovarian cancer

D.

Which of the following personality traits has been linked to developing acute and posttraumatic stress disorders? A. believing the positive about life events B. being ambitious C. being competitive D. being anxious

D.

Which of the following therapeutic methods enables clients who struggle with post traumatic disorder to vividly confront the objects and situations that continue to haunt them: A. rap groups B. critical incident stress debriefing C. cognitive therapy D. virtual exposure

D.

Which of the following war-related experiences seems to increase the risk of a stress reaction? A. multiple deployments B. severe physical injury C. witnessing the injury or death of other people D. All of the answers are correct

D.

Which was the reaction to the events of September 11, 2001? A. Some people reported feelings less safe in their home. B. Some people reported high terrorist fears C. Some people reported drinking more alcohol than usual D. all of the above

D.

About how many deaths occur by suicide each year around the world? A) 10,000 B) 30,000 C) 500,000 D) 1,000,000

D. 1,000,000

Although all of the following mental disorders are of concern for increased suicide risk, the LEAST likely to be linked to suicide is: A) depression. B) posttraumatic stress disorder. C) alcoholism. D) schizophrenia.

D. posttraumatic stress disorder

Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n): A. phobia. B. panic reaction. C. acute stress reaction. D. posttraumatic stress reaction.

D. posttraumatic stress reaction.

The explanation of suicide as due to loss of loved ones and self-directed aggression is consistent with which theoretical perspective? A) cognitive B) humanist C) behavioral D) psychodynamic

D. psychodynamic

Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression? A. behavioral B. biochemical C. cognitive D. psychodynamic

D. psychodynamic

The movement that has tried to find the common strategies that "good" therapists use is called: A. particularity. B. uniformity. C. idiosyncatics. D. rapprochement.

D. rapprochement.

An increase in which emotion is MOST often linked to suicide? A) guilt B) anger C) anxiety D) sadness

D. sadness

___ is a form of exposure therapy that involves having clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they would ordinarily avoid.

EMDR

Benzodiazepines bind to receptors in the brain that are associated with what substance? A.GABA B.glutamate C.serotonin D.norepinephrine

GABA

In psychology, if the term "abnormal" means "away from normal," what problem doesthis definition present when categorizing someone as being "abnormal"? A.It does not allow for positive deviations. B.It does not measure standard deviations. C.It does not assume abnormality is negative. D.It does not provide for negative deviation on both sides of average.

It does not allow for positive deviations.

What are the two primary reasons for the need of a classification system for abnormal behavior? A.It helps clinicians identify the cause of a disorder and it is used in the search for new knowledge. B.It helps clinicians to identify the reason for a disorder and to determine catharsis for the client. C.It helps clinicians identify the cause of a disorder and determine what medication to use. D.It helps clinicians match the disorder with an effective intervention and it is used in the search for new knowledge.

It helps clinicians match the disorder with an effective intervention and it is used in the search for new knowledge.

Which of the following is the primary function of the hypothalamus? A.Regulation of sleep and arousal systems B.Maintenance of homeostasis C.Regulation of emotions D.Coordination of fine motor movement

Maintenance of homeostasis

Which of the following is TRUE about observation techniques? A.Observations provide an indirect measure of behavior. B.All types of psychopathology can be observed. C.Observation tells us about only what happens in particular situations. D.Observers rarely have biased perceptions so observational errors are unusual.

Observation tells us about only what happens in particular situations.

Which of the following IS NOT a social situation that creates distress for someone with a social anxiety disorder? A.Playing a sport with others B.Eating with others C.Drinking with others D.Writing in the presence of others

Playing a sport with others

Every time little Jeffrey goes shopping with his mom, there is an incident at the checkout line when he spots candy. Typically, Jeffrey's mom initially refuses his request for a candy bar. When the child throws himself to the floor kicking and screaming, Jeffrey's mom gives in and hands him the candy bar to end the embarrassing scene. In operant conditioning terms, what is maintaining the child's "checkout tantrums"? A.Positive reinforcement B.Negative reinforcement C.Vicarious reinforcement D.Non-contingent reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

Select the statement that is most likely TRUE of dimensional models. A.They are innately more complex than categorical models. B.They lead to considerable within-category heterogeneity. C.They facilitate clinical decision-making more than categorical models do. D.They pigeonhole patients into types.

They are innately more complex than categorical models.

Mario has just returned from his third deployment to Iraq. For several months after returning, he is unable to sleep and has difficulty dealing with flashbacks of mortar fire over the compound in which he worked. Using a biopsychosocial model, we might explain his problems as deriving from A.a diathesis and the stress of deployment. B.the stress of deployment alone. C.a failure in coping alone. D.a lack of social support.

a diathesis and the stress of deployment.

An intense fear reaction resembling sheer terror is called A.a nervous breakdown. B.an acute stressor. C.a phobia. D.a panic attack.

a panic attack.

The social learning model of behavioral acquisition proposes that A.only behaviors in a social context are reinforced. B.punishment is only effective in producing learning in humans. C.a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it. D.humans are motivated more by primary reinforcers than secondary reinforcers.

a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it.

___ stress disorder is an anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month.

acute

Anxiety can be _____ at low levels but _____ at high levels. A.excessive; emotionally arousing B.debilitating; socially acceptable C.adaptive; incapacitating D.rarely seen; invisible

adaptive; incapacitating

Lois avoids crowded streets and stores, and rarely ventures to the theater or to church. She is particularly fearful of traveling through a tunnel or bridge, and has never ventured onto a bus. Lois most likely suffers from _______. A.panic disorder B.social phobia C.agoraphobia D.PTSD

agoraphobia

What is the best definition of interrater reliability? A.interpretation of statistical data B.stability of a disorder over time C.consistency of measurements D.agreement among clinicians

agreement among clinicians

A major purpose of a diagnosis is to A.help patients understand the root cause of their problems. B.assist the referral source in making a differential diagnosis. C.aid communication among researchers and clinicians. D.communicate the psychologist's theoretical orientation to treatment.

aid communication among researchers and clinicians.

Men are more likely than women to suffer from A.mood disorders and anxiety disorders. B.alcohol and drug abuse. C.alcohol abuse and mood disorders. D.depression and anxiety disorders.

alcohol and drug abuse.

Regarding psychological disorders, biological treatments focus on _______. A.curing the disorder B.alleviating the physical symptoms C.unconscious motives D.eliminating the root cause

alleviating the physical symptoms

In a positive correlation of Factor A and Factor B, if Factor A goes up, Factor B ______. A.also goes up B.remains the same C.goes down D.doubles in size

also goes up

Self-hypnosis can make people forget facts, events, and even their personal identities - an effect called hypnotic ___

amnesia

In the brain, emotional stimuli involving fear follow two primary pathway(s) leading to the _____. A.corpus callosum B.thalamus C.hypothalamus D.amygdala

amygdala

Clinical assessments made for the purpose of diagnosis typically include an evaluation of the problem behavior's symptoms and severity, patterns of symptoms over time, and A.an estimation of the length of treatment time. B.an evaluation of the patient's strengths and weaknesses. C.a clinical judgment as to the need for a second opinion. D.a mental status exam by a collaborating psychiatrist.

an evaluation of the patient's strengths and weaknesses.

Gwen is preparing for her Psychology of Learning midterm exam. Although she has read all of the material and been active in class discussions, she has recurring thoughts of failing the exam. Her thoughts persist even though she is an honors student and has never failed a test. Gwen is experiencing A.a panic attack. B.delusions. C.suicidal ideation. D.anxiety.

anxiety.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves symptoms that ________. A.are either long-lasting or have a delayed onset B.occur within four weeks of the traumatic event C.are less severe than those of acute stress disorder D.are immediate

are either long-lasting or have a delayed onset

The ___ nervous system is the network of nerve fibers that connects the central nervous system to all other organs in the body.

autonomic

Dr. Shomeyer is conducting a twin study in order to determine the presence of ADHD in familial cohorts. Ultimately, she hopes to uncover information on the degree to which the disorder might be heritable. Dr. Shomeyer's methodology would be described as a __________ approach. A.familial determinism B.candidate gene C.behavioral genetic D.genomewide

behavioral genetic

Tony just does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone (a woman) quite well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This is depressing him. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an: A. interpersonal role transition. B. interpersonal loss. C. interpersonal deficit. D. interpersonal role dispute.

c. interpersonal deficit

Which is a likely reason for using adjunctive therapy to treat bipolar disorder? A. People stop taking lithium because they dislike the euphoria it causes. B. People stop taking lithium because they miss the depression. C. People stop taking lithium because they feel more productive and creative when not taking it. D. People take overdoses of lithium because it makes them feel so good.

c. people stop taking lithium because they feel more productive and creative when not taking it

If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response? A. helplessness B. hopelessness C. ruminative D. perseverative

c. ruminative

You are able to read and understand this question because of processing and information integration that takes place in your A.midbrain. B.cerebral cortex. C.brain stem. D.hindbrain.

cerebral cortex.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is an important tool for ______. A.classifying and diagnosing mental disorders B.developing new treatment options for mental disorders C.learning more about personality traits and their effect on culture D.researching mental disorders within large populations

classifying and diagnosing mental disorders

William was treated for anxiety related to test-taking. At the end of his therapy, he reported fewer anxiety symptoms and a better ability to manage his fear of failure. Most probably, William's progress will be viewed as _______ at termination. A.treatment resistant B.a partial failure C.clinically significant D.clinically insignificant

clinically significant

The content and style of questions used in a clinical interview are guided by the A.presenting problem and the nature of the patient's difficulty. B.clinician's theoretical orientation and presenting problem. C.presenting problem. D.clinician's theoretical orientation.

clinician's theoretical orientation and presenting problem.

Juan has been diagnosed with both major depression and alcoholism. This is referred to as ______. A.comorbidity B.a syndrome C.mild psychosis D.sex additction

comorbidity

Mary, a 19-year old college sophomore, has been referred to a psychologist by her physician. Mary has a high level of anxiety and complains of intrusive thoughts that interfere with her ability to study for exams. She also reports having severe migraine headaches before exams. Most likely, the psychologist will A.conduct a brief assessment because of Mary's young age and the simplicity of the case. B.assume that the migraines are triggered by the stress of Mary's worries about exams and will assess her test-taking skills. C.disregard his theoretical approach and use behavioral assessments that have been proved effective in anxiety-reduction cases. D.consider Mary's medical state, age, and symptoms in selecting appropriate assessment tools.

consider Mary's medical state, age, and symptoms in selecting appropriate assessment tools.

The brain stem is critical to survival because it A.contains the area known as the cerebral cortex. B.mediates responses between the autonomic and peripheral nervous system. C.regulates higher cognitive functioning. D.controls most of the biological functions associated with living.

controls most of the biological functions associated with living.

Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is: a) reliability b) face validity c) predictive validity d) standardization

d) standardization

The term used to refer to the comprehensive view of the causes and the maintenance of a person's abnormal behavior that a psychologist develops is: a) a model b) a diagnosis c) an interpretation d) the clinical picture

d) the clinical picture

If a clinician begins by asking, "would you tell me about yourself?," the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n): a) mental status exam b) interview schedule c) structured interview d) unstructured interview)

d) unstructured interview

Which is an anxiety disorder? A. schizophrenia B. bipolar disorder C. major depression D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

___ is the sense that one's surroundings are unreal or detached

derealization

A clinician is interested in classifying identical twins. She finds that James has a higher level of measured intelligence than his twin, John. What type of classification system is the clinician using? A.dimensional B.continuous C.categorical D.qualitative

dimensional

Which of the following approaches would allow an understanding of how abnormal behavior varies in severity over time, perhaps increasing and decreasing, or how behaviors change from one disorder to another? A.dimensional B.categorical C.rational D.orthogonal

dimensional

Amin is a professional who collects data and analyzes both the frequency and the distribution of mental health disorders in his state. Amin works as a(n) ______. A.social worker B.pathologist C.Psychiatrist D.epidemiologist

epidemiologist

In medieval Europe, mental illness was thought to be caused by A.evil or demonic spirits. B.a dysfunctional family. C.a wandering uterus. D.retribution from the gods.

evil or demonic spirits.

Gender roles directly affect the ______ of abnormal behaviors. A.chronicity B.expression C.cause D.severity

expression

Dissociative ___ involves a person traveling to a new location and assuming a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past.

fugue

A psychologist is conducting an assessment of a child who appears to have high distractibility in a classroom setting. The psychologist is interested in what happens just before the child is distracted from a task, how the child behaves during the distracted period, and what happens immediately after the task disruption. In assessing the relationship between situational influences and behavior, the psychologist is using a A.structural analysis. B.internal analysis. C.topical analysis. D.functional analysis.

functional analysis.

A factor to be considered in discriminating normal anxiety from abnormal anxiety is A.the genetic component. B.the type of object feared. C.the patient's response to medication. D.functional impairment.

functional impairment.

___ is the final merging of the sub personalities in dissociative identity disorder

fusion

Clara enters her dark apartment after a brief out-of-town trip. As she turns on the light, her cat jumps out from behind a large plant, causing Clara to scream and drop her bags. Clara is experiencing arousal of _______. A.her thyroid gland B.her autonomic nervous system C.her pituitary gland D.her somatic nervous system

her autonomic nervous system

Longitudinal studies provide valuable data about which of the following? A.how labels for mental illness currently vary from one culture to the next B.how mental illness is currently perceived by people in different regions of the country C.how mental illness develops across the life span D.how labels for mental illness stigmatize persons when they apply for a job

how mental illness develops across the life span

People with ___ disorder are convinced that they have or are developing a serious medical illness, despite the absence of substantial somatic symptoms.

illness anxiety

The ___ system is the body's network of activities and cells that identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells.

immune

Cognitive theories of fear acquisition focus on _________ as explanations for the condition. A.environmental conditions B.repression and denial C.interpretations of internal or external events D.how a person vicariously learns anxiety

interpretations of internal or external events

One difficulty associated with family studies is that A.it is difficult to determine the contribution of dominant versus recessive genes in family members. B.the drop-out rate for family members tends to be high. C.it is not possible to separate the influence of genetics from that of the environment. D.they do not indicate whether symptoms "run in families."

it is not possible to separate the influence of genetics from that of the environment.

Stigma is defined as a(n) _______ that sets a person apart from others, connects the person to undesirable features, and leads others to reject the person. A.mental disorder B.emotion C.label D.thought process

label

Genomewide linkage analysis allows researchers studying a disorder to focus on specific areas on specific chromosomes through using large families with the disorder or A.members of large families matched against cohorts from the general population. B.large groups of non-relatives affected by the disorder. C.large samples of affected relative pairs. D.large samples of non-affected relative pairs.

large samples of affected relative pairs.

What is classical conditioning? A.removing a stimulus to increase responses B.adding a stimulus to increase responses C.learning by use of consequences D.learning an association that produces a conditioned response

learning an association that produces a conditioned response

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a clinician-administered scale that A.focuses on the patient's perceptions of his or her progress in treatment. B.measures a broad range of psychological symptoms. C.is used exclusively with psychiatric patients. D.uses 21 items to assess psychological functioning in inpatient populations.

measures a broad range of psychological symptoms.

In correlational research, it is possible that a third variable influences the relationship of the other two variables. This type of variable is labeled a(n) A.moderator variable. B.independent variable. C.dependent variable. D.indirect variable.

moderator variable.

Anxiety disorders are _____ than any other form of mental disorder. A.more likely to require hospitalization B.more common C.less common D.less understood

more common

Family and genetic studies tell us that compared with relatives of people without an anxiety disorder, relatives of someone diagnosed with an anxiety disorder are A.more likely to also have the disorder. B.less susceptible to the disorder. C.less likely to have the disorder. D.not at higher risk for the disorder.

more likely to also have the disorder.

Functional brain images have been used to examine the _______ related to mental disorders. A.social factors B.emotional elements C.neurological underpinnings D.physical disabilities

neurological underpinnings

The _____ is the basic building block of the brain. A.synapse B.axon C.neuron D.neurotransmitter

neuron

A placebo control group is one in which A.no active treatment is given. B.blindedness is of no concern. C.participants do not really have the disorder under study. D.assessment is not provided.

no active treatment is given.

A major limitation of the current DSM approach is that A.not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms. B.all people do not accept the underlying etiology of their disorders. C.not all persons experience the exact same symptoms at the exact same age. D.all people do not meet any symptoms outlined for a disorder.

not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms.

Culture-bound syndromes are best described as groups of symptoms that A.start in one culture and spread to others. B.occur universally across cultures. C.occur uniquely in certain ethnic or racial groups. D.are omitted from the DSM because they are culturally biased.

occur uniquely in certain ethnic or racial groups.

A researcher trains a rat to press a bar in order to receive food. What type of conditioning is this? A.negative B.positive C.classical D.operant

operant

Sonia had an unusual experience this morning. As she walked into her class, she suddenly felt sheer terror. Her heart raced and she had difficulty breathing. During the attack, her thoughts swirled and she thought she might be losing control over herself. Sonia's experience is best described as a A.stress-related episode. B.gender-specific stress incident. C.panic attack. D.school-related phobia.

panic attack.

Women are about twice as likely as men to experience _______. A.substance dependence and eating disorders B.obsessive compulsive disorder C.panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder D.hallucinations

panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

The ___ nervous system is the network of nerve fibers that slows organ functioning after stimulation and returns other bodily processes to normal.

parasympathetic

Blood-injury-illness phobias are different from other phobias in a unique way involving vasovagal syncope. This condition involves A.elevated blood pressure. B.sympathetic system response. C.overuse of emergency room facilities. D.parasympathetic system activation.

parasympathetic system activation.

A community screening for depression might identify A.people at risk for depression if they are not treated. B.the number of people likely to recover without any psychological treatment. C.the people in a cohort who might benefit from a particular type of therapy. D.what a specific cohort's cut-off score should be, considering all risk factors.

people at risk for depression if they are not treated.

Patients who take benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders for extended periods of time may risk A.severe disruptions in sleep. B.physical and psychological dependency. C.excessive weight gain. D.depressive episodes.

physical and psychological dependency.

The _______ group of clinical participants is intentionally given treatments with no active ingredients. A.blind B.evidential C.placebo control D.experimental

placebo control

Seven weeks after returning from the war in Iraq, Bob is experiencing intense negative emotions and has flashbacks of combat. What do these symptoms suggest? A.acute stress disorder B.somatoform disorder C.dissociative symptoms D.posttraumatic stress disorder

posttraumatic stress disorder

Generalized anxiety probably evolved as a way to _____. A.deal with sudden personal loss B.bond with others when facing hopelessness and despair C.prepare for threats that could not be identified clearly D.provide a way to avoid dealing with certain types of imminent anger

prepare for threats that could not be identified clearly

Neuropsychological Battery tests are used by clinicians to evaluate the A.level of brain dysfunction due to substance abuse. B.symptoms of a severe personality disorder. C.presence of brain damage. D.client's emotional intelligence level along neuropsychological dimensions.

presence of brain damage.

The statistical significance of a research finding refers to the A.judgment of a clinician that the results are important. B.probability that findings did not occur by chance. C.relevance of clinical results. D.degree to which the treatment group reports symptom reduction.

probability that findings did not occur by chance.

Randomized controlled designs depend on two conditions in assessment instruments. What are they? A.standardization, efficacy B.efficacy, reliability C.reliability, validity D.validity, efficacy

reliability, validity

What are the common side effects of benzodiazepines? A.sedation with mild psychomotor and cognitive impairments B.mania, dry mouth, and overstimulation C.food cravings, weight gain, and high blood pressure D.hyperactivity, insomnia, and overstimulation

sedation with mild psychomotor and cognitive impairments

Rachael is asked to record her cigarette cravings as they occur each day over the course of a week. She writes down how often she feels the urge to smoke, how long the cravings last, and her behavior and thoughts about each episode. Within a behavioral paradigm, this activity recording would be known as A.functional monitoring. B.behavioral analysis. C.antecedent analysis. D.self-monitoring.

self-monitoring.

A screening device is able to indicate a problem when it is present and accurately indicate the absence of a problem when none exists. In psychological terms, this would constitute A.screening specificity. B.differential diagnosis. C.sensitivity and specificity. D.screening sensitivity.

sensitivity and specificity.

Teddy suffers from agoraphobia. His therapist has urged him to join a therapy group which takes controlled, periodic outings to shopping malls, grocery stores and theaters. The group has had great success in making its members feel more comfortable in crowded situations. The therapist is recommending a form of therapy known as _______. A.aversion therapy B.interoceptive exposure C.situational exposure D.flooding

situational exposure

What are the two components of relaxation training? A.slow breathing; alternating muscle relaxation and tension B.desensitization; flooding C.accelerated breathing; cognitive behavior techniques D.slow breathing patterns; response prevention

slow breathing; alternating muscle relaxation and tension

Obsessions are distinguished from worry in that obsessions most often are about _____. A.everyday things and common concerns B.fear of the future C.attempts to reduce depression D.socially unacceptable themes

socially unacceptable themes

Learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions is known as ___ learning.

state-dependent

After being startled by a balloon that popped, you once again calm down. Which nervous systems, in order, are involved in this example? A.autonomic; parasympathetic B.sympathetic; parasympathetic C.parasympathetic; sympathetic D.peripheral; autonomic

sympathetic; parasympathetic

A syndrome is defined as a group of _____. A.symptoms that identify a particular disorder B.random symptoms that do not lead to any particular diagnosis C.symptoms that rule out a mental disorder D.generalized symptoms that can represent many disorders

symptoms that identify a particular disorder

Dr. Barstow is treating a young man who is afraid of dogs. One method he uses is progressive muscle relaxation using vivid imagery. Once the patient is relaxed, Dr. Barstow introduces the patient to a picture of a dog with instructions to "Breathe deeply and remain calm and relaxed." Which learning principle is being employed in this example? A.Negative reinforcement B.Mindfulness C.systematic desensitization D.shaping

systematic desensitization

Select the following domain that IS NOT assessed through the use of neuropsychological tests. A.language B.motor skills C.learning abilities D.temperament

temperament

Paulo reassessed his patient three times within a two-week period in order to confirm his diagnosis. What assessment procedure is demonstrated here? A.split-half reliability B.test-retest reliability C.etiological validity D.interrator reliability

test-retest reliability

What brain structures are involved in the processing of conditioned fear? A.thalamus, parietal lobe, amygdala B.cerebral fluid, thalamus, hypothalamus C.amygdala, pituitary gland, visual cortex D.thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus

thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus

Biological scarring, as seen in some disorders such as PTSD, demonstrates that A.the brain is capable of healing itself after a trauma. B.genetics plays a vital role in vulnerability to a disorder. C.brain plasticity is not possible after trauma. D.the brain may change as a result of the disorder.

the brain may change as a result of the disorder.

A major drawback of the ABAB reversal design lies in A.the length of time it takes to complete all of the treatment conditions. B.its limited use with adults and developmentally disabled persons. C.the fact that there are limits to generalizability of results to other cases. D.the problem of determining accurate baselines for behaviors targeted for treatment.

the fact that there are limits to generalizability of results to other cases.

In the clinical assessment process, referral questions aid in the determination of A.an appropriate placement for the patient upon discharge. B.the goals of assessment and the psychological tests or measurements to be administered. C.the best way to psychologically triage the individual for further testing. D.how long the therapeutic process will take.

the goals of assessment and the psychological tests or measurements to be administered.

The most serious adverse effect of benzodiazepines is _______. A.the potential for addiction B.tardive dyskinesia C.sudden weight gain D.severe insomnia

the potential for addiction

Patients who have the most severe problems are often comorbid, meaning _____. A.they have a mental disorder that cannot be cured B.they are near death C. they are experiencing more than one condition D.they exhibit low levels of social and functional impairment

they are experiencing more than one condition

A primary reason why patients do not take their medications is because _______. A.they often come with unpleasant side effects B.They don't have the time C.they may exacerbate symptoms D.they often lack symptom alleviation

they often come with unpleasant side effects

Cognitive behavior therapy is based on changing a client's behavior rather than _______. A.understanding why the behavior is happening B.punishing bad behavior C.encouraging desired behavior D.trying to understand the dynamics of their personalities

trying to understand the dynamics of their personalities

A mother who repeatedly seeks medical treatment for her child's unusual illness and is overly involved in the child's treatment might need to be assessed for _____________. a. factitious disorder imposed on another b. malingering c. conversion disorder d. illness phobia

A

A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test, and accurate norms don't exist. the test has: A high reliability, but inadequate standardization B high reliability, and adequate standardization C low reliability, and inadequate standardization D low reliability, but adequate standardization

A

A person who experiences a persistent depressed mood for at least 2 years but is not experiencing major depression may have a. persistent depressive disorder. b. cyclothymic disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. double depression.

A

A person who fakes symptoms for a goal is called a _________, while a person who fakes a disease for no clear goal has a ________disorder: a. malingerer; factitious b. conversion disorder patient; malingering c. fictitious disorder patient; conversion d. hypochondriac; factitious

A

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is: A.) experiencing avoidance B.) experieicning increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt C.) reexperiencing the traumatic event D.) experiencing reduced responsiveness

A

A previously neutral environmental event that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus is called a(n): A) conditioned stimulus B) discriminative stimulus C) learned stimulus D) unconditioned stimulus

A

A procedure that sends electrical pulses into the brain to cause a controlled brain seizure, in an effort to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of certain psychological disorders, is called: A) electroconvulsive therapy. C) nuclear magnetic resonance. B) functional magnetic resonance. D) transcranial magnetic stimulation.

A

A psychologist studies memory techniques in adult volunteers and learns how to facilitate memory and thena pplies the results to a new class of students ina psychology course. This demonstrates faith in: A) the external validity of the study B) the conceptual validity of the memory C) the internal validity of the study D) the content validity of the technique

A

A researcher wishes to study the effect of a new drug on symptoms of depression. Research participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Participants in Group A received the drug whenever they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter; participants in Group B received nothing when they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter. After a month of this procedure, participants in Group A reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression. A serious flaw of this study is that it: A) was not a double-blind design B) was not a natural experiment C) involved a placebo therapy D) was really a case study

A

A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of developing schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high: A) predictive validity B) concurrent validity C) test retest reliability D) internal reliability

A

According to Edwin Scneidman, people who commit suicide with clarity and commitment, yet who believe that they are simply facilitating a process that is already under way, are called: A) death initiators B) death ignorers C) death darers D) death seekers

A

According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when: A.) defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety B.) a person never has a chance to experience trauma C.) defense mechanisms are too strong D.) a person does not dream, and has had no outlet for anxiety

A

Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that: A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards. B) depressed people aren't responsive to normal social rewards. C) depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports. D) depressed mood cannot be alleviated by positive experiences.

A

Bipolar II disorder consists of a. depression with hypomanic episodes. b. depression with anxiety. c. depression with mania d. depression with dysthymia.

A

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's: A) negative interpretation of events. C) decrease in positive activities. B) symbolic losses. D) ethnic background.

A

Compared to people with anorexia nervosa, MOST people with bulimia: A) are of a more normal weight B) have obsessive thoughts about food C) have less education D) are younger

A

If one wanted a drug to improve the effectiveness of GABA, one would choose: A.) a benzodiazepinde B.) any of the antidepressants C.) a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than the neuron level D.) a drug that increased neuronal firing speed

A

Jamal observed his parents' generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, Jamal has acquired his lifestyle through the process of: A modeling B self-actualization C operant conditioning D classical conditioning

A

Lasting improvement for a person with anorexia nervosa depends on: A) addressing underlying psychological problems B) recognizing the need to give up control C) drug therapy over several years D) continuing medical treatment

A

Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is called a. the learned helplessness theory. b. cognitive-behavioral theory. c. humanistic/existential theory. d. the control theory of depression.

A

Mood disorders can range from mild to severe; the most severe type of depression is called a. major depressive disorder b. dysthymia. c. cyclothymia. d. profound depression.

A

One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it: A.) is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions B.) is less effective with clients who have both obessions and compulsions C.) does not result in more improvement in obsessive-compulsive clients than do other cognitive-behavioral therapies D.) has a more than 50 percent relapse rate

A

Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia are in response to: A) feelings of demoralization B) a feeling of invincibility C) voices commanding them to kill themselves D) overdoses of antipsychotic drugs

A

Research on depression suggests that: A) the risk of developing depression is increasing for each age cohort. B) the older people are, the more likely they will develop some type of depressive disorder. C) teenagers are more likely to develop depression after puberty. D) elderly individuals are the most likely group to develop depression.

A

Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989--who wouldn't be? For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, the fears gradually diminished, disappearing within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n): A.) acute stress disorder B.) posttraumatic stress disorder C.) phobic reaction D.) panic attack

A

Second-generation antidepressants appear to act by: A) selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin B) blocking the reuptate processes of all neurotransmitters more completely C) facilitating the reuptake process D) destroying MAO

A

Studies of depressed people show that: A) they have unusually low activity in a part of the frontal lobe that has direct connections to the amygdala. B) their brains regulate emotion too well. C) the areas of the brain involved in attention and in controlling movements are underactive. D) their brains as a whole are sluggish.

A

Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a: A) syndrome B) treatment C) medical condition D) classification system

A

The DSM-5 is the first edition of the DSM that requires clinicians to provide: A both categorical information and dimensional information B only categorical information C only dimensional information D neither categorical information nor dimensional information

A

The case study MOST likely to be helpful in the study of abnormality would be one that included a well-tested, research-supported form a therapy used to treat a(n): A) uncommon disorder B) substance abuse C) common disorder D) depression

A

The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A.) misinterpret bodily sensations B.) experience more stress than average C.) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies D.) have relatives who are atypically anxious

A

The development of chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with a. an extremely stressful life event. b. over exercise. c. achievement-oriented lifestyles. d. a tendency to minimize pain.

A

The disorder in which more than one distinct personality exists within one individual was changed from multiple personality disorder to ___________ in the DSM-IV. a. dissociative identity disorder b. dissociative trance disorder c. schizophrenia d. multiple personality disorder

A

The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _________ symptom of depression. A) emotional B) motivational C) cognitive D) behavioral

A

The first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to: A) teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions B) confront the client with the feared stimulus or thought C) construct a fear hierarchy D) construct a list of useful reinforcers

A

The following types of medications are all used to treat depression EXCEPT a. SSRIs. b. mixed reuptake inhibitors. c. MAO inhibitors. d. GABA inhibitors.

A

The group of participants that is NOT exposed to the independent variable under investigation (in an experiment) is called the: A control group B confound group C dependent group D experimental group

A

The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was: A) Beck. B) Freud. C) Seligman. D) Lewinsohn

A

The major advantage of a correlational study over a case study is that it: A) has better external validity B) allows us to determine causation C) requires fewer participants D) is more individualized

A

The major advantage of a correlational study over a case study is that it: A) has better external validity B) requires fewer participants C) is more individualized D) allows us to determine causation

A

The majority of major depressive episodes occur after: A) a significant life stressor. C) a social interaction. B) social exclusion. D) an experience of learned helplessness.

A

The most common form of mood disorder is: A) major depression. C) mania. B) bipolar II disorder. D) pertsistant depressive disorder

A

The term "external validity" refers to the extent to which the results of a study: A) apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied B) rule out alternative explanations C) support the theory being tested D) reflect the manipulation of a single variable

A

The term "external validity" refers to the extent to which the results of a study: A.) apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied B.) support the theory being tested C.) reflect the manipulation of a single variable D.) rule out alternative explanations

A

There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the Midwest this week. This observation refers to the _______ of schizophrenia in this small population. A.) incidence B.) prevalence C.) epidemiology D.) risk

A

To be classified as having a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least: A) two weeks. B) two months. C) one year. D) two years.

A

Using the word psychosomatic to describe a disorder with an obvious physical component is considered misleading because a. it gives the impression that psychological disorders like anxiety or depression do not have a biological component. b. it assumes that the physical aspects of a disorder are less important than the psychological aspects. c. it emphasizes the psychological symptoms of a disorder instead of the physical symptoms. d. it gives the impression that biological disorders are not influenced by psychological factors.

A

What appears to be the key factor in determining the types of food that are likely to be eaten in a binge? A) rapidity through soft texture B) oral stimulation through crunchiness C) taste of the food D) high protein through meat

A

What is one important way obsssions and compulsions are related? A.) Compulsions help people control their obsessions B.) Obsessions are not related to compulsions C.) Obsessions generally lead to violent of immoral compulsions D.) Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occuring

A

What we would call "conscience" is MOST like what Freud would call the: A) superego B) ego C) erogenous zone D) defense mechanism

A

When manic episodes alternate with depressive episodes, the disorder most correctly diagnosed would be a. bipolar disorder. b. major depressive disorder. c. bipolar II disorder d. cyclothymic disorder

A

When would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) be considered compulsive behaviors? A) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress B) never C) when done more than once a day D) when done to provide comfort and reduce tension

A

Which is a behavioral symptom of depression? A) staying in bed for hours during the day B) lack of desire to eat C) a negative view of oneself D) experiences of sadness and anger

A

Which is an aspecr of the experimental approach? A.) the manipulation of a variable by the researcher B.) a detailed interpretive description of a subject C.) the use of confounding variables D.) observation of people over a period of time

A

Which is an aspect of the experimental approach? A) the manipulation of a variable by the researcher B) a detailed interpretive description of a subject C) the use of confounding variables D) observation of people over a period of time

A

Which is an example of a case study? A) a long-term study of a clinical client B) a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community C) the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats D) a study involving use of a control group

A

Women are _______ as likely as men to develop stress disorders. A.) twice B.) three times C.) four times D.) just

A

Women suffer _____ of major depressive disorder as compared to men. A) twice the level C) four times the level B) three times the level D) the same level

A

_____ is/are the most popular antidepressants because they have the fewest side effects. A) SSRIs C) MAOIs B) Tricyclic antidepressants D) ECT

A

_____ slow(s) the reuptake of serotonin from synapses. A) SSRIs C) MAOIs B) Tricyclic antidepressants D) ECT

A

_____ therapy has successfully reduced the occurrence of peripartum depression in pregnant women at high risk for the disorder. A) Interpersonal C) Family dynamic B) Cognitive-behavior D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which of the following is the BEST answer you can give based on current research? A) "Probably—about two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." B) "Probably—over 90 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." C) "Almost certainly—about 80 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD show almost immediate improvement, and most of the rest show improvement within two years of starting therapy." D) "Yes—almost everyone receiving treatment for PTSD shows improvement within a few months."

A) "Probably—about two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement."

8. Which of the following is TRUE about research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for treating unipolar depression? A) Research studies show its effectiveness. B) It is no more effective than placebo therapy. C) 80 to 90 precent of depressed people show almost total elimination of symptoms. D) Although people become less depressed, their thought patterns don't change.

A) Research studies show its effectiveness.

Which of the following is the MOST accurate conclusion about the state of abnormal psychology in the United States currently? A) There is no single definition of abnormality, no one theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment. B) We do know what mental illness is, but we don't understand what causes it, or the best way to treat it. C) We haven't advanced much beyond the demonology era. D) Now we understand what causes mental illness and how best to treat it; plus, we can define it.

A) There is no single definition of abnormality, no one theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment.

How concerned should we be about victims of sexual assault and terror? Is there a very great risk that they will experience PTSD? A) Yes, the risk is great; over a third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD. B) Yes, the risk is great; virtually everyone who experiences sexual assault or terror eventually experiences PTSD. C) No, the risk isn't great; only about 10 percent of sexual assault and terror victims experience PTSD. D) No, the risk isn't great; the number of people in these groups who experience PTSD is probably overestimated.

A) Yes, the risk is great; over a third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD.

Leila always feels threatened and anxious - imagining something awful is about to happen. But she is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing: A) a generalized anxiety disorder B) a hormonal imbalance C) no specific problem; she just likes to worry D) a specific fear response

A) a generalized anxiety disorder

If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use: A) a response inventory B) a validity assessment C) a measure of reliability D) standardization

A) a response inventory

If someone were to correlate scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale with the numbers of physical (health) complaints, one would MOST likely find: A) a significant positive correlation. B) a significant negative correlation. C) no correlation. D) the most illness for people experiencing very low and very high stress.

A) a significant positive correlation.

18. A clinician says at a workshop, "I prefer the most recently developed antidepressant medications, because they're harder to overdose on, and they don't require dietary restrictions." This statement is: A) accurate. B) partially accurate; they are harder to overdose on, but do require dietary restrictions. C) partially accurate; they are easier to overdose on, but do not require dietary restrictions. D) inaccurate.

A) accurate.

The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: A) client-centered B) insight C) gestalt D) existential

A) client-centered

The model of abnormality that concentrates on thought processes is the: A) cognitive model B) behavioral model C) sociocultural model D) psychodynamic model

A) cognitive model

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate about depersonalization disorder? A) depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress or pain B) most cases of depersonalization disorder are associated with changes in brain activity C) the presence of severe stressors in one's life is not a predictor of depersonalization disorder D) depersonalization disorder rarely occurs transiently

A) depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress or pain.

Behaviors that violates legal norms is: A) deviant and criminal B) distressful and criminal C) deviant and psychopathological D) distressful and psychopathological

A) deviant and criminal

People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety, which is then triggered by social and psychological factors, may develop anxiety disorders, according to the: A) diathesis-stress model B) psychodynamic model C) cognitive-behavioral model D) evolutionary perspective

A) diathesis-stress model

A person seeking help for a psychological abnormality is made to drink bitter herbal potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that "evil spirits" will be driven from the person's body. This form of "therapy" is called: A) exorcism. B) shaman. C) couvade. D) trephination.

A) exorcism.

Fear differs from anxiety in that: A) fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more vague B) anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear C) anxiety is to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat D) anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague

A) fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more vague

Dissociative fugues usually: A) follow a stressful event B) end very gradually C) have numerous recurrences D) involve irrecoverable memory loss

A) follow a stressful event

Which of the following aspects of Type A personality make a person MOST vulnerable to heart disease? A) hostility and time urgency B) ambition and competition C) impatience and anger D) cynicism and tension

A) hostility and time urgency

A flash mob is MOST similar to: A) mass hysteria. B) melancholia. C) trephination. D) eco-terrorism.

A) mass hysteria.

People who engage in frenetic, manic activity may not experience distress. They are: A) nevertheless considered to be abnormal. B) not abnormal because abnormality requires distress. C) doing something illegal, not abnormal. D) no longer considered abnormal, but were in the past.

A) nevertheless considered to be abnormal.

Which of the following pairs of words best describes the current emphasis in mental health? A) prevention and positive psychology B) promotion and public psychology C) perfection and primary psychology D) people and professional psychology

A) prevention and positive psychology

Based on recent research, it can be concluded that the impact of repeated combat deployments: A) significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD. B) doesn't impact troops much at all. C) actually decreases the risk of a soldier experiencing PTSD. D) increases PTSD risk, but only by a small amount.

A) significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD.

Research suggests that which of the following people would be most likely NOT to develop a stress disorder following trauma? A) someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control B) someone who has a poor level of psychological adjustment prior to the trauma C) someone who is unable to find anything positive about a horrible situation D) someone who could be described as not very handy

A) someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control

If you really wanted to impress your friends, you would refer to "hair-pulling disorder" by the scientific name: A) trichotillomania B) musomania C) traumatomania D) gephyromania

A) trichotillomania

15. People who take MAO inhibitors and want to decrease the risk of negative side effects would make the greatest changes in which aspect of life? A) what they eat B) the type and amount of exercise they get C) their sex lives D) the amount of time they could spend in the sun

A) what they eat

11. When is couple therapy preferable to individual therapy? A) when relationship conflicts and role transitions are paramount B) when one person has a serious mental illness C) when medication has not been successful D) when there is a serious lack of extended familial support

A) when relationship conflicts and role transitions are paramount

"I've just experienced overload," says the participant observer. "I simply can't: A) write down all the important things I'm seeing." B) concentrate on my observations anymore." C) be impartial anymore." D) be sure the person I'm observing is acting like she usually would act."

A) write down all the important things I'm seeing.

A foreign invader of the body, such as a bacterium or a virus is known as a(n): A. antigen B. bactericide C. carcinogen D. teratogen

A.

According to research, ___ is the second most stressful life event for high school and college students. A. frequent testing B. dating C. being separated from family D. bullying

A.

All of the following are symptoms of PTSD, except: A. significant distress or impairment lasting more than 6 months B. recurrent, involuntary, and distressing memories C. avoiding activities that remind them of the trauma D. Changes in arousal, and reactivity, such as hypervigilence

A.

Between ___ percent of all people experience illness anxiety disorder. A. 1 and 5 B. 2 and 4 C. 1 and 4 D. 1 and 3

A.

Disorders such as ulcers, asthma and chronic headaches are often called ___ in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact to cause or worsen a physical illness. A. Psychophysiological disorders B. Placebo-affected disorders C. Hypocretin deficiency disorders D. Physical connectivity disorders

A.

Illness anxiety disorder most often starts in: A. early adulthood B. early childhood C. early adolescence D. late adulthood

A.

Individuals in ___ countries seem to display the greatest number of somatic reactions. A. Latin B. Western C. Middle-eastern D. Asian

A.

Individuals in ___ countries seem to display the greatest number of somatic symptoms. A. Latin American B. Western C. Middle-Eastern D. Asian

A.

Individuals with illness anxiety disorder typically receive the kinds of treatment that are applied to a(n) ___ disorder. A. obsessive-compulsive B. bipolar C. major depressive D. substance abuse

A.

International studies have detected very high rates of somatization in non-Western medical practices throughout the world, with patients in ___ displaying the largest number of such symptoms. A. Latin America B. the Arctic C. Japan D. Italy

A.

Most clinicians believe that veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder cannot fully recover until what happens? A. they come to grips with their combat experience and the impact that those experiences continue to have B. they revisit the country-territory where their combat experience took place C. they have a interaction with one of their former enemies to put the "war inside" to rest D. they learn to accept that they did what was required and learn to stop caring what others think.

A.

Psychologists have found that differences in which type of anxiety may appear soon after birth? A. trait anxiety B. state anxiety C. somatic anxiety D. cognitive anxiety

A.

Researchers have found abnormal activity in the hormone ___ and the neurotransmitter ___ in the urine, blood, and saliva of severe stresses. A. cortisol; norepinephrine B. insulin; norepinephrine C. cortisol; dopamine D. cortisol; serotonin

A.

Researchers have found abnormal activity in the hormone ___ and the neurotransmitter ___ in the urine, blood, and saliva of survivors of severe stresses. A. cortisol; norepinephrine B. cortisol; serotonin C. cortisol; dopamine D. insulin; norepinephrine

A.

Somatization patterns often runs in families. As many as ___ percent of close female relatives of women with somatization pattern also develop it. A. 20 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50

A.

Some studies have revealed that many patients with somatic symptom disorder improve considerably when treated with ___ drugs. A. antidepressant B. anti-inflammatory C. antisychotic D. mood stablizing

A.

Surveys suggest that in the United States more than ___ persons are victims of rape or attempted rape each year. A. 200,000 B. 400,000 C. 300,000 D. 500,000

A.

The hypothalamus activates which two bodily systems? A. autonomic nervous system and endocrine system B. autonomic nervous system and digestive system C. sympathetic nervous system and autonomic nervous system D. sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system

A.

Therapists who take a ___ approach to somatoform disorders try to force patients out of the sick role by straightforwardly telling them that their symptoms are without medical basis. A. confrontational B. reinforcement C. challenging D. rational-emotive

A.

This disorder involves an individual feigning or inducing physical symptoms, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person. A. factitious disorder B. hysterical somatic symptom disorder C. illness anxiety disorder D. somatic symptom disorder

A.

This is a disorder in which people mistakenly fear that minor changes in their physical functioning indicate a serious disease. A. illness anxiety disorder B. Muchausen syndrome by proxy C. Munchausen syndrome D. somatic symptom disorder

A.

Which condition has not been traditionally considered to be psychophysiological disorder? A. cancer B. asthma C. chronic headaches D. coronary heart disease

A.

Which of the following Type A personality traits has been linked to coronary heart disease? A. being very time urgent B. being driven C. being ambitious D. being competitive

A.

Women are ___ as likely as men to die within the first few weeks after suffering a heart attack? A. twice B. three times C. not D. all of the above

A.

___ amnesia is the most common type of dissociative amnesia. A. localized B. continuous C. selective D. generalized

A.

___ is a disorder marked by repeated sudden and irrepressible bouts of REM sleep during waking hours. A. Narcolepsy B. Hypersomnolence disorder C. Dyssomnia disorder D. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

A.

A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." Of the following choices, your MOST accurate answer would be: A. "Yes—although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does." B. "Yes—in fact, combat trauma is the leading source of PTSD worldwide." C. "Yes—combat trauma produces as many cases of PTSD worldwide as civilian trauma does." D. "Maybe—however, many researchers think that combat trauma is significantly overrated as a source of PTSD."

A. "Yes—although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."

"How can we reduce suicide risk for our kids?" asks the high school counselor, the day after one of the school's star athletes commits suicide. Your BEST answer, based on research, is: A) "Postvention often helps." B) "There really is little you can do, other than watch the students carefully." C) "Close the school for a week, and let the students' parents help them deal with the loss." D) "Reverse modeling works best."

A. "postvention often helps"

"How can we reduce suicide risk for our kids?," asks the high school counselor, the day after one of the school's star athletes commits suicide. Your BEST answer, based on research, is: A) "Postvention often helps." B) "There's really little you can do, other than watch the students carefully." C) "Close the school for a week, and let the students' parents help them deal with the loss." D) "Reverse modeling works best."

A. "postvention often helps"

One study showed that about what percentage of high-risk suicidal people who contact a suicide crisis hot line later commit suicide? A) 2 percent B) 10 percent C) 30 percent D) 50 percent

A. 2%

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between religion and suicide? A. A country's major religion is a more important predictor of suicide rates than its economic resources. B. Religion is a more important predictor of suicide risk for women than it is for men, especially in Catholic countries. C. Countries that have high Jewish and Muslim populations also have high suicide rates. D. The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion.

A. A country's major religion is a more important predictor of suicide rates than its economic resources. D. The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion.

Which one of the following statements is MOST consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression? A. Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely. B. One must completely eliminate negative thoughts to recover from depression. C. Negative thoughts are valuable guides for behavior. D. The behavioral approach alone is not preferable to cognitive interventions.

A. Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely. D. The behavioral approach alone is not preferable to cognitive interventions.

Which of the following is/are TRUE about alcohol use and suicide? A. Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers inhibitions. B. alcohol use does not seem to be related to suicide attempts. C. Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. D. About one-fourth of people who commit suicide are legally drunk.

A. Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers inhibitions. C. Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. D. About one-fourth of people who commit suicide are legally drunk.

Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which of the following would suggest MOST strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior? A) Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs. B) Barney wants the cookies desperately but asks his mother for a couple. C) Barney waits for his mother to leave the room, takes a few cookies, and runs away. D) Barney asks for some cookies in a whiny voice and throws a tantrum when he is denied.

A. Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs.

Which of the following is/are a correct match(es) of person and approach? A. Beck and cognitive therapy B. Lewinsohn and psychodynamic therapy C. Seligman and learned helplessness D. Weissman and learned helplessness

A. Beck and cognitive therapy C. Seligman and learned helplessness

The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the: A. Biological model B. Sociocultural model C. Psychodynamic model D. Humanistic-exisential model

A. Biological model

The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: A) client-centered. B) insight. C) gestalt. D) existential.

A. Client centered.

The model of abnormality that concentrates on thought processes is the: A. Cognitive model B. Behavioral model C. Sociocultural model D. Psychodynamic model

A. Cognitive model

"Thoughts, as well as overt actions, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning." The orientation of the author of this quote MOST likely would be: A) cognitive-behavioral. B) humanistic-existential. C) psychodynamic-gestalt. D) self-efficacious.

A. Cognitive-behavior

What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related? A. Compulsions help people control their obsessions. B. Obsessions generally lead to violent or immoral compulsions. C. Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occurring. D. Obsessions are not related to compulsions.

A. Compulsions help people control their obsessions.

A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is subsequently very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n): A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned response. D) conditioned response.

A. Conditioned stimulus

Which of the following statements is/are true about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster (based on research studies)? A. Debriefing may actually lead to poorer outcomes for victims of disasters. B. Debriefing is so ineffective that it is no longer done. C. Debriefing doesn't work too well to reduce negative outcomes for either rescuers or victims. D. Debriefing by victims is more effective than debriefing by professionals.

A. Debriefing may actually lead to poorer outcomes for victims of disasters. C. Debriefing doesn't work too well to reduce negative outcomes for either rescuers or victims.

Which of the followig aspects/findings provide(s) direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression? A. Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do nondepressed women. B. research supporting the existence of the cognitive triad C. Both human infants and infant monkeys show depression-like symptoms when they are separated from their mothers. D. Depression is related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

A. Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do nondepressed women. B. research supporting the existence of the cognitive triad

Among the following, the tests with low validity in identifying psychological disturbances is/are the: A. Draw-a-Person B. Thematic Apperception Test. C. Rorschach. D. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Test.

A. Draw-a-Person B. Thematic Apperception Test. C. Rorschach.

What aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively? A. dysfunction B. deviance C. danger to self or others D. distress

A. Dysfunction

Which of the following is/are example(s) of biological treatment(s)? A. Electroconvulsive shock B. SSRI's C. herbal remedies D. psychoanalytic therapy

A. Electroconvulsive shock B. SSRI's C. herbal remedies

If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was: A. exhibiting a typical reaction. B. deviant but not dangerous. C. statistically deviant. D. suffering from a mental illness.

A. Exhibiting a typical reaction

The statement or prediction that we make about a potential causal relationship in a proposed study is called the: A. hypothesis. B. theory. C. explanation. D. conclusion.

A. Hypothesis

Which of the following is NOT a concern that would call into question the reliability of clinical interviews? A. Impressions formed on these interviews may not predict future outcomes. B. On different days, people might describe themselves differently. C. People respond differently to different interviewers. D. People may respond differently to clinicians who are not of their race.

A. Impressions formed on these interviews may not predict future outcomes.

Why do many people think that estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate? A. Insurance companies won't pay life insurance in cases of suicide. B. Suicide is not a DSM-5 category. C. some reported accidents are probably suicides D. The stigma associated with suicide make people hesitate to report it.

A. Insurance companies won't pay life insurance in cases of suicide. C. some reported accidents are probably suicides D. The stigma associated with suicide make people hesitate to report it.

Which of the following is/are TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression? A. It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases. B. It is more effective than placebo treatments. C. The research has provided consistent results on this issue. D. It is more effective in group than in individual therapy sessions.

A. It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases. B. It is more effective than placebo treatments. C. The research has provided consistent results on this issue.

Juan has received a diagnosis of catatonic depression. What symptom(s) would you expect him to be evidencing? A. Juan sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. B. Juan's wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. C. Juan cries often and in inconsolable. D. Juan is almost totally immobile.

A. Juan sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. B. Juan's wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. D. Juan is almost totally immobile.

Which of the following support(s) the psychogenic view of mental illness? A. mental states could change after discussing painful memories B. the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g., mysterious paralysis) could be induced by hypnosis C. brain injuries often lead to mental difficulties D. individuals with syphillis eventually developed psycoses

A. Mental states could change after discussing painful memories & B. The discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g., mysterious paralysis) could be induced by hypnosis

Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called: A. modeling. B. operant conditioning. C. classical conditioning. D. shaping.

A. Modeling

jamal observed his parents' generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, Jamal has acquired his lifestyle through the process of: A) modeling. B) self-actualization. C) operant conditioning. D) classical conditioning.

A. Modeling

Which of the following reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization? A. Most communities failed to develop enough community services to serve individuals who were no longer hospitalized B. There is much less reliance on medication to treat the mentally ill C. Many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street D. Even individuals with severe mental illnesses are doing better than when they were likely to be institutionalized

A. Most communities failed to develop enough community services to serve individuals who were no longer hospitalized & C. Many People with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street

Which one of the following statements about rape is accurate? A. Most rape victims are young. B. About 1 in 10 women are raped in their lifetime. C. About equal numbers of men and women are raped. D. Most rape victims know their attackers.

A. Most rape victims are young. D. Most rape victims know their attackers.

Which of the following statements regarding suicide is TRUE? A) Native Americans have the highest suicide rate of any racial group in the United States. B) The suicide rate for whites in the United States is the same as that for blacks. C) Married people are more likely to commit suicide than adults who are single. D) Men are more likely to attempt suicide than women.

A. Native Americans have the highest suicide rate of any racial group in the United States

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: A) oral stage. B) anal stage. C) phallic stage. D) latency stage.

A. Oral stage

Which one of the following statements would a Freudian be MOST likely to agree with? A) Parents are the key figures during childhood and are seen as the cause of improper development. B) Regardless of each person's history, everyone is ultimately responsible for their own behavior. C) What you have learned from your parents is how you behave as an adult. D) Past history doesn't matter. It is what is happening here and now that is important.

A. Parents are the key figures during childhood and are seen as the cause of improper development.

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of managed care programs? A. patient choice in number of sessions that therapy can last B. preapproval for treatment by the insurance company C. limited pool of practitioners for patients to choose from D. ongoing reviews and assessments

A. Patient choice in a number of sessions that therapy can last

Which of the following theory/theories posit explanations for why people develop generalized anxiety disorders? A. Pavlov's conditioning theory B. Rogers' client-centered theory C. Ellis's rational-emotive theory D. Freud's psychoanalytic theory

A. Pavlov's conditioning theory B. Rogers' client-centered theory C. Ellis's rational-emotive theory D. Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Research suggests that which of the following people would be likely NOT to develop a stress disorder following trauma? A. Someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control B. someone who has a solid social support system and/or was treated with dignity by the criminal justice system. C. someone who did not experience significant disruptions, traumas or abuse in childhood. D. someone who is unable to find anything positive about a horrible situation.

A. Someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control B. someone who has a solid social support system and/or was treated with dignity by the criminal justice system. C. someone who did not experience significant disruptions, traumas or abuse in childhood.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects current research findings? A. Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression. B. Dysregulated immune systems produce stress, which may then produce unipolar depression. C. Unipolar depression produces stress, which produces dysregulated immune systems. D. Unipolar depression and stress both produce dysregulated immune systems.

A. Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression.

If your university has a positive psychology program which of the following element(s) would it be likely to have? A. support spiritual development B. designed to help students achieve their full academic potential C. encourage the development of character strengths D. facilitate physical health

A. Support spiritual development B. Designed to help students achieve their full academic potential C. encourage the development of character strengths D. facilitate physical health

A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug? A. The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes. B. Nothing much—the drug works specifically on manic episodes. C. The person might experience an initial intensification of depressive episodes, followed by a return to the usual intensity. D. The person probably would develop unipolar depression.

A. The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes.

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders? A. They are triggered by traumatic events. B. They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medication—antipsychotics. C. They are disorders of the twentieth century; that is, they were not diagnosed before 1900. D. They are varieties of depression

A. They are triggered by traumatic events.

What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common? A. They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression. B. They are used primarily to treat those with mild forms of depression. C. Despite early promise, they have proven not to be effective treatments for depression. D. They are usually tried after medications, because we have more outcome data on medications.

A. They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression. D. They are usually tried after medications, because we have more outcome data on medications.

"Isn't the ABAB design pretty much a case study?" asks a friend of yours in this class. Your BEST answer would be: A. "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater internal validity." B. "Yes." C. "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater external validity." D. "They're not very similar, and the ABAB design has greater internal validity and greater external validity."

A. They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater internal validity.

Which of the following statements regarding suicide is TRUE? A. War vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as similar nonveterans. B. Native Americans have the highest suicide rate of any racial group in the United States. C. Married people are more likely to commit suicide than adults who are single. D. Men are more likely to attempt suicide than women.

A. War vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as similar nonveterans. B. Native Americans have the highest suicide rate of any racial group in the United States.

If you were treated with ECT, you would experience: A. a brain seizure. B. a reuptake of serotonin. C. an insulin-induced coma. D. an increase in energy and creativity.

A. a brain seizure.

A campus newspaper publishes an "Exam Anxiety" test, which was put together by the newspaper staff one evening just before their publishing deadline. Due to its hasty construction, the test is unlikely to have: A. a standardization sample. B. predictive validity. C. face validity. D. standardization

A. a standardization sample. B. predictive validity. D. standardization

Which of the following would be the MOST surprising example of suicide because it does not fit into the pattern that current research results have identified? A) a woman who stabbed and then hanged herself B) a woman who attempted suicide but did not succeed C) a man who shot himself D) a woman who killed herself with a drug overdose

A. a woman who stabbed & then hanged herself

In research on the relationship between serotonin and suicide, serotonin seems MOST related to: A) aggression. B) introversion. C) selfishness. D) shame.

A. aggression

A society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of people with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls: A. anomic suicide. B. altruistic suicide. C. egoistic suicide. D. intragroup suicide.

A. anomic suicide.

At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Do you have a gun? Is it loaded and do you know how to use it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? A) assessing suicide potential B) understanding and clarifying the problem C) establishing a positive relationship D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

A. assessing suicide potential

Which of the following is/are considered traditional psychophysiological disorder(s)? A. asthma B. chronic headaches. C. insomnia D. cancer

A. asthma B. chronic headaches. C. insomnia

If the psychodynamic explanation for suicide is correct, then suicide rates should: A. be higher in nations with low murder rates. B. be lower in those who experienced actual (real) loss as children. C. be lower in those who experienced symbolic loss as children. D. increase in a nation which is at war.

A. be higher in nations with low murder rates.

Commonly observed triggers for suicide include all of the following EXCEPT: A) being in therapy. B) heavy alcohol use. C) modeling of someone who committed suicide. D) stressful life events.

A. being in therapy

The humanists: A. believe everyone is inherently motivated toward growth B. believe in the innate goodness of human beings C. believe the self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning. D. believe that change can occur at any time of life

A. believe everyone is inherently motivated toward growth B. believe in the innate goodness of human beings C. believe the self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning D. believe that change can occur at any time of life

Research supporting a Freudian view of suicide has shown that later suicidal behavior is related to: A. both real and symbolic losses in childhood. B. neither real nor symbolic losses in childhood. C. real, but not symbolic, losses in childhood. D. symbolic, but not real, losses in childhood.

A. both real and symbolic losses in childhood.

The age group LEAST likely to commit suicide in the United States is: A) children. B) adolescents. C) young adults. D) the elderly.

A. children

Conclusions from extensive studies of the effectiveness of various forms of treatment for depression show that: A. cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are the best. B. cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are about equally effective. C. no matter what other treatment is used, drug treatment is essential and should be tried first. D. all treatments are equally effective in treating depression.

A. cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are the best. B. cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are about equally effective.

The most current research we have suggests that reductions in activity levels in the caudate nuclei among people with obsessive-compulsive disorder result from A. cognitive-behavioral therapies. B. one's initial level of caudate nuclei activity—those with high levels maintain them. C. appropriate medications D. an artifact in the research protocol related to the length of time the person has had the diagnosis.

A. cognitive-behavioral therapies. C. appropriate medications

The group of hormones that appear to be MOST involved in arousal and the fear reaction are the: A. corticosteroids. B. adrenalaltoids. C. beta-blockers. D. prolactins.

A. corticosteroids.

According to Edwin Shneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and whose actions leading to death do not guarantee death (e.g., swimming in shark-infested waters) are called: A) death darers. B) death seekers. C) death ignorers. D) death initiators.

A. death darers

Knowing she was terminally ill, Bonnie swallowed a handful of barbiturates in order to save herself and her family from the final painful months of life. Bonnie is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: A. death initiator. B. death darer. C. death ignorer. D. death seeker.

A. death initiator.

Sylvia shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood, where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Sylvia is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: A) death seeker. B) death initiator. C) death ignorer. D) death darer.

A. death seeker

Research prompted by the "black box" controversy about using second-generation antidepressants with younger patients shows that taking second-generation antidepressants: A. decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide. B. decreases younger patient suicide rates. C. increases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are less likely to commit suicide. D. has no predictable effect on suicide rates in younger patients.

A. decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide.

People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety, which is then triggered by social and psychological factors, may develop... A. diathesis-stress model B. psychodynamic model C. cognitive-behavioral model D. evolutionary perspective

A. diathesis-stress model

The DSM-5 requires clinicians to provide: A. dimensional information. B. information divided into Axes. C. categorical information. D. only basic demographic information

A. dimensional information. C. categorical information.

In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in: A. divorced people. B. married people. C. widowed people. D. never-married people.

A. divorced people.

A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when none exists. Which design would prevent this problem? A. double-blind B. longitudinal C. epidemiological D. experimental

A. double-blind

Some believe that allowing terminally ill elderly people to legally commit suicide will lead to a perceived "duty to die," involving: A) elderly people committing suicide because they think they should. B) family members of the terminally ill becoming increasingly involved in the suicide process. C) subtle pressure on people to sign contracts saying they will commit suicide under certain conditions. D) younger and younger people wanting the right to commit suicide legally.

A. elderly people committing suicide because they think they should

The existential model: A. encompasses self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility B. purports that psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception: people hide from life's responsibilities and fail to recognize that it is up to them to give meaning to their lives C. is essentially the same as the humanistic model. D. has its roots in the philosophical idea that people are dynamic beings, giving meaning to their existence through their actions,

A. encompasses self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility B. purports that psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception: people hide from life's responsibilities and fail to recognize that it is up to them to give meaning to their lives D. has its roots in the philosophical idea that people are dynamic beings, giving meaning to their existence through their actions

Therapies that have received clear research support are called: A. evidence-based. B. idiographic. C. outcome studies. D. meta-analyses.

A. evidence-based.

Which of the following would be considered emotional symptoms(s) of depression? A. experiences of periods of anger B. experiences of sadness C. a negative view of oneself D. staying in bed for hours during the day

A. experiences of periods of anger B. experiences of sadness

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is: A. experiencing reduced responsiveness. B. experiencing avoidance. C. reexperiencing the traumatic event. D. experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

A. experiencing reduced responsiveness.

Which of the following might be an example of an analogue experiment? A. exposing lab rats to high levels of stress and having human participants live in a simulated mental hospital would each be an example of an analogue experiment B. exposing laboratory rats to high levels of stress to see if they develop signs of "depression" C. None of the answers is correct. D. having human participants live for a week in a simulated mental hospital to see how they respond

A. exposing lab rats to high levels of stress and having human participants live in a simulated mental hospital would each be an example of an analogue experiment

Fear differs from anxiety in that: A. fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. B. anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague. C. fear is more likely to lead to aggression than is anxiety. D. anxiety is to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat.

A. fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. C. fear is more likely to lead to aggression than is anxiety.

At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Will you promise me that you will call again if you ever feel like killing yourself again?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention does this question BEST represent? A) formulating a plan B) assessing suicide potential C) understanding and clarifying the problem D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

A. formulating a plan

An assumption of determinism is that abnormal behaviors: A. have antecedents that can be studied. B. have physiological bases. C. are due to unconscious conflicts. D. are not accidental.

A. have antecedents that can be studied D. are not accidental

One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: A. how long the anxiety symptoms last. B. what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms. C. what the cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms was. D. how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are.

A. how long the anxiety symptoms last.

Which of the following model(s) of abnormality focus on unconscious internal processes, conflicts and/or motivations in determining behavior? A. humanistic model. B. psychodynamic model. C. cognitive model. D. behavioral model.

A. humanistic model B. psychodynamic model

Which of the following is the BEST example of the social contagion effect? A) If you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater. B) The suicide of a family member is extremely stressful to others in the family. C) The suicide of a close family member or friend can have a life-long impact on a person. D) Celebrity suicides do not have as great an impact on individuals as the suicide of a close family member.

A. if you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to: A. internal, global, stable factors. B. internal specific, stable factors. C. internal, global, unstable factors. D. internal, specific, unstable factors.

A. internal, global, stable factors.

Based on the evidence about suicide rates, which of the following intervention strategies should prevent the MOST suicides? A) intervention focused on middle-aged adults—they have a fairly high suicide rate, and it is rising relatively rapidly B) intervention focused on children—they have a relatively low suicide rate, but it is rising extremely rapidly C) intervention focused on those over 75—they make far more suicide attempts than other age groups, although they have a low suicide rate D) intervention focused on teenagers—they have the highest suicide attempt and suicide completion rates of any age group

A. intervention focused on middle-aged adults - they have a fairly high suicide rate, & it is rising relatively quickly

Retrospective analysis of suicide typically would include: A. interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide. B. suicide interventions with people acquainted with the person who committed suicide, and who might attempt "copycat" suicides. C. reviewing a variety of information about the person who committed suicide such as social media, journals, etc. D. interviews with people who know the person who attempted suicide.

A. interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide. C. reviewing a variety of information about the person who committed suicide such as social media, journals, etc.

A couple has been married for almost 50 years, then one of them dies. The probability that the surviving spouse will commit suicide: A) is much higher than normal. B) is a little higher than normal, but drops to normal levels within about six months. C) doesn't change much at all. D) drops substantially, especially if the couple had been having marital difficulties.

A. is much higher than normal

The concept of reactivity is relevant to clinical research because: A. it can contribute to poor reliability in observational measures. B. it can be a confounding factor in observational research C. it refers to behavior changes that occur when a subject is being observed. D. it can result in observer bias.

A. it can contribute to poor reliability in observational measures. B. it can be a confounding factor in observational research C. it refers to behavior changes that occur when a subject is being observed.

Biological researchers have found a link between suicide and: A) low activity levels of serotonin. B) high activity levels of serotonin dopamine. C) high levels of 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid. D) elevated number of serotonin receptor sites.

A. low activity levels of serotonin

Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between serotonin and suicide? A) Low levels of serotonin are related to high levels of aggression and impulsivity. B) High levels of serotonin are related to high levels of aggression and impulsivity. C) Serotonin makes people more likely to abuse substances, increasing the likelihood of their committing suicide. D) Suicide attempts increase the level of serotonin in the brain, making suicide more likely.

A. low levels of serotonin are related to high levels of aggression & impulsivity

Dr. Jones adheres to the sociocultural perspective of depression. Which of the following is she likely to pay attention to when she assesses a client? A. marital status B. race C. Socioeconomic status (SES) D. current living conditions

A. marital status B. race C. Socioeconomic status (SES) D. current living conditions

An interviewer who asks a client questions such as "Where are you now?" "why do you think you're here?" or even "who are you?" is probably conducting... A. mental status exam B. behavioral interview C. sociocultural interview D. intelligence test

A. mental status exam

The finding that more than 90 percent of adolescents who attempt suicide know someone who has attempted suicide provides a case for what process in suicidal actions? A) modeling B) reinforcement C) unconscious conflicts D) maladaptive thinking

A. modeling

When a rash of suicides occurs in the aftermath of a celebrity's suicide or a case that has been highly publicized by the media, behavioral theorists believe it is attributable to: A) modeling. B) helplessness. C) folie à deux D) hopelessness.

A. modeling

Which of the following is/are anxiety disorder(s)? A. obsessive-compulsive disorder B. bipolar disorder C. phobia D. panic disorder

A. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. phobia D. panic disorder

Immediate stressors particularly common among those who attempt suicide include all the following EXCEPT: A) occupational stress. B) divorce. C) death of a loved one. D) stress from a flood.

A. occupational stress

Of the following alternatives, the LEAST common predictor of suicide is: A) physical illness. B) hopelessness or cognitive rigidity. C) depression. D) alcoholism.

A. physical illness

If a student at your school commits suicide, the staff might offer counseling sessions for the other students. If so, the staff is engaging in: A) postvention. B) destigmatization. C) substance abuse prevention. D) psychodynamic therapy.

A. postvention

A new assessment tool does a good job of differentiating those who later will be depressed and those who will not be depressed, and it produces results similar to those of other tools measuring depression. Therefore, the new assessment tool has good: A. predictive validity B. face validity C. inter judge reliability D. test-retest reliability

A. predictive validity

A person is socially withdrawn, speaks in odd ways, has strange ideas, and expresses little emotion, but is not displaying full-blown schizophrenic symptoms. What phase of schizophrenia is the person in? A. prodromal B. active C. residual D. either prodromal or residual

A. prodromal

The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the: A. psychodynamic model. B. cognitive model. C. behavioral model. D. sociocultural model.

A. psychodynamic model

Which of the following are types of major depressive disorders? A. recurrent B. seasonal C. melancholic D. posttraumatic

A. recurrent B. seasonal C. melancholic

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder is likely to experience the following symptoms: A. signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions B. reduced responsiveness. C. intrusive thoughts, memories or dreams of the the traumatic event. D. increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

A. signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions B. reduced responsiveness. C. intrusive thoughts, memories or dreams of the the traumatic event. D. increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

Which of the following people would be at MOST risk of suicide? A) someone who had been in poor health for years and is now terminal B) someone who recently escaped from an abusive environment and is enrolled in school C) someone who has had fewer than the average number of stressors in life D) someone who is a devout Muslim

A. someone who had been in poor health for years & is now terminal

The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," MOST impacts one's: A. stress response. B. stressor. C. stress. D. somatization.

A. stress response.

An interviewer who asks a client questions such as "Where are you now?," "Why do you think you're here?," or even "Who are you?" is probably conducting a(n): A. structured interview. B. intelligence test. C. mental status exam. D. sociocultural interview.

A. structured interview. C. mental status exam.

Norepinephrine is to ______ as corticosteroid is to ______. A. sympathetic pathway; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway B. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system C. acute stress; posttraumatic stress D. fight response; flight response

A. sympathetic pathway; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (presently DSM-5) was developed by: A. the American Psychiatric Association. B. the American Psychoanalytic Association. C. the American Phrenological Association. D. the American Psychological Association.

A. the American Psychiatric Association.

One who takes an evolutionary perspective with respect to abnormal behavior would be likely to agree that: A. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally the same. B. at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive. C. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. D. genome mapping is a waste of time.

A. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally the same B. at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive

Among the factor(s) that affect the external validity of a study is/are: A. the number of confounding variables not controlled for B. the composition of the sample used. C. the size of the sample used. D. the researcher's status in the field being studied

A. the number of confounding variables not controlled for B. the composition of the sample used C. the size of the sample used

The behavioral model emphasizes: A. the role the environment plays in an individual's reactions B. the importance of conditioning in determining human actions C. the value of the experience of being human D. the cognitive processes involved in learning new behaviors

A. the role the environment plays in an individual's reactions B. the importance of conditioning in determining human actions

(An) important difference(s) between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A. the severity and duration of the problem. B. the particular medication used to treat the problem. C. the cause of the problem. D. the demographic characteristics of the person.

A. the severity and duration of the problem.

All of the following would contribute to the social contagion effect EXCEPT: A) the suicide of a celebrity. B) the suicide of a family member. C) the suicide of a friend. D) the suicide of a spouse.

A. the suicide of a celebrity

The model or paradigm an investigator uses influences: A. the type of data the investigator is interested in B. the culture in which the disorder is found. C. the questions and observations the investigator uses. D. the treatment that is most effective for a disorder.

A. the type of data the investigator is interested in C. the questions and observations the investigator uses

According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death darers primarily differ from those in other categories? A) They are ambivalent about their deaths. B) They intend to end their lives with their actions. C) They believe that death will not end their existence. D) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

A. they are ambivalent about their deaths

How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people? A. they lead to more maladaptive, distressful and inflexible behaviors B. they include personality traits not experienced by typical people C. they are generally treated successfully with antipsychotic medication D. they are caused by epigenetic processes

A. they lead to more maladaptive, distressful and inflexible behaviors

Suicides that are carried out in bizarre ways for political reasons are MOST likely to trigger: A) those with emotional problems to commit suicide in the same manner. B) those with similar political views to commit suicide, but in a different manner. C) no particular increase in suicides. D) a decrease in suicides, because of close media attention to the bizarre aspects of the act.

A. those with emotional problems to commit suicide in the same manner

Why do clinical researchers sometimes match participants who have a particular diagnosis with those who don't, before conducting the research? A. to make sure that the only way the two groups differ is in diagnosis B. to minimize the impact of the diagnosis C. to turn a quasi-experiment into a true experiment D. to eliminate the Rosenthal Effect

A. to make sure that the only way the two groups differ is in diagnosis

Research by cognitive theorists on the topic of social anxiety disorder has shown support for the prevalence of all of the following among those with this diagnosis, EXCEPT: A. underestimating how badly the social event went. B. thinking they have social flaws, which leads to anxiety. C. overestimating how badly things might go during the social event. D. repeatedly reviewing social events after they have occurred.

A. underestimating how badly the social event went.

People experiencing mania: A. want excitement and companionship. B. are usually unaware of their domineering, excessive behaviors. C. enthusiastically long for new friends, but ignore old friends. D. enthusiastically look for old friends, but ignore new friends.

A. want excitement and companionship. B. are usually unaware of their domineering, excessive behaviors.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding war veterans' risk of suicide once they return home? A) War vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as similar nonveterans. B) War vets are no more likely to commit suicide than similar nonveterans. C) War vets are a little less likely to commit suicide than similar nonveterans. D) Family members of war vets, not the vets themselves, are at a higher suicide risk.

A. war vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as similar nonveterans

For teenagers, the highest suicide rates are found among: A) white Americans and American Indians. B) American Indians and African Americans. C) African Americans and Hispanic Americans. D) white Americans and Hispanic Americans.

A. white Americans & American Indians

Unlike those who are malingering, persons with this disorder go to extremes to create the appearance of illness from a wish to assume the sick role. A. factitious disorder B. psychophysiological disorder C. conversion disorder D. Briquet's syndrome

A>

Your college newspaper features a headline reading, "COUNSELING CENTER RESEARCHER SEEKING UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS FOR SMOKING STUDY. PARTICIPANTS WILL BE PAID FOR THEIR TIME." This type of recruitment is most typical of which of the following research techniques? A.Analogue sample B.Random sample C.Correlational study D.Clinical sample

Analogue sample

"Pa-leng" is a. a fear of cold found in Chinese cultures. b. a Japanese form of obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. a phobia stemming from paternal abuse. d. the sound that money makes when it falls into the therapist's pocket.

Answer: A

A prognosis is based primarily upon a. information about the course of the disorder in other individuals. b. whether the symptoms an individual exhibits correspond to the DSM-IV category for a particular disorder. c. the treatment options available to the patient. d. the client's desire to reform.

Answer: A

According to studies with monkeys, a sense of control can influence a. responses to neurotransmitters. b. self-esteem. c. egotism. d. degree of yoking.

Answer: A

Alarmingly, in some areas where the rate of new cases of AIDS had been declining, it has begun increasing again. The statistic that tells us this information is a. incidence. b. correlation. c. deviation. d. prevalence.

Answer: A

Anxiety is difficult to study because a. humans may manifest it in many different ways. b. animal research cannot be applied to our understanding of the human anxiety experience. c. it is implicated in only a few types of psychopathology. d. it has no physiological consequences.

Answer: A

As a clinician, you begin your initial assessment interviews by a. asking broad, open-ended questions. b. asking specific questions related to the diagnosis. c. assessing neurological development. d. giving clients diagnostic tests.

Answer: A

Batman is walking down a dark alley in Gotham City. Suddenly, a dark figure jumps out from behind a trash bin and points a gun at him. Batman turns and runs, faster than a speeding bullet. This is an example of a. alarm response. b. panic. c. anxiety. d. wimpy behavior.

Answer: A

Breuer discovered that a. hysterical symptoms were alleviated after patients discussed them under hypnosis. b. dogs salivate to a bell if the bell is rung prior to feeding. c. discussing problems while hypnotized leads to patient insight. d. general paresis was caused by the same bacteria that cause syphilis.

Answer: A

Equifinality refers to the idea that a. different paths may lead to the same outcome. b. a psychological disorder is caused by more than one factor. c. a disorder will have a different prognosis, depending on the individual. d. the same disorder can have multiple symptoms.

Answer: A

External cues to panic attacks a. may include increases in heart rate or respiration. b. may be places similar to the one where the original panic attack occurred. c. are only places where panic attacks have occurred in the past. d. none of the above

Answer: A

IPT deals with four interpersonal issues. These include all but which of the following? a. Issues of intimacy b. Role disputes c. Adjustment to loss d. Social skills deficit correction

Answer: A

Inverse agonists have a(an) _____________ effect on neurotransmitters. a. opposite b. decreasing c. increasing d. no

Answer: A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder appears to be linked to the area of the brain called the __________________. The implications of this finding are that__________________. a. orbital frontal cortex; although the disorder is related to a particular brain circuit, the causes of the disorder are not necessarily completely biological b. orbital frontal cortex; the disorder is probably due only to brain damage in this area c. occipital lobe; although the disorder is related to a particular brain circuit, the disorder causes the abnormalities in the brain d. occipital lobe; the disorder is most likely due to purely psychological causes ANS: A

Answer: A

On the MMPI, results are assessed according to a. how the pattern of answers corresponds to that of people diagnosed with a specific disorder. b. how often the individual refers to specific ideas, such as aggression or sexuality. c. the degree of emotionality associated with results. d. how often an individual responds to questions that reflect aggression or some other concept.

Answer: A

One of the results of the discovery that the disease syphilis and the disordered behavior that results from it are both caused by the same bacterial microorganism was a. mental health professionals began to think that other psychological disorders might be caused by other microorganisms, and biological cures might be possible. b. individuals diagnosed with syphilis were referred to psychologists instead of doctors for further treatment. c. the mental hygiene movement was established, which attempted to provide a sterile, bacteria-free, environment for those suffering from disorders. d. mental health professionals adopted a genetic model, which has been supported by further scientific investigations into the causes of disorders.

Answer: A

Psychological conditioning involves a. learning a relationship between two events. b. salivating to a metronome. c. adding body and manageability to one's hair. d. learning to salivate to food.

Answer: A

Reuptake refers to a. a neurotransmitter being released at the synaptic cleft. b. a neuron reabsorbing a neurotransmitter after it is released. c. a neurotransmitter attaching to a receptor cell. d. a neurotransmitter being broken down at the synaptic cleft.

Answer: A

Seligman's theory on the depressive attributional style has generated substantial research. A conclusion that cannot be reached from the current conceptualization of the theory is that a. the first response to a stressful situation is negative feelings about one's failings. b. depressive attributions will occur over time and across situations if not modified. c. learned helplessness contributes to the maintenance of the depressive attributional style. d. we do not know whether learned helplessness is a cause or symptom of depression.

Answer: A

The CAT scan neuroimaging technique a. uses x-rays to portray brain structures. b. uses magnetic fields to portray brain structures. c. follows tracer elements in the nervous system. d. uses magnetic fields to portray brain functions. e. studies brains of domestic felines.

Answer: A

The diagnostic report states "The patient was oriented to time and space, showed appropriate affect, and could do simple calculations. Short and long-term memory were intact." Someone has done a. a mental status exam. b. psychophysiological testing. c. projective testing. d. reliability evaluation.

Answer: A

The phenomenon in which entire groups of people simultaneously begin to behave abnormally is known as a. mass hysteria. b. exorcism. c. lunacy. d. melancholy.

Answer: A

The purpose of structured and semi-structured interviews is a. to collect necessary information in a standard way to allow for comparison with similar individuals. b. to initiate treatment. c. to increase confidentiality. d. to help develop the therapist/client relationship.

Answer: A

The relationship between obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) a. is a distant one; those with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend not to have the obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors of OCD. b. is a highly overlapping one; OCD encompasses all of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder characteristics, but no characteristics of other personality disorders. c. is as close as can be; the disorders are one and the same. d. none of the above

Answer: A

The scientist-practitioner model of psychology focuses on a. the psychologist's use of scientific principles to study which treatments are most effective and to decide which treatment to use. b. the psychologist's use of statistics, such as prevalence and incidence, to diagnose clients. c. the exchange of information between scientists. d. the use of drugs in clinical practice.

Answer: A

This week's first client shows a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. You diagnose ___________personality disorder, one of the dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster of disorders. a. narcissistic b. schizoid c. avoidant d. histrionic

Answer: A

Tim owns a cat who licks her chops when she hears cellophane cat food packets being opened. This is not a skill she or her wild ancestors learned in the jungle. According to a classical conditioning account, the cellophane sound is a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned stimulus. c. a conditioned response. d. an unconditioned response.

Answer: A

Travis suffers from acute major depressive episodes. He does not respond to therapeutic drugs and has been spotted pacing along the bridge near his home. Travis recently gave his therapist a favorite family heirloom. His psychiatrist is concerned about his suicidal ideation and is considering ______________ due to the ineffectiveness of the current treatment and the severity of Travis' symptoms. a. electroconvulsive shock therapy b. frontal lobotomy c. insulin shock therapy d. hypnosis

Answer: A

Tricyclic medications a. have been widely used for depression in spite of a variety of side effects. b. include imipramine, fluoxetine, and amitriptyline. c. are not beneficial for children with attention problems, but are safe for children having major depressive disorder. d. are given to patients demonstrating a rapid cycling pattern of depressive, manic, and hypomanic symptoms.

Answer: A

Valerie tells you that she has been receiving cognitive-behavioral treatment for her generalized anxiety disorder. This treatment most likely involves a. bringing on the worry process during therapy sessions and confronting the anxiety-provoking images and worrisome thoughts head-on. b. discussing the earliest memories of anxiety-provoking events and finding meaning in these fears. c. snapping a rubber band on her wrist when she is anxious. d. the prescription of serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication.

Answer: A

What is Joseph Wolpe's most noted contribution to psychology? a. Systematic desensitization as a means of therapy b. The discovery that fear can be repressed through familiarity with the feared object c. The definition of operant conditioning d. The discovery of the mechanism of the extinction process

Answer: A

What is the most common experience of depression? a. Major depressive episode b. Hypomanic episode c. Catalepsy d. Atypical episode

Answer: A

When clinicians use subjective impressions of clients based on interpersonal interactions, rather than behavioral observations outlined by DSM criteria, more _______________ is likely to enter into diagnostic decisions. a. bias b. error c. accuracy d. expert opinion

Answer: A

Which of the following could result in learned helplessness? a. Being in a stressful situation one cannot control b. Being in a stressful situation and refusing to control it c. Being in control and then encountering stressors d. Perceiving control when none is present

Answer: A

A one-dimensional causal model a. uses only one perspective, such as behaviorism, to treat a disorder. b. attributes a disorder to a single cause. c. notes that many paths lead to the same disorder. d. looks at only one disorder at a time.

Answer: B

A pervasive pattern of overconcern with orderliness, control, and perfectionism at the expense of openness and flexibility a. is the DSM-IV category known as schizotypal personality disorder. b. is the DSM-IV definition of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. c. is the DSM-IV definition of histrionic personality disorder. d. can be typical of people who grade these exams.

Answer: B

According to the principle of prepared learning, humans a. are genetically predisposed to know certain things. b. inherit a capacity to learn certain things that are beneficial to the survival of the species. c. ready to learn to read by the age of six. d. are unable to learn the same things that rats learn.

Answer: B

As a psychiatrist, you have a client experiencing anxiety and panic attacks. You most likely prescribe a. reserpine. b. benzodiazepines. c. bromides. d. neuroleptics.

Answer: B

Binet, in an attempt to predict which children would succeed in school, developed a. a sentence completion test. b. an intelligence test based on an intelligence quotient. c. an intelligence test based on deviation IQS. d. achievement testing.

Answer: B

Bipolar II disorder is characterized by major depressive episodes alternating with _______________, while bipolar I disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of major depression and _______________. a. mania; hypomania b. hypomanic episodes; mania c. dysthymia; cyclothymic disorder d. periods of remission; hypomania

Answer: B

Bipolar disorder a. appears to occur independent of external events. b. may be triggered by a traumatic event and maintained through some psychological mechanism. c. is seen in a majority of adults who experienced severe early childhood trauma. d. is diagnosed most frequently in geographic areas of extreme temperatures.

Answer: B

Cyclothymic disorder a. may be specified as a subtype of schizoaffective disorder. b. includes both hypomanic and depressive symptoms. c. includes symptoms of mania and hypomania. d. cannot be diagnosed in children.

Answer: B

Deceitful, irresponsible, aggressive, irritable, and lacking remorse are characteristics describing a. bipolar disorder. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. borderline personality disorder. d. schizoid personality disorder.

Answer: B

Elliot constantly worries about his health, his finances, his job security, and the stability of his marriage. Often, his worries keep him awake at night, causing him to be so fatigued at work that he cannot perform his duties adequately. His wife is becoming frustrated with him, since he is so preoccupied with his worries that he is unable to do the dinner dishes when it is his turn. Elliot's problem might be diagnosed as a. panic disorder. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. simple phobia. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Answer: B

External cues to panic attacks a. may include increases in heart rate or respiration. b. may be places similar to the one where the original panic attack occurred. c. are only places where panic attacks have occurred in the past. d. none of the above

Answer: B

Generalized anxiety disorder is considered the "basic" anxiety disorder because a. it was the first anxiety disorder to be studied using animal models. b. all the other anxiety disorders include intense generalized anxiety. c. both a and b d. it was the first anxiety disorder to be studied by Freud.

Answer: B

George lives every day on a strict schedule. He must have everything perfect and organized, and is excessively devoted to his work. However, he has difficulty completing projects. Which personality disorder is he likely to be diagnosed? a. Paranoid b. Obsessive-compulsive c. Dependent d. Borderline

Answer: B

If using the diagnosis "depressed" allows you as a clinician to determine an effective treatment and give an accurate prognosis, the diagnosis has a. reliability. b. criterion validity. c. construct validity. d. content validity.

Answer: B

In a study described in the text, when a case history of antisocial personality disorder was ascribed to a male client, therapists diagnosed it correctly. When the same behavior was ascribed to a woman, a. their different diagnosis proved the existence of gender bias. b. their different diagnosis probably reflects a belief by therapists, accurate or not, that males are more likely to display antisocial behavior. c. the client was more frequently labeled dependent personality disorder. d. all of the above

Answer: B

Mood disorder prevention research focuses on a. decreasing conflict. b. teaching social skills to adolescents. c. teaching financial skills to the elderly. d. medications.

Answer: B

Psychophysiological assessment techniques are used to a. determine the physiological causes of psychological disorders. b. measure bodily changes, such as heart rate and anxiety, associated with psychological processes. c. analyze the functioning of the brain to determine if brain damage or abnormalities contribute to psychological disorders. d. ensure that both the body and the mind respond appropriately to stress.

Answer: B

Recently, there has been considerable interest in ____________ as an herbal treatment for depression. a. Milk Thistle b. St. John's Wort (hypericum) c. Ginkgo Biloba d. Saw Palmetto

Answer: B

Research comparing psychological interventions (talk therapy) to biological interventions (medication) suggest that talk therapy affects the brain from the _____ ______, and biological interventions affects the brain from the _________ _________. a. bottom up; top down b. top down; bottom up c. right to left; left to right d. left to right; right to left

Answer: B

Research indicates that the relationship between psychological treatment and brain circuits is such that a. psychological treatment works regardless of the brain circuit activity. b. psychological treatment can alter brain circuits. c. brain circuit activity alone determines the response to psychological treatment. d. psychological treatment is not effective due to the changes in the brain caused by mental disorders.

Answer: B

Research suggesting that cigarette smoking by teenagers increases the risk for developing anxiety disorders as adults indicates that a. the negative effects of smoking are permanent. b. environmental factors can affect susceptibility to the development of anxiety disorders. c. adolescents have underdeveloped brain circuits. d. nicotine decreases anxiety levels.

Answer: B

Richard, who has not responded well to medication, experiences six or more manic and depressive cycles in a year. Diagnosed with bipolar disorder, Richard is displaying a. bipolar II disorder. b. rapid cycling pattern. c. seasonal patterning. d. inexplicable treatment response.

Answer: B

The DSM-IV system of diagnosis is __________, whereas, many theorists propose that personality disorders occur on a continuum, rather than an all-or-none dichotomous fashion. These theorists propose changing to a ______________ system of diagnosis. a. dimension based; category-based b. category based; dimension-based c. behavior based; trait-based d. trait based; behavior-based

Answer: B

The endocrine system is important because it a. produces the neurotransmitters that determine bodily growth. b. produces hormones that are implicated in some psychological problems. c. produces the hormones that directly cause some psychological disorders. d. is the main controller of the entire nervous system.

Answer: B

The reason that a possible mixed anxiety-depression diagnosis is considered for DSM inclusion is a. the disorder was theoretically sound. b. the symptoms were often seen in primary care settings. c. the disorder was scientifically based. d. the disorder had construct validity.

Answer: B

The statement that best describes the role of serotonin in the etiology of depression is that a. low levels of serotonin are solely responsible. b. low serotonin levels appear to have an impact, but only in relation to other neurotransmitters. c. elevated serotonin levels are solely responsible. d. fluctuating levels of serotonin are the underlying basis for depression.

Answer: B

Therapist Dr. X (not her real name) is working with a client who is heavily involved with body-piercing. The client enjoys it, but Dr. X thinks the amount is so excessive she considers it abnormal behavior. She is employing which definition of abnormality? a. Dysfunction b. Culturally inappropriate or unexpected c. Impairment d. Distress

Answer: B

Which of the following is not an aspect of the definition of psychological disorders? a. The atypical response element, which states that a deviation from normal behavior is evidence of a psychological disorder b. The psychodynamic element, which suggests that abnormal behavior is the result of poor ego defense mechanisms c. The distress element, in which personal discomfort signals the presence of a psychological disorder d. The impairment in functioning element, which defines a psychological disorder based on a disruption in ability to carry out normal tasks

Answer: B

Which of the following observations is not true of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder? a. They are more sensitive to threats than are other people. b. They show more responsiveness on physiological measures than individuals with other anxiety disorders. c. They exhibit more muscle tension than other people. d. They appear to be autonomic restrictors.

Answer: B

Your client displays schizotypal personality disorder. Because you are a well-trained, responsible professional, you know to assess for a likely comorbid disorder, namely, a. histrionic personality disorder. b. major depressive disorder. c. eating disorders. d. sexual disorders.

Answer: B

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluations, part of the anxious or fearful disorder cluster, is diagnosed as ____________ personality disorder. a. narcissistic b. schizoid c. avoidant d. dependent

Answer: C

A young woman was intently observing a handsome young man. He noticed her observations and promptly turned away and blushed. This is an example of a. self-monitoring. b. formal observation. c. reactivity. d. clinical diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.

Answer: C

According to the text, which is NOT true in the treatment of paranoid personality disorder? a. Clients often do not remain in therapy long enough to be helped. b. Clients usually seek help for problems such as anxiety or depression, rather than for their personality disorder. c. Paradoxical intervention is used; i.e. therapists intentionally lie to these clients to create mistrust. d. No therapy has been shown to greatly improve the lives of those with the disorder.

Answer: C

Anxiety is a. an immediate alarm reaction to stressful situations. b. usually a sign of an underdeveloped ego. c. potentially helpful in planning for the future. d. always a hindrance to adaptive functioning.

Answer: C

Comorbidity refers to a. a disorder that manifests itself in several ways. b. the same disorder being diagnosed for two members of a family. c. more than one disorder diagnosed for the same individual. d. the severity of a particular disorder.

Answer: C

Cross-cultural studies indicate that a. the term "depression" is universal, but symptoms of it vary across cultures. b. the symptoms of depression are universal, but the term "depression" varies across cultures. c. the symptoms and terminology of depression vary across cultures, but all cultures claim some form of the disorder. d. depression is most common in Western society.

Answer: C

Dysthymic disorder is to major depressive episode as cyclothymic disorder is to a. major depressive episode. b. dysthymic disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. none of the above

Answer: C

Emily has been evaluated by three different professionals, each of whom offers a different diagnosis. She wonders whether the field has any standards because their judgments obviously lack a. statistical significance. b. clinical utility. c. reliability. d. clinical significance.

Answer: C

Human behavior, both normal and abnormal, is the result of biological, psychological, and social factors a. competing. b. operating independently. c. interacting. d. conflicting.

Answer: C

In the treatment you offer most of your clients with anxiety disorders, you seek to relax muscle tension and reduce blood pressure and heart rate. The exception is a. social phobia. b. specific phobia. c. blood-injection-injury disorder. d. panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Answer: C

Jenny has experienced long-standing feelings of depression that have never interfered with her productivity or functioning until now. During the past 10 days, she has experienced a depressed mood, feelings of emptiness, and a significant weight loss. Jenny confided in a neighbor that she is considering suicide. It is likely that Jenny is suffering from a. major depressive disorder, single episode. b. major depressive disorder, recurrent. c. double depression. d. dysthymia with depressive episode.

Answer: C

Many people have fantasies of unlimited power, brilliance, or beauty, but a man who also believes himself grandly unique, entitled to special privileges, is arrogant, and expects to be admired and recognized as superior while envying others who are successful, might find himself with a psychological diagnosis. Which personality disorder would apply? a. The one named for the Greek word for "uterus" b. Borderline personality disorder c. The one named for the mythological Greek character Narcissus d. Schizotypal personality disorder

Answer: C

Marguerite is tested for brain damage. Although her test results indicate that she has no brain damage, in reality, she has a brain tumor. Her test results indicate a __________, which is a problem because a. false positive; she will not get the treatment she needs. b. false positive; she may end up paying for costly treatment that is not necessary. c. false negative; she will not get the treatment she needs. d. false negative; she may end up paying for costly treatment that is not necessary.

Answer: C

Marjorie stopped attending temple for fear that she would yell obscenities at the rabbi during service. This is an example of a. a compulsion. b. a phobia. c. an obsessive impulse. d. a ritual.

Answer: C

More recent DSM versions have promoted all but which of the following? a. Wide acceptance among mental health professionals b. Higher reliability c. Greater correspondence between categories and their theories of etiology d. Multi-axial approach to diagnosis

Answer: C

Most behavioral geneticists think that psychological disorders are influenced by a. single genes. b. several different genes, each of which determines the severity of the disorder. c. many genes, each of which exerts only a small effect. d. no genes in particular.

Answer: C

One advantage of a formal observation, as compared to an informal observation, is that a. formal observations are easier to make. b. formal observations rarely require the use of naturalistic settings. c. formal observations are more reliable due to the focus on behaviors that are both observable and measurable. d. formal observations give more information about an individual.

Answer: C

One key difference between Jung and Adler was that a. Jung focused on the individual reaching his or her potential, while Adler emphasized the significance of the individual's contributions to a society. b. Adler focused on the individual reaching his or her potential, while Jung emphasized the significance of the individual's contributions to a society. c. Jung saw people as struggling to control their aggressive instincts, while Adler saw society as repressing peoples' desire to self-actualize. d. Adler saw people as struggling to control their aggressive instincts, while Jung saw society as repressing peoples' desire to self-actualize.

Answer: C

Paula has frequent panic attacks, but only when she views the national news on television. However, she does not experience a panic attack every time she sees the national news. Paula's panic attacks would be classified as a. unexpected. b. situationally bound. c. situationally predisposed. d. justified.

Answer: C

Ritualistic, repeated actions designed to prevent intrusive thoughts are called a. obsessions. b. convulsions. c. compulsions. d. delusions.

Answer: C

Seligman's main contribution to psychology was the concept of ___________; Bandura's was the notion of ____________. a. modeling; observational learning b. observational learning; learned helplessness c. learned helplessness; modeling d. modeling; learned helplessness

Answer: C

Sportscaster John Madden's fear and avoidance of flying is an example of a. generalized anxiety disorder. b. panic disorder with agoraphobia. c. specific phobia. d. panic disorder without agoraphobia.

Answer: C

The Oedipus complex, which, according to Freud, occurs during the __________ stage of psychosexual development, is characterized by_____________ __________. a. genital; penis envy b. oral; penis envy c. phallic; castration anxiety d. latency; castration anxiety

Answer: C

The classical and dimensional approaches to nosology differ in that a. the classical approach uses categories, and the dimensional approach uses prototypes. b. the classical approach uses prototypes, and the dimensional approach uses profiles. c. the classical approach diagnoses based on the presence of symptoms, and the dimensional approach notes the degree of severity of symptoms. d. the classical approach places individuals in categories, and the dimensional approach places symptoms in categories.

Answer: C

The following list of exercises would most likely be an example of which type of treatment, 1) shop in a crowded supermarket, 2) walk five blocks away from home, 3) drive? a. Panic control treatment. b. Cognitive-behavioral treatment. c. Gradual exposure treatment. d. None

Answer: C

The main element in psychological treatment of panic disorders is a. benzodiazepines. b. hypnosis. c. exposure to the feared symptoms. d. teaching avoidance techniques.

Answer: C

The mental status exam does not directly involve a. observing a person's appearance. b. noting the presence of delusions, hallucinations, or ideas of reference. c. determining whether the condition is due to a medical problem. d. determining mood and affect.

Answer: C

The most common phobia, the fear of public speaking, is an example of a. specific phobia. b. agoraphobia. c. social phobia. d. specific, situational phobia.

Answer: C

The part of the nervous system that is activated in times of stress is the _______________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. somatic c. sympathetic d. central

Answer: C

The purpose of psychoanalysis is a. to reduce the symptoms of a disorder. b. to examine ego defenses. c. to reveal unconscious conflicts. d. to overcome the Oedipal complex.

Answer: C

The two neurotransmitters referred to as the "chemical brothers" are a. serotonin and dopamine. b. dopamine and GABA. c. glutamate and GABA. d. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Answer: C

This instrument measures brain-wave activity by recording the electrical activity of the brain. a. CAT scan b. MRI c. EEG d. SPECT

Answer: C

Which of the following is not true of classical conditioning? a. It involves pairing of a UCS and a CS. b. It was demonstrated by Pavlov with his dogs. c. It involves shaping procedures. d. The CR can be eliminated in a process called extinction.

Answer: C

Which of the following is true? a. If either a diathesis or a stress is present, a disorder will develop. b. If both a diathesis and stress are present, a disorder will develop. c. The smaller the diathesis, the greater the stress needs to be to produce a disorder. d. The larger the diathesis, the greater the stress needs to be to produce a disorder.

Answer: C

While many fears are learned, some are more easily learned, or more prepared to be learned than others. The most likely fear-prepared stimulus below would be a. rocks. b. guns. c. spiders. d. electrical outlets.

Answer: C

Women are more frequently diagnosed with mood and anxiety disorders than are men. A proposed explanation for this described in the text is a. women tend to have more dopamine than men. b. there is a high familial incidence of these disorders in families, suggesting that mothers "pass on" predispositions to their daughters. c. cultural stereotypes encourage women to develop interpersonal styles of dependency and passivity. d. the changing role of women in society has caused increased stress levels because of the new expectation of women to find their "place in the universe."

Answer: C

A diagnosis of more than one personality disorder in the same client a. may indicate the disorders are poorly defined. b. is called comorbidity. c. may reveal substantial overlap among the disorder categories. d. all of the above

Answer: D

A false positive result on your neuropsychological test is problematic because a. damage that requires treatment is more likely to be overlooked. b. no neurological damage may be actually present. c. it may call for unnecessary and expensive further testing. d. all but a

Answer: D

A person identified as exhibiting avoidant personality disorder has just lost a close friend to a rival and is now seeking other friendships as replacements. You know the person a. actually is desperate for nurturance. b. will assume the worst about other people. c. will conclude the original relationship person really wasn't good enough anyway. d. has been misdiagnosed.

Answer: D

A specific phobia involving motorcycles can develop as a result of a predisposition to develop fear combined with a. watching another person experience a motorcycle accident. b. hearing your mother repeatedly warn you about the doom associated with motorcycles. c. experiencing a traumatic event yourself, such as a motorcycle skid. d. all of the above

Answer: D

An individual who blocks disturbing thoughts or experiences from conscious awareness is said to be using the defense mechanism a. sublimation. b. rationalization. c. projection. d. repression.

Answer: D

DSM-IV calls for categorical judgments about the diagnosis for personality disorders. Imagine that the new DSM-V appears just as you earn your professional license in a few years, and it calls for dimensional determinations, as many current psychologists suggest. This change would mean a. deciding whether to reject the personality disorder diagnosis. b. deciding whether another diagnosis is more appropriate. c. differential diagnosis. d. determining the severity of the personality disorder.

Answer: D

Defense mechanisms may be important in treatment planning because they a. cannot be studied scientifically. b. are most prevalent in people with psychological disorders. c. have potential significance in the study of schizophrenia. d. may differ for different psychological disorders.

Answer: D

Dependent personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder have the following in common: a. feelings of inadequacy. b. sensitivity to criticism. c. need for reassurance from others. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Depressed people a. exhibit erratic REM patterns over the course of several nights. b. begin REM sleep earlier than do non-depressed people. c. experience intense REM activity, but may not reach the stages of deepest sleep. d. both b and c

Answer: D

Dysthymic disorder shares many of the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but differs in that a. symptoms tend to be somewhat milder. b. symptoms tend to be of shorter duration. c. symptoms tend to be of longer duration. d. both a and c

Answer: D

Feelings of depression a. are very rare and occur only in people with a genetic predisposition. b. occur only when triggered by a severely negative event. c. occur only in people between the ages of 25 and 40. d. are universal and experienced by everyone occasionally.

Answer: D

How do individuals with blood-injury-injection phobia differ from those with other phobias? a. In their avoidance behavior b. In their physiological reaction c. In their familial history of the disorder d. Both b and c

Answer: D

If you wished to look for possible damage in a client's brain, which technique would be appropriate? a. Neuropsychological testing b. PET scan c. Autopsy d. All of these

Answer: D

Judy's blood-injury-injection phobia described in the text was likely caused by a. a biological predisposition. b. behavioral influences. c. social influences. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Louie was barking like a dog and walking on his hands and knees. A professional thought the cause of Louie's problem was that he had an excess of a particular neurotransmitter, so she prescribed a drug for him. The professional is most likely a ____________, operating under the _____________ model of abnormal behavior. a. clinical psychologist, psychological b. psychiatric nurse, supernatural c. psychiatric social worker, behavioral d. psychiatrist, biological

Answer: D

Lyle is 23 years old. His mother died two weeks ago, and since then he has been so upset that he has unable to eat or sleep. He has been crying a great deal. The death was completely unexpected, and Lyle has been alternating between feeling sad, to feeling very anxious, and to wanting to deny that his mother is dead. Lyle appears to be experiencing a. rapid cycling bipolar disorder. b. a major depressive episode. c. double depression. d. grief.

Answer: D

Mack almost always draws conclusions from situations that emphasize the negative rather than the positive. This is an example of a. overgeneralization. b. learned helplessness. c. delta commentary. d. arbitrary inference.

Answer: D

People who grieve over the death of a loved one a. may speed up the "process" of grief with intervention from a mental health professional. b. may be predisposed to depressive disorders. c. may exhibit undifferentiated dysthymia. d. rarely exhibit impacted grief reaction.

Answer: D

Personality disorders involve enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that a. may cause functional impairment. b. may cause subjective distress. c. cut across many times and places. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder usually involves a. ritual prevention. b. medication. c. exposure to feared stimuli. d. both a and c

Answer: D

Rita suffers from a panic disorder. After she begins exercising, her heart rate increases. A cognitive theorist would predict that Rita would a. interpret the increased heart rate in a catastrophic way. b. experience a surge of anxiety after interpreting the heart rate increase as something dangerous. c. be likely to experience a panic attack if she interprets any additional physical sensations as signs of increasing danger. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Rob presented at the clinic with complaints that he is terrified to go anywhere that does not have a bathroom for fear that he will begin vomiting and not be able to stop. He has had one panic attack and reported that a week after that attack, he felt no residual effects from it. Rob would most likely receive a DSM-IV diagnosis of a. panic disorder with agoraphobia. b. panic disorder without agoraphobia. c. interoceptive agoraphobia. d. agoraphobia without history of panic disorder.

Answer: D

The "fight or flight" response refers to a. an Air Force principle for dealing with conflict. b. a typical response to learned helplessness. c. a technique used in Ellis's rational-emotive therapy. d. an alarm reaction in the face of adverse circumstances.

Answer: D

The DSM uses a categorical approach to personality disorders. This is a problem because a. the severity of the disorders is not given much consideration. b. these disorders may simply be extreme degrees of normal patterns. c. it may lead clinicians to view these disorders as real entities. d. all of the above

Answer: D

The average duration of an untreated depressive episode is a. 2 years. b. 1 year. c. 6 months. d. 9 months.

Answer: D

The elements of person-centered therapy include a. hypnosis and catharsis. b. reinforcement and shaping. c. rest and relaxation. d. unconditional positive regard and empathy.

Answer: D

The purpose of standardization is a. to make a diagnosis predictive. b. to increase the scores on a test. c. to determine whether a technique is appropriate. d. to make techniques consistent and comparable.

Answer: D

This lobe is the part of the brain that is used for reasoning and relating to the world as humans. a. Cerebral b. Temporal c. Limbic d. Frontal

Answer: D

We can use a computer to score polygraph tracings to eliminate human judgment and error and, thus, increase ____________. To call this system a "lie detector" is a question of ____________. a. validity; ethics b. validity; standardization c. sensitivity; reliability d. reliability; validity

Answer: D

What is the most prevalent psychological disorder? a. Major depression b. Posttraumatic stress disorder c. Schizophrenia d. Social phobia

Answer: D

Which is true of avoidant personality disorder? a. Behavioral interventions for anxiety and social skills problems have had some success. b. As with most personality disorders, research on treatment effectiveness is lacking. c. Treatments are similar to those used for social phobia. d. Both a and c

Answer: D

Which of the following accurately illustrates the reciprocal gene-environment model of interaction? a. Due to her phobia of cats, May avoids them. b. Joan knows her father is an alcoholic, so she avoids alcohol. c. Tony has a predisposition to develop a blood-injury phobia, and he leads a cautious lifestyle. d. George has a vulnerability to depression, and he frequently rents sad movies on video.

Answer: D

Which of the following is a problem with the snapshot approach to psychological disorders? a. It leads to poor prognosis. b. It fails to account for change over time. c. Faulty perceptions lead to improper diagnoses. d. It neglects certain symptoms.

Answer: D

Which of the following is an example of interoceptive avoidance? a. Martha does not enter public restrooms for fear of disease. b. Ronald does not visit his mother-in-law because she makes him anxious. c. Noel does not go to church for fear of having a panic attack while there. d. Chelsea does not play on merry-go-rounds because the dizziness resembles the early symptoms of a panic attack.

Answer: D

Which of the following is an incorrect combination of neurotransmitter and what it affects? a. Norepinephrine; emergency reactions b. Serotonin; moderation and regulation of behavior c. Benzodiazepine and GABA; general anxiety d. Dopamine; depression

Answer: D

Which of the following is not a stage of interpersonal therapy? a. Negotiation stage b. Impasse stage c. Resolution stage d. Treatment stage

Answer: D

Which of the following is the area of the brain most often associated with anxiety? a. Occipital lobe b. Orbital frontal lobe c. Medulla d. Limbic system

Answer: D

Which of the following might be considered in treating an individual with schizotypal personality disorder? a. Antidepressant medication b. Social skills training c. Encouraging acceptance of the behaviors without major changes d. All of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following people are experiencing symptoms of a manic episode? a. Lorraine has inflated self-esteem and grandiosity b. Tevon is irritable and is experiencing flight of ideas c. Valerie suddenly goes on an excessive spending spree that she clearly cannot afford d. All of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following statements is NOT true about borderline personality disorder? a. It is one of the more common personality disorders. b. People with the disorder tend to improve during their 30s and 40s. c. Women are affected by the disorder more often than men. d. People with the disorder usually have a high self-image.

Answer: D

Which of the following would not be present during a major depressive episode? a. Changes in appetite and sleeping habits b. Anxiety c. Anhedonia d. Grandiosity

Answer: D

Which part of the brain gives humans the capacity to think, plan, and reason? a. Cerebellum b. Thalamus c. Limbic system d. Cerebral cortex

Answer: D

You operate an anxiety-reduction clinic and know you can make predictions about your clientele. Who are most likely to seek treatment? a. Overly reactive people with normal fears b. People with blood-injection-injury phobia c. People with GAD d. People with situational phobia

Answer: D

____________ is the only country that has a higher suicide rate for women than for men. a. China b. Africa c. The United States d. Taiwan

Answer:???

Early findings apparently supporting psychoanalytic therapy were based on a. scientific inquiry. b. case studies. c. introspection. d. literature reviews.

Answer:B

"Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? A behavioral B psychodynamic C cognitive D humanistic-existential

B

"When I was young, I met a large dog. I wasn't afraid of the dog, but as I tried to pet it, the dog snarled and jumped at me. I have been afraid of dogs ever since." A therapist who assumes that this sentence describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? A humanistic-existential B behavioral C cognitive D psychodynamic

B

6. Stress affects immune function a. but only if the stressful event is life-threatening. b. even if the stressful event lasts as little as 2 hours. c. in real life but not in the lab. d. only in the chronically ill.

B

A campus newspaper publishes an "Exam Anxiety" test, which newspaper staffers put together one evening just before their publishing deadline. Despite its hasty construction, the test MOST likely has: A) predictive validity B) face validity C) a standardization sample D) standardization

B

A case study of a patient includes a history, tests, and interviews with associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is understood. This approach is: A. nomothetic B idiographic C experimental D. correlational

B

A clinician has developed a test that requires test-takes to tell stories about a series of pictures of city skylines. MOST likely, this new test is a: A) response inventory B) protective test C) personality inventory D) neuropychological test

B

A combat veteran undergoing "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing: A.) insight therapy B.) exposure therapy C.) drug therapy D.) group therapy

B

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ______symptoms. A) emotional B) cognitive C) motivational D) behavioral

B

A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other "mood" disorders. The general term for this type of drug is: A) somatotropic B) psychotropic C) psychogenic D) somatogenic

B

A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test, and accurate norms don't exist. The test has: A) low reliability, but adequate standardization B) high reliability, but inadequate standardization C) high reliability, and adequate standardization D) low reliability, and inadequate standardization

B

A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: A) obsessive-compulsive disorder B) panic attack C) posttraumatic disorder D) phobia

B

A researcher find that individuals who report large numbers of "hassles" in their lives usually also report higher levels of stress. Those who report fewer "hassles" generally report lower levels of stress. The correlation between numbers of "hassles" and stress level is: A) curvilinear B) positive C) nonexistent D) negative

B

A researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country but doesn't interfere with others' lives. The BEST description of the researcher's behavior is that it is: A) dysfunctional B) eccentric C) abnormal D) dangerous

B

A researcher wishes to study the effect of a new drug on symptoms of depression. Research participants were randomly assigned to two groups. Participants in Group A received the drug whenever they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter; participants in Group B received nothing when they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter. After a month of this procedure, participants in Group A reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression. In this study, Group A was the: A) correlational group B) experimental group C) cross-sectional group D) control group

B

A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n): A) random-assignment design B) blind design C) experiment D) matched control group design

B

A student says, "Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. I need help remembering what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables." Which will help the student? A) a correlation coefficient close to minus one (-1) B) a correlation coefficient close to zero (0) C) a correlation coefficient that doesn't prove a causal relationship between the variables D) a correlation coefficent that is statistically significant

B

A woman who was frequently beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there, she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior? A) faulty cognitive triad B) learned helplessness C) arbitrary attribution D) automatic negative thoughts

B

According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories? A) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process B) They believe death will not end their existence C) They employ more lethal means D) They intend to end their lives with their action

B

According to Edwin Shneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and whose actions leading to death do not guarantee death (e.g., swimming in shark-infested waters) are called: A) death ignorers B) death darers C) death initiators D) death seekers

B

According to the text, some of the major contributing factors to illness and death in the United States are currently a. viral and bacterial. b. behavioral and psychological. c. neurological and endocrinological. d. pharmacological and hormonal.

B

All of the following are side effects of lithium therapy EXCEPT ____________. a. lowered thyroid functioning b. weight loss c. toxicity d. lack of energy

B

Although both panic disorder patients and persons with somatic symptom disorder tend to misinterpret bodily sensations, patients with panic disorder a. are having real physical sensations, while the sensations of those with somatic symptom disorder are "all in their heads." b. tend to fear immediate catastrophe, while those with somatic symptom disorder tend to fear long-term illness. c. are having imagined physical sensations, while those with somatic symptom disorder are experiencing real physical sensations. d. tend to ignore the symptoms of their first attacks, while those with somatic symptom disorder tend to seek immediate medical treatment following the first indication of pain.

B

An athlete who is fact well prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in his subsequent poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality? A.) behavioral B.) cognitive C.) psychodynamic D.) existential

B

An athlete who is in fact well prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in his subsequent poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality? A) existential B) cognitive C) behavioral D) psychodynamic

B

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as snakes and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A.) stimulus generalization B.) preparedness C.) modeling D.) conditoning

B

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A) stimulus generalization B) preparedness C) modeling D) conditioning

B

Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A research would be able to make the MOST accurate predictions of scores on variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is: A) -.53 B) -.88 C) +.45 D) close to zero

B

Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A researcher would be able to make the MOST accurate predictions of scores on variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is: A.) -.53 B.) -.88 C.) +.45 D.) close to zero

B

B cells are associated with ________ immunity, while T cells are associated with ______ immunity: a. humoral; memory b. humoral; cellular c. cellular; humoral d. vascular; suppressor

B

Because people who exhibit mania have very elevated moods, a new test for mania includes questions about how happy a person feels and how often he or she laughs. This test has: A.) construct validity B.) face validity C.) concurrent validity D.) content validity

B

Behavior that violates legal norms is: A) distressful and psychopathological B) deviant and criminal C) distressful and criminal D) deviant and psychopathological

B

Case studies are useful for: A forming general laws of behavior B studying unusual problems C conducting scientific experiments D eliminating observer bias

B

Compared to projective tests, personality inventories generally have: A) poorer reliability and poorer validity B) greater reliability and greater validity C) greater reliability and poorer validity D) poorer reliability but greater validity

B

Fear differs from anxiety in that: A.) anxiety is an interpersonal threat and fear is an inanimate threat B.) fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general C.) anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague D.) anixety is more likely to lead to aggresion than is fear

B

General principles that explain the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior are called: A theoretical B nomothetic C idiographic D correlational

B

If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standars, he would be exhibiting what ROgers called: A.) moral anxiety B.) conditons of worth C.) empathy D.) unconditional positive regard

B

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which of the following would be a part of your paradigm? A the humanistic-existential model B the family-social perspective C the cognitive model D the psychodynamic model

B

In _____, a person gives up trying to change or escape from a negative situation. A) depersonalization C) gentrification B) learned helplessness D) positive symptoms

B

It has been suggested that biofeedback relieves the pain of tension headaches because it "teaches people to relax," but it is more likely that a. the patients whose pain is seemingly relieved by biofeedback are probably also taking aspirin or Tylenol. b. biofeedback training gives patients a sense of control over their headache pain. c. biofeedback has a "numbing effect" because it affects the nerve endings in the somatic nervous system. d. patients experience a placebo effect because the headache pain returns once the biofeedback sessions are completed.

B

Jamal observed his parents' generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, Jamal has acquired his lifestyle through the process of: A) operant conditioning B) modeling C) classical conditioning D) self-actualization

B

Jane is diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. You can expect that she will experience a. full manic episodes. b. hypomanic episodes. c. both manic and hypomanic episodes. d. neither manic nor hypomanic episodes.

B

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he most likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic

B

Knowledge derived from the behavioral sciences applied to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is called a. health psychology. b. behavioral medicine. c. psychophysiological disorders. d. psychosomatic medicine.

B

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: A) symbolic (imagined) loss. C) artifact theory. B) learned helplessness. D) body dissatisfaction.

B

Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: A genetic make-up B social factors leading to stress C irrational patterns of thinking D fixation at a lower level of ego functioning

B

Not all participants are the same. Researchers use _________ to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation. A) random selection B) random assignment C) an experimental group D) a control group

B

One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: A.) what the cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms was B.) how long the anxiety symptoms last C.) what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms D.) how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are

B

One who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which of the following paradigms? A) psychocultural B) sociocultural C) cognitive cultural D) biocultural

B

People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psycholgical factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the: A.) cognitive-behavioral model B.) diathesis stress model C.) evolutionary perspective D.) psychodynamic model

B

Persistent depressive disorder (formerly called dysthymia) differs from major depressive disorder because people diagnosed with dysthymia have symptoms of depression that are ________. a. more severe b. longer-lasting c. episodic d. temporary

B

Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term is called: A) quaternary prevention B) tertiary prevention C) primary prevention D) secondary prevention

B

Research has shown that increased levels of cortisol in response to stress may cause damage to parts of the _________________. a. skeletal system b. brain c. lungs d. stomach

B

Research shows that danger to self or others is found in: A) most cases of abnormal functioning B) some cases of abnormal functioning C) no cases of abnormal functioning D) all cases of abnormal functioning

B

Seasonal affective disorder is associated with fewer hours per day of daylight during the winter months. Less daylight, or, more accurately, more darkness, may cause the release of: A) BDNF. B) melatonin. C) serotonin. D) cortisol.

B

Studies have shown that a combination of _____ and _____ is more effective than medication alone. A) behavioral therapy; cognitive therapy C) group therapy; cognitive therapy B) cognitive-behavior therapy; medication D) behavior activation; interpersonal therapy

B

Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called: A) developmental studies B) epidemiological studies C) experimental studies D) longitudinal studies

B

Suicide associated with bipolar disorder almost always occurs during a. a manic phase. b. depressive episode. c. a prodromal period. d. a hypomanic phase.

B

Sylvia shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood, where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Sylvia is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: A) death darer B) death seeker C) death initiator D) death ignorer

B

Symptoms such as sadness, laoss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a: A.) medical condition B.) syndrom C.) treatment D.) classification system

B

Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment--mindfulness therapy--is MOST consistant with which theoretical approach? A.) biological B.) cognitive C.) behavioral D.) psychodynamic

B

The MOST common cognitive disturbance in anorexia nervosa is: A) a major clinical depression B) a distorted body image C) in their views of others D) a revulsion toward food

B

The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that: A they are relatively easy to score B the responses come from the client's unconscious C they stimulate abnormal behaviors that the clinician can observe D patient responses to specific stimuli will uncover specific disorders

B

The case study MOST likely to be helpful in the study of abnormality would be one that included a well-tested, research-supported form of therapy used to treat a(n): A) substance abuse B) uncommon disorder C) depression D) common disorder

B

The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: A) a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality B) abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress C) only one factor--stress of predisposition--is necessary for abnormality to occur D) stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality

B

The first step in treating anorexia nervosa is to: A) resolve unresolved oral conflicts B) help the person stare to regain the lost weight C) correct family coping patterns D) correct maladaptive thought patterns

B

The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is: A.) acrophobia B.) agoraphobia C.) metrophobia D.) claustrophobia

B

The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at a clinic tells you the: A) number of new cases of sexual dysfunction over a period of time B) total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinic C) rate if sexual dysfunction in the community D) risk of a man developing sexual dysfunction

B

The term used to refer to the comprehensive view of the causes and the maintenance of a person's abnormal behavior that a psychologist develops to: A) an interpretation B) the clinical picture C) a diagnosis D) a model

B

The unipolar disorders include: A) major depression and cyclothymic disorder B) persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and major depression C) major depression and manic-depression D) dysthymia and cyclothymic disorder

B

The use of a food diary to keep track of eating behavior in the treatment of patients with bulimia is MOST likely to be used by a therapist from the: A) humanist perspective B) behavioral perspective C) psychodynamic perspective D) cognitive perspective

B

The usual goal of therapy for dissociaitive identity disorders it to: A.) have the "other" subpersonalities become subject to the subpersonality that has the "protector" role B.) merge the subpersonalties into a singel identity C.) have the subpersonalities develop equal "shares" of the person's functioning D.) gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities

B

There are 9 symptoms of major depression. At a minimum, how many must a person experience to be given a diagnosis? A) all 9 B) 5 C) 7 D) 3

B

They type of clinician who would MOST likely say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a: A) behavioral clinician B) sociocultural clinician C) psychodynamic clinician D) cognitive clinician

B

Those individuals who are characterized as having a(n) _____ attachment are MOST likely to experience episodes of depression. A) secure C) avoidant B) anxious-ambivalent D) disorganized

B

Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are: A.) not anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them B.) anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them C.) anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them D.) not anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them

B

To determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, one could: A.) ask her if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a fear B.) ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living. If she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia C.) show her a snake; if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a phobia D.) show her a snake, if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a fear

B

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display: A) fluctuation in mood during the year B) almost not emotional response to pleasurable events C) repeated episodes D) motor inability of excessive activity

B

Under the instructions of a psychologist, Tina's mother records the number of times Tina hits her brother at home and what happens immediately before the hitting. In this situation, Tina's mother is: A) engaging in self-monitoring behavior B) a participant observer C) demonstrating observer bias D) conducting structured observations

B

What is the MOST common outcome for individuals with anorexia nervosa? A) suffering irreversible physical harm B) recovery C) suffering lifelong physiological trauma D) starving to death

B

What we would call "conscience" is MOST likely what Freud would call the: A defense mechanism B superego C ego D erogenous zone

B

When a young child yells and throws toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: A unresolved intrapyschic conflict B operant conditioning C unconditional positive regard D neurotransmitter imbalances

B

Which aspect of the defintion of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?A.) danger to self or others B.) dysfunction C.) distress D.) deviance

B

Which person would be MOST likely to cut out sweets, then eliminate more and more types of foods, but not engage in forced vomiting? A) someone experiencing bulimia nervosa B) someone experiencing restricting-type anorexia nervosa C) someone experiencing acute-type bulimia D) someone experiencing purging-type anorexia

B

Which statement is true about factitious disorders? A) Those with factitious disorder do not want to assume the sick role B) Those with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness C) Those with factitious disorder do not intentionally create illness D) Those with factitious disorder have no control over their behavior

B

Which theoretical positon explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditoining? A.) sociocultural B.) behavioral C.) psychodynamic D.) biological

B

Winter depression is often successfully treated with: A) antidepressant medication. C) cognitive-behavior therapy. B) phototherapy. D) ECT.

B

You blame your poor performance on a test that you didn't study for on all the other work you had to do. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: A denial B rationalization C intellectualization D sublimation

B

_____ disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. A) Anxiety B) Mood C) Psychotic D) Somatoform

B

_____ is/are characterized by depressed mood that brightens when good things happen, along with two of these: hypersomnia, increased weight gain, heavy feelings in arms or legs, and persistent sensitivity to perceived rejection by others. A) Melancholic features C) Catatonic features B) Atypical depression D) Chronic depression

B

_____ refer(s) to an inability to sit still. A) Anhedonia C) Psychomotor retardation B) Psychomotor agitation D) Vegetative signs

B

`One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: A) what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms B) how long the anxiety symptoms last C) how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are D) what the cause of the anxiety-linked sympoms was

B

5. Which of the following is a correct match of person and approach? A) Lewinsohn and psychodynamic therapy B) Beck and cognitive therapy C) Seligman and behavioral therapy D) Weissman and learned helplessness

B) Beck and cognitive therapy

Studies show that eccentrics are more likely than those with mental disorders to say: A) I feel like my behavior has been thrust on me. B) I'm different and I like it. C) I am in a lot of pain and I suffer a great deal. D) I wish I were not so "unique."

B) I'm different and I like it.

23. What would be your BEST recommendation (i.e., MOST scientifically valid) about behavioral therapy for someone experiencing depression? A) Only use it in cases of severe depression, where it is the best therapy there is. B) It is better than drug therapy for those with mild depression. C) It is equal in effectiveness to cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. D) It is better than nothing, but that's about it.

B) It is better than drug therapy for those with mild depression.

So, how did deinstitutionalization work out? A) Fine; most people with severe disturbances are receiving treatment. B) Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street. C) Better than hospitalization; at least care is consistent and there is no shuttling back and forth through different levels of care. D) Well; communities have been able to pick up the care of those with severe disturbances and provide effective treatment for most all of them.

B) Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street.

Based on current research, what is the relationship between personality and stress disorders? A) Certain personality characteristics are related to the development of stress disorders, but not to recovery from these disorders. B) Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them. C) Certain personality characteristics are related to recovery from stress disorders, but not to their development. D) Personality characteristics are related to neither the development of nor recovery from stress disorders.

B) Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them.

Which of the following statements about the long-term effects of rape on women is MOST accurate? A) Rape impacts a woman's psychological well-being but not her physical well-being. B) Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health. C) For the vast majority of women, the impact of rape does not persist beyond about four months. D) The greatest stress is experienced many months after the rape rather than immediately after the rape.

B) Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health.

26. A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug? A) Nothing much—the drug works specifically on manic episodes. B) The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes. C) The person might experience an initial intensification of depressive episodes, followed by a return to the usual intensity. D) The person probably would develop unipolar depression.

B) The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes.

20. How likely are Medicaid recipients to be prescribed antidepressant medication? A) White Americans more often than African Americans; African Americans more often than Hispanic Americans B) White Americans more often than Hispanic Americans; Hispanic Americans more often than African Americans C) about 40 percent likely; ethnic group makes no difference D) about 20 percent likely; ethnic group makes no difference

B) White Americans more often than Hispanic Americans; Hispanic Americans more often than African Americans

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called: A) hysteria B) acute stress disorder C) generalized anxiety disorder D) posttraumatic stress disorder

B) acute stress disorder

A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying a: A) metaworry B) basic irrational assumption C) compulsion D) condition of worth

B) basic irrational assumption

If a clinician is particularly interested in a client's family medical history, that clinician is MOST likely from which orientation? A) behavioral B) biological C) sociocultural D) cognitive

B) biological

Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve: A) releasing evil spirits trapped in the brain. B) bringing the four body humors back into balance. C) punishing the body for its sins. D) bloodletting.

B) bringing the four body humors back into balance.

A person who is so miserable that he or she can see no reason for living, BEST fits which of the following definitions of abnormality? A) deviance B) distress C) dangerousness D) dysfunction

B) distress

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is: A) re-experiencing the traumatic event B) experiencing avoidance C) experiencing reduced responsiveness D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

B) experiencing avoidance

19. Therapists who treat African American clients for depression need to be aware that their clients are: A) less likely to benefit from proper antidepressant medication. B) less likely to receive newer second-generation drugs. C) more likely to receive the newer, not well-tested drugs. D) more likely than European Americans to receive drug prescriptions on their first therapy.

B) less likely to receive newer second-generation drugs.

Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on: A) flooding B) modeling C) implosive techniques D) covert desensitization

B) modeling

DSM-5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is: A) used by the World Health Organization B) most widely used in the United States C) used for medical disorders D) used exclusively for children

B) most widely used in the United States

Raymond has multiple personality disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a: A) co-conscious relation B) mutually cognizant pattern C) one-way amnesic relationship D) mutually amnesic relationship

B) mutually cognizant pattern

9. Many of today's cognitive-behavioral therapists would agree that: A) Beck's approach to therapy should continue to be followed without modification. B) negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated. C) acceptance and commitment therapy is outdated and no longer useful. D) therapy needs to be individualized, not delivered in a group setting.

B) negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated.

The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that: A) mental patients should be deinstitutionalized. B) organic factors can cause mental illness. C) antibiotics cannot "cure" viral diseases. D) physicians should be the ones treating mental illnesses.

B) organic factors can cause mental illness.

Research has supported all of the following behavioral assumptions EXCEPT: A) fear can be acquired through modeling B) phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans C) animals can learn to make avoidance responses D) phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning in humans.

B) phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans.

The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning? A) somatogenic B) psychogenic C) moral D) deterministic

B) psychogenic

Which of the following is the MOST common experience for a veteran of the Iraq/Afghanistan wars? A) seeing dead or gravely wounded civilians B) seeing friends seriously wounded or killed C) being injured or hospitalized themselves D) being treated for a combat-related stress disorder

B) seeing friends seriously wounded or killed

Which of the following depressed people would be the least likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder - because of specific circumstances? A) someone whose mother was depressed B) someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado C) someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance D) someone who was also an alcoholic

B) someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado

Which of the following depressed people would be the least likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder—because of specific circumstances? A) someone whose mother was depressed B) someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado C) someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance D) someone who was also an alcoholic

B) someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado

For those who hold the somatogenic view of mental illness, the best treatment setting for those with mental disorders would be a: A) community center. B) spa and retreat center. C) counselor's office. D) hospital.

B) spa and retreat center.

Laurent has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in: A) avoidant dysmorphia B) state-dependent learning C) convergent variable learning D) neurobiological concordance

B) state-dependent learning

Poor health is BEST described as a: A) stress. B) stressor. C) stress response. D) stress model.

B) stressor.

What we call "conscience" is closest to what Freud called the: A) defense mechanism B) superego C) ego D) erogenous zone

B) superego

The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that: A) they are relatively easy to score B) the responses come from the client's unconscious C) they stimulate abnormal behaviors that the clinician can observe D) patient responses to specific stimuli will uncover specific disorders

B) the responses come from the client's unconscious

If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, based on research, you would be MOST correct in saying that: A) there have been no controlled research studies on the topic of debriefing B) there is limited evidence that debriefing works C) there is strong, convincing evidence that debriefing works well D) there is evidence that debriefing works only if conducted by community members themselves

B) there is limited evidence that debriefing works

If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be MOST correct (based on the research) in saying that: A) there have been no controlled research studies on the topic of debriefing. B) there is little evidence that debriefing works. C) there is strong, convincing evidence that debriefing works well. D) there is evidence that debriefing works only if conducted by community members themselves.

B) there is little evidence that debriefing works.

Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because: A) they are not deviant. B) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior. C) they are only dangerous to others, not to themselves. D) while they are distressed by their behavior, others are

B) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior.

Eugenics had as its goal sterilization of people with mental disorders, a policy based on the idea that mentally ill people: A) could not provide a good environment for their children. B) were mentally defective (that is, developmentally delayed). C) reproduced at a rate higher than that of the general population. D) should not be allowed to pass on their defective genes.

B) were mentally defective (that is, developmentally delayed).

According to one study, children who were younger than ___ years old when their parents separated or divorced are more likely to develop stress-related disorders later in life. A. 3 B. 10 C. 15 D. 18

B.

According to surveys, what activity do people do the most to relieve stress? A. eat B. watch tv, read, listen to music C. smoke, drink or take drugs D. talk to family or friends

B.

According to the Social Adjustment Rating Scale, what event do people rate as the single most stressful life event: A. the death of a child B. the death of a spouse C. buying a new home/moving D. the loss of a job

B.

Chris has been struggling with the loss of his brother. He has been "stressed out" planning his funeral, coping with the loss of his best friend and often feels overwhelmed. Because Chris has been so stressed, his body has likely released much corticosteroids, or stress hormones which may cause Chris: A. to pass out B. to be more likely to get sick C. to feel sad D. to not connect with others

B.

Coronary heart disease refers to many problems, including: A. muscle contraction angina B. myocardial infarction C. hypertension D. diabetes mellitus

B.

Disorders called ___ involve disturbances in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep. A. hypersomnolence disorders B. dyssomnias C. circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders D. insomnias

B.

Hippocrates's contribution to the development of our understanding of mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of: A. stress B. natural causes C. brain pathology D. spiritual deviations

B.

In one study, ___ percent of rape victims full qualified for a clinical diagnosis of acute stress disorder when they were observed around 12 days after the assault. A. 97 B. 94 C. 84 D. 89

B.

More than ___ of those with PTSD fail to respond to treatment even after many years. A. one-fourth B. one-third C. two-thirds D. one-half

B.

Only ___ of rapes are currently reported to police: A. 5% B. 16% C. 22% D. 30%

B.

Rates of post traumatic stress disorder may differ among ethnic groups in the United States. In particular, ___ may have greater vulnerability to there disorder than other groups. A. African Americans B. Hispanic Americans C. Asian Americans D. Arab Americans

B.

Researchers have found evidence of abnormal activity of ___ in the urine, blood, and saliva of combat soldiers and rape victims. A. adrenaline and serotonin B. cortisol and norepinephrine C. epinephrine and cortisol D. dopamine and cortisol

B.

Some researchers argue that many cases of dissociative identity disorder are iatrongenic, meaning: A. a trance-like state that the client creates B. a condition unintentionally produced by practitioners C. unable to be treated conventionally D. reversible if left to run its own course

B.

Some studies indicate that ___ treatment is the single most helpful intervention for persons with stress disorders, irrespective of the precipitating trauma. A. drug B. exposure C. electroconvulsive D. psychodynamic

B.

Studies have shown that as many as ___ percent of victims of serious traffic accidents may develop PTSD within a year of the accident. A. 20 B. 40 C. 30 D. 50

B.

The DSM-5 identifies disorders which involve disturbances in the amount, quality or timing of sleep as: A. parasomnias B. dyssomnias C. circadian rhythm disorders D. REM cycling disorder

B.

The ___ assigns numerical values to stresses that most people experience at some time in their lives: A. Stress Scale B. Social Adjustment Rating Scale C. Social Stress Questionnaire D. Posttraumatic Stress Assessment

B.

The parasympathetic nervous system helps to: A. replenish our neurotransmitters during periods of anxiety B. restore our heartbeat and other body processes to normal C. replenish our glands with hormones after stressful events D. restore white blood cells to appropriate levels

B.

The state of stress has two components: A. stress and stressor. B. stressor and stress response C. stress and appraisal D. stress and recovery

B.

These disorders are marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes. A. dissociative fugues B. dissociative disorders C. somatization disorders D. hypochondriases

B.

This is a personality pattern in which persons are more relaxed, less aggressive, and less concerned about time. A. Type D personality style B. Type B personality style C. Type A personality style D. Type C personality style

B.

When a physical ailment has no apparent medical cause, doctors may suspect a ___ disorder. A. factitious B. Somatic symptom disorder C. chronic pain D. hypochondriac

B.

Which disorder is considered by law enforcement to be form of child abuse? A. pediatric dysmorphophobia B. muchausen syndrome by proxy C. infantile dissociative fugue syndrome D. toddler Identity Disruptive Disorder (TIDD)

B.

Which is a form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents? A. biofeedback B. psychological debriefing C. hypnosis D. self-instruction training

B.

Which of the following depressed people would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder-because of specific circumstances? A. someone whose mother was depressed B. someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado C. someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance D. someone who was also an alcoholic

B.

You are home alone one evening when you hear some noises coming from the kitchen. Your heart rate increases and your mouth becomes dry. This is best explained by the activation of your: A. autonomic nervous system B. sympathetic nervous system C. endocrine system D. parasympathetic nervous system

B.

___ are white blood cells that circulate through the lymph system and bloodstream, helping the body identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells. A. Neurotransmitters B. Lymphocytes C. Corticosteroids D. Cytokines

B.

___ headaches are located on one side of the head and are sometimes accompanied by dizziness, nausea, or vomiting. A. Physiological B. Migraine C. Anxiety D. Muscle contraction

B.

___ medications help control the tension that many veterans experience. A. antimanic B. antianxiety C. antipsychotic D. antidepressant

B.

Someone you know who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is your BEST advice? A. "Think about it. Although plastic surgery usually helps, it's pretty expensive." B. "Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder actually feel worse afterwards." C. "Don't do it! Studies show that almost one-third of people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder later attempt suicide." D. "Do it! Plastic surgery typically relieves body dysphoric symptoms."

B. "Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder actually feel worse afterwards."

"Why is there such a strong connection between alcohol abuse and suicide risk?" asks a friend of yours. Based on the best available research, you reply, A) "Being trapped in substance abuse leads to suicidal ideation." B) "No one really knows for sure." C) "Actually, being suicidal most often leads to alcohol abuse, and not the other way around." D) "Actually, the connection is weak, at best."

B. "no one really knows for sure"

About how many suicides are committed annually in the United States? A) 15,000 B) 36,000 C) 120,000 D) 700,000

B. 36,000

The man/men important in developing the reforms of moral therapy was/were: A. Joseph Gall. B. Benjamin Rush C. William Tuke D. John Dix

B. Benjamin Rush & C. William Tuke

If a clinician is particularly interested in a client's family medical history, that clinician is MOST likely from which orientation? A) behavioral B) biological C) sociocultural D) cognitive

B. Biological

Which of the following was/were American schoolteacher(s) who lobbied state legislatures for laws to mandate human treatment of people with mental disorders was: A. Clifford Beers. B. Dorothea Dix. C. Benjamin Rush. D. William Tuke

B. Dorothea Dix

One of the problems with animal research is the question of whether the results can apply to human beings. This is a question of: A. content validity. B. external validity. C. face validity. D. internal validity.

B. External Validity

If you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the United States, your therapy will last for: A. about 100 hours. B. fewer than five sessions. C. 24 hours, in an inpatient facility. D. a year, with weekly sessions.

B. Fewer than five sessions

Which category of clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability, and validity? A) projective tests B) intelligence tests C) response inventories D) personality inventories

B. Intelligence test

Media coverage that included the "Don't do it" message, phone numbers for suicide prevention centers, and interviews with suicide experts, occurred after the suicide of: A. members of the Jonestown community. B. Kurt Cobain. C. James Dean. D. Marilyn Monroe.

B. Kurt Cobain.

Personality assessment using projective tests is designed to: A) perform a functional analysis of the client. B) learn about unconscious conflicts in the client. C) obtain detailed information about specific dysfunctional behaviors. D) obtain detailed information about specific dysfunctional cognitions.

B. Learn about unconscious conflicts in the client.

Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called: A) shaping. B) modeling. C) operant conditioning. D) classical conditioning.

B. Modeling

Which one of the following statements about rape is MOST accurate? A. About 1 in 10 women are raped in their lifetime. B. Most rape victims are young. C. Most rape victims do not know their attackers. D. About equal numbers of men and women are raped.

B. Most rape victims are young.

Hippocrates' contribution to the development of our understanding of mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of: A. spiritual deviations B. natural causes C. brain pathology D. biological processes

B. Natural causes C. Brain pathology D. Biological processes

Which of the following BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization? A. Fine; most people with severe disturbances are receiving treatment. B. Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street. C. Well; communities have been able to pick up the care of those with severe disturbances and provide effective treatment for most all of them. D. Better than hospitalization; at least care is consistent and there is no shuttling back and forth through different levels of care.

B. Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street

When a young child yells and throws toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: A) unresolved intrapsychic conflict. B) operant conditioning. C) unconditional positive regard. D) neurotransmitter imbalances.

B. Operant conditioning

A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high: A) internal reliability. B) predictive validity. C) concurrent validity. D) test-retest reliability.

B. Predictive validity

"Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? A. Behavior B. Psychodynamic C. Cognitive D. Humanistic-existentail

B. Psychodynamic

You blame your poor performance on a test you didn't study for on all the other work you had to do. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: A) denial. B) rationalization. C) intellectualization. D) sublimation.

B. Rationalization

Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others, is spontaneous, courageous, and independent, is: A) authentic. B) self-actualizing. C) role playing. D) experiencing catharsis.

B. Self- actualizing

The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the: A. Behavioral model B. Sociocultural model C. Psychodynamic model D. Humanistic- existential model

B. Sociocultural Model

Which of the following is TRUE? A. More teenagers than people at any other age group commit suicide. B. Suicide is NOT the leading cause of death among teenagers. C. African American teenage boys commit suicide at a higher rate than European American boys. D. More teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves.

B. Suicide is NOT the leading cause of death among teenagers. D. More teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves.

Which of the following is/are true about the participation of women in the mental health (MH) professions? A. A minority of psychiatrists are men, but a majority of psychologists are women B. The (MH) profession with the highest percentage of women is counseling C. There is a pattern in which the longer a profession exists, the lower the percentage of women practicing in it. D. A minority of psychiatrists but a majority of clinical psychologists are women

B. The (MH) profession with the highest percentage of women is counseling C. There is a pattern in which the longer a profession exists, the lower the percentage of women practicing in it D. A minority of psychiatrists but a majority of clinical psychologists are women

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which of the following would be a part of your paradigm? A. The humanistic-existential model B. The family-social perspective C. The cognitive model D. The psychodynamic model

B. The family- social perspective

According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is true regarding dreams? A) They are without real importance. B) They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. C) They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. D) They are the brain's attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity.

B. The reflects our unconscious desires and needs.

If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: A) spontaneity. B) unconditional self-regard. C) unconditional positive regard. D) conditions of worth.

B. Unconditional self-regard

Which of the following is the BEST conclusion you could draw about the effectiveness of the various assessment techniques? A) There is one standard assessment battery used by all clinicians. B) When all is said and done, no technique stands out as superior. C) Clinicians have abandoned the use of assessment. D) Assessment is used at the beginning of therapy but not thereafter.

B. When all is said and done, no technique stands out as superior.

In 1997, Oregon passed the "Death with Dignity Act," which allows doctor-assisted suicide for persons with terminal illnesses. Since 1997, on average, how many Oregonians with terminal illness have ended their lives each year? A) a few B) a few dozen C) a few hundred D) a few thousand

B. a few dozen

Which of the following represents the greatest risk of death to teenagers; in order from least concern to most concern? A) drug overdose, cancer, suicide B) accidents, homicide, suicide C) suicide, drug overdoses, accidents D) homicide, suicide, cancer

B. accidents, homicide, suicide

A society that honors those who kill themselves to defend their families or country, or because of a value they hold dear, would have a higher rate of what Durkheim calls: A) egoistic suicide. B) altruistic suicide. C) anomic suicide. D) intragroup suicide.

B. altruistic suicide

Which of the following is/are goal(s) of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement? A. therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority clinicians. B. an awareness of the impact of the dominant culture. C. special cultural training for majority therapists. D. efforts to help minority clients establish a bicultural balance in their lives.

B. an awareness of the impact of the dominant culture. C. special cultural training for majority therapists. D. efforts to help minority clients establish a bicultural balance in their lives.

The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n): A. overgeneralization. B. arbitrary inference. C. selective abstraction. D. magnification and minimization.

B. arbitrary inference.

According to cognitive theorists, people experiencing anxiety sensitivity: A. are oblivious to body sensations B. are unable to assess bodily sensations accurately C. interpret bodily sensations as abnormally pleasant D. confuse physical and emotional sensations

B. are unable to assess bodily sensations accurately

At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Have you ever tried to commit suicide in the past? [If yes] How did you try to do it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? A) formulating a plan B) assessing suicide potential C) establishing a positive relationship D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

B. assessing suicide potential

If the psychodynamic explanation for suicide is correct, then suicide rates should: A) increase in a nation which is at war. B) be higher in nations with low murder rates. C) be lower in those who experienced symbolic loss as children. D) be lower in those who experienced actual (real) loss as children.

B. be higher in nations with low murder rates

The existence of disorders such as koro, susto, amok, and windigo remind us that: A. culture and diagnosis should be entirely independent. B. classifications applied in one culture may not be appropriate in another. C. people experience the same disorders around the world, but call them different things. D. people in other cultures experience much worse disorders than we

B. classifications applied in one culture may not be appropriate in another.

Which of the following is TRUE? A) Suicide kills more marines than combat. B) Combat is not any more stressful than non-combat military service. C) Drinking alcohol mellows people, making it less likely that they will commit suicide. D) Most suicide attempters also have another psychological disorder.

B. combat is not any more stressful than non-combat military service

A psychotherapist models appropriate social skills for a client with social anxiety disorder, then uses modeling for another client with a phobia for spiders. What the therapist is doing is: A. uncommon; modeling is often used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders, but seldom used in the treatment of specific phobias. B. common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders. C. uncommon; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders, but commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias. D. rare; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.

B. common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.

Knowing she was terminally ill, Bonnie swallowed a handful of barbiturates in order to save herself and her family from the final painful months of life. Bonnie is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: A) death seeker. B) death initiator. C) death ignorer. D) death darer.

B. death initiator

Research prompted by the "black box" controversy about using second-generation antidepressants with younger patients shows that taking second-generation antidepressants: A) decreases younger patient suicide rates. B) decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide. C) increases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are less likely to commit suicide. D) has no predictable effect on suicide rates in younger patients.

B. decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide

A person who sees life in "right or wrong," "all or none" terms is engaging in: A) hopelessness. B) dichotomous thinking. C) psychache. D) blaming.

B. dichotomous thinking

Juan is an atheist, does what he wants, and is alienated from others. He feels life isn't worth living and kills himself. According to Emile Durkheim, he would be classified as an: A) anomic suicide. B) egoistic suicide. C) imitative suicide. D) altruistic suicide.

B. egoistic suicide

According to Emile Durkheim, suicides by people over whom society has little or no control and who are not concerned with the norms and rules of society are called: A) anomic suicides. B) egoistic suicides. C) imitative suicides. D) altruistic suicides.

B. egoistic suicides

Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia are in response to: A) voices commanding them to kill themselves. B) feelings of demoralization. C) overdoses of antipsychotic drugs. D) a feeling of invincibility.

B. feelings of demoralization

All of the following factors contribute to the high suicide rate among the elderly EXCEPT: A) loss of close friends and relatives B) geographical location C) loss of status D) feelings that they are burdensome to others.

B. geographical location

A person is most likely NOT experiencing a stress disorder if: A. his/her levels of cortisol are higher than expected B. his/her levels of cortisol are within the normal range C. his/her levels of norepinephrine are high D. his/her levels of norepinephrine are within the average range

B. his/her levels of cortisol are within the normal range D. his/her levels of norepinephrine are within the average range

Altruistic suicide is MOST likely to occur in a country that: A) is experiencing great upheaval, disruption of values, and immigration. B) honors those who kill themselves for a higher good. C) has a number of ethnic minorities who are very religious. D) has a high level of substance abuse.

B. honors those who kill themselves for a higher good

The distinction(s) that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on A. what the cause of the stress-linked symptoms was. B. how long the stress-linked symptoms last. C. what sort of treatment is contemplated for the stress-linked symptoms. D. how intense the stress-linked symptoms are.

B. how long the stress-linked symptoms last.

"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? A) cognitive-behavioral B) humanistic-existential C) psychodynamic D) cognitive

B. humanistic-existential

Which of the following are psychological treatments for physical illnesses? A. adding SSRI's to pain medications and anti-inflammatory medications B. hypnosis C. biofeedback D. meditation/mindfulness exercises

B. hypnosis C. biofeedback D. meditation/mindfulness exercises

The clinical practitioner would be MORE likely than the clinical researcher to rely on which method of investigation? A. correlational method B. in home observation of a particular subject C. experimental method with many participants D. case study with a single participant

B. in home observation of a particular subject D. case study with a single participant

A developing body of research shows that antidepressant use in children and adolescents: A) substantially increases overall suicide risk. B) increases suicide risk for some individuals, but decreases the overall suicide risk. C) decreases suicide risk for some individuals, but increases the overall suicide risk. D) does not lower suicide risk, as it does for adults.

B. increases suicide risk for some individuals, but decreases the overall suicide risk

Retrospective analysis of suicide typically would include: A. suicide interventions with people acquainted with the person who committed suicide, and who might attempt "copycat" suicides. B. interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide. C. interviews with the person who attempted suicide. D. interviews with people who know the person who attempted suicide.

B. interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide.

In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports: A. psychoanalytic theory. B. intolerance of uncertainty theory. C. there is little research supporting cognitive theories of generalized anxiety disorders. D. metacognitive theory.

B. intolerance of uncertainty theory. D. metacognitive theory.

A study includes 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty get aspirin, 20 get a sugar pill that looks like aspirin, and 20 get nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappears. In the other two groups the "cure" rates are 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants are treated identically. This study: A. demonstrates a double-blind design. B. is an experimental study. C. has three dependent variables. D. contains an important confound.

B. is an experimental study

Disadvantages of taking benzodiazepines include all of the following EXCEPT: A. physical dependence on the drug. B. lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity. C. impairment in cognitive and psychomotor functioning. D. return of anxiety symptoms when the medication is withdrawn.

B. lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity.

Posttraumatic stress disorders: A. don't begin until years after the traumatic event. B. last longer than a month. C. begin immediately after the stress occurs. D. last between one and three weeks.

B. last longer than a month.

Which of the following does NOT make one at higher risk for suicide? A) experiencing mood and thought changes. B) learning about suicide in abnormal psychology. C) having an alcohol abuse problem. D) experiencing uncontrollable and repeated stressful events.

B. learning about suicide in abnormal psychology

In mindfulness-based therapy techniques, you would be MOST likely to find clients: A. trying to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. B. letting their thoughts flow, without judgment. C. rejecting thoughts that are not rational. D. focusing on setting goals for the future.

B. letting their thoughts flow, without judgment.

Psychosis means: A. split personality B. loss of contact with reality C. brain seizures D. drug abuse

B. loss of contact with reality

Adolescent suicides differ from suicides at other age levels in all of the following ways EXCEPT that: A) in addition to depression, many also experience anger and impulsiveness. B) many experience significant loss before the suicide. C) suicides may be triggered by more immediate stress, especially at school. D) adolescents may be more suggestible and eager to imitate others.

B. many experience significant loss before the suicide

A clinically depressed individual who has been threatening suicide finally shows diminishing of depressive symptoms. This person's risk of committing suicide: A) has increased dramatically; almost no one who is depressed commits suicide until she or he is recovering. B) may have increased, since the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse. C) probably has decreased, although a slight risk remains. D) has decreased substantially; almost no one who is depressed commits suicide once recovery from depression is under way.

B. may have increased, since the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse

Teenagers are different from people older than them who commit suicide because teenagers are: A) more likely to be depressed. B) more impulsive and have poorer problem-solving skills. C) more likely to have feelings of hopelessness. D) more prone to homicide than suicide.

B. more impulsive & have poorer problem-solving skills

A U.S. teenager has just attempted suicide. MOST likely, the teenager has: A) not succeeded, and almost certainly will never attempt suicide again. B) not succeeded, but may try again. C) not succeeded, and almost certainly will attempt suicide again. D) succeeded.

B. not succeeded, but may try again

Which statement about the successes of suicide prevention programs is most accurate? A) People at greatest risk for suicide are most likely to call prevention centers. B) Of those who call, fewer commit suicide than those who don't call who are in a similar risk group. C) Suicide rates are consistently lower in communities that have centers. D) People thinking of suicide know about and readily call centers.

B. of those who call, fewer commit suicide than those who don't call who are in a similar risk group

Suicide prevention programs: A) involve the use of paraprofessionals. B) offer crisis interventions. C) are often found in emergency rooms as well as clinics. D) include paraprofessionals, and crisis interventions, and are found in emergency rooms and clinics.

B. offer crisis interventions

Who of the following is MOST at risk for suicide? A) one with a panic or other anxiety disorder B) one who is depressed and dependent on alcohol C) one who is schizophrenic and developmentally disabled D) one without a diagnosable mental disorder

B. one who is depressed & dependent on alcohol

The concept or preparedness is supported by the observation that A. None of the choices are correct. B. people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. C. People are more likely to develop phobias to things that may have been dangerous in the past. D. people develop the same phobias that their family members do.

B. people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. C. People are more likely to develop phobias to things that may have been dangerous in the past.

Years after the U.S. Civil War was over, many veterans diagnosed with "melancholia" or "soldier's heart" still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. Today, their MOST likely diagnosis would be: A. acute distress disorder. B. posttraumatic stress disorder. C. factitious disorder, or somatoform disorder. D. psychophysiological disorder.

B. posttraumatic stress disorder.

In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: A. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. B. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. C. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. D. the biological differences between men and women.

B. prejudice and discrimination faced by women

Which of the following occupations has a particularly high rate of suicide? A) used-car salespeople B) psychologists C) priests D) gourmet chefs

B. psychologists

Which of the following occupations has a particularly high rate of suicide? A. used-car salespeople B. psychologists C. gourmet chefs D. priests

B. psychologists

One of the factors that is believed to account for differences in the suicide rates of different countries is: A) climate. B) religious affiliation and beliefs. C) prevalence of mental disorders. D) governmental regulations regarding suicide.

B. religious affiliation & beliefs

You are asked to speak before a local elementary school's Parent Teacher Association (PTA) about suicide attempts by the very young. You should be sure to mention that suicide attempts by the very young often occur when they have: A) shown a sudden drop in interest in death in general. B) run away from home. C) experienced the birth of a sibling. D) begun to ignore criticism from others.

B. run away from home

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relationship between obsessive- compulsive disorder (an anxiety disorder) and obsessive- compulsive personality disorder A. you cannot suffer from both of them at the same time B. some people with obsessive- compulsive personality disorder also experience obsessive- compulsive disorder C. the most likely disorder comorbid with obsessive- compulsive personality disorder is obsessive- compulsive disorder D. the two obsessive- compulsive disorders are comorbid over half the time

B. some people with obsessive- compulsive personality disorder also experience obsessive- compulsive disorder

The strongest direct support for a biological explanation for suicide comes from: A) studies linking specific genetic mutations to suicidal tendencies. B) studies of neurotransmitter levels. C) family pedigree studies. D) a Danish study of identical twins.

B. studies of neurotransmitter levels

The strongest direct support for a biological explanation for suicide comes from: A. family pedigree studies. B. studies of neurotransmitter levels. C. studies linking specific genetic mutations to suicidal tendencies. D. a Danish study of identical twins.

B. studies of neurotransmitter levels.

In some religious traditions, people whip themselves or force themselves into uncomfortable physical positions as forms of repenting for their own or others' sins. These self-injurious behaviors MOST closely fit which of Edwin Shneidman's categories? A) death darer B) subintentional death C) death initiator D) death ignorer

B. subintenttional death

Assume that a recent local suicide attempt was clearly a case of modeling. The person who would MOST likely model another's suicide would be a(n): A) preteen. B) teenager. C) adult in his or her 30s. D) adult in his or her 50s.

B. teenager

Which of the following BEST supports the idea that teenagers who attempt suicide are more uncertain about killing themselves than elderly people are? A) Teenagers have the opportunity for many more attempts than elderly people do. B) Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts. C) Teenagers have far greater access to pro-suicide websites. D) The media is much more likely to cover teen suicides than those of elderly people.

B. teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts

Which of the following statements MOST accurately the relationship between religion and suicide? A) A country's economic status is a more important predictor of suicide rates than its major religion. B) The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion. C) Countries that have high Jewish and Muslim populations also have high suicide rates. D) Religion is a more important predictor of suicide risk for women than it is for men, especially in Catholic countries.

B. the degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion

Which of the following brain areas have been implicated in obsessive-compulsive symptoms? A. the motor cortex and the caudate nuclei B. the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei C. the thalamus and the hypothalamus D. the frontal lobes and the thalamus

B. the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei

There are many obstacles that hinder psychologists' attempts to understand and treat disorders. All of the following are obstacles, EXCEPT: A. All the answers are correct. B. the relatively rigid, unchangeable behavior and thought patterns of humans. C. respecting the rights of human participants and nonhuman subjects in research. D. participants' and researchers' awareness of and expectations about research.

B. the relatively rigid, unchangeable behavior and thought patterns of humans

Which of the following is the BEST example of retrospective analysis? A) Researchers ask college students to write suicide notes in order to study what they think is the motivation for suicide. B) Therapists who had patients who committed suicide are interviewed to gain information on suicide. C) Adolescents at high risk for suicide are treated through a suicide prevention center. D) Those who have made suicide attempts are part of a suicide education program.

B. therapists who had patients who committed suicide are interviewed to gain information on suicide

Treatment for suicide attempters: A) appears not to be effective. B) typically involves medical and psychological care. C) is provided in about 90 percent of the cases. D) shows that the cognitive group method is most successful.

B. typically involves medical & psychological care

If a clinician begins by asking, "Would you tell me about yourself?" the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n): A. structured interview. B. unstructured interview. C. mental status exam. D. interview schedule

B. unstructured interview.

The spouse of an elderly individual in the United States has recently died; the individual was experiencing clinical depression before the spouse's death. The suicide risk for this individual is: A) moderately high—death of a spouse, but not depression, is related to an elevated suicide risk. B) very high—both death of a spouse and depression are related to an elevated suicide risk. C) moderately high—depression, but not death of a spouse, is related to an elevated suicide risk. D) normal—suicide risk among the elderly is largely independent of these factors.

B. very high - both death of a spouse & depression are related to an elevated suicide risk

"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This quote would most likely come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? A. rational-emotive therapy B.mindfulness-based cognitive therapy C. intolerance of uncertainty therapy D. biofeedback

B.mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

What does the biopsychosocial model state? A.Biological and gender factors contribute to mental disorders. B.Only biological factors contribute to mental disorders. C.Only gender and culture factors contribute to mental disorders. D.Biological, social, and psychological factors contribute to mental disorders.

Biological, social, and psychological factors contribute to mental disorders.

"I do not know why you think you are a terrible surgeon. You have not lost a patient during an operation in two years. No one else in the city has that kind of record." Which orientation is MOST likely to describe the therapist who made this statement? A) behavioral B) interpersonal C) cognitive D) humanistic

C

"Isn't the ABAB design pretty much a case study?" asks a student. The BEST answer would be: A) "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater external validity." B) They're not very similar, and the ABAB design has greater internal validity and greater external validity." C) "They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater internal validity D) "Yes"

C

"The heavier you are, the more food you are likely to eat." If it is true, this statement expresses: A no correlation at all B a causal relationship C a positive correlation D a negative correlation

C

"Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? A) cognitive B) humanistic existential C) psychodynamic D) behavioral

C

"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? A) psychodynamic B) cognitive C) humanistic-existential D) cognitive behavioral

C

4. Which of the following statements about AIDS is TRUE? a. An infected person immediately develops AIDS-related complex (ARC). b. The median time for the development of full-blown AIDS is around 7 to 10 years. c. The death rate from AIDS increased 80% since 1990. d. The current successful treatment of AIDS is the result of highly active antiviral therapy (HAART), which eliminates the virus.

C

A client in a totally relaxed state vividly imagines anxiety-arousing situations without feeling any lingering anxiety. MOST likely, that client has just completed what type of therapy? A Freudian psychoanalysis B family systems C systematic desensitization D cognitive therapy

C

A clinical psychologist you know says, "How do I decide on the best treatment? Simple, I make sure to read the most recent research studies in therapy, and follow their advice." The clinical psychologist believes in using: A intuitively-based treatment B culture-constrained treatment C evidence-based treatment D meta-analytical treatment

C

A clinician has developed a new assessment tool. Clients write stories about their problems, and then two different judges evaluate the stories in terms of how logically they are written. For this assessment to be useful, there must be: A) low test-retest reliability B) high split-half reliability C) high interrater reliability D) low observer reliability

C

A clinician has developed a new assessment tool. Clients write stories about their problems, and then two different judges independently evaluate the stories in terms of how logically they are written. For this assessment technique to be useful, there must be: A) low test-retest reliability B) high split-half reliability C) high interrater reliability D) low observer reliability

C

A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of break, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. IF it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of an anxiety disorder, it is probably: A.) postraumatic disorder B.) obsessive-compulsive response C.) panic attack D.) phobia

C

A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing: A) food-phobia anorexia nervosa B) variable-limited anorexia nervosa C) binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa D) restricted-type anorexia nervosa

C

A research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulation's effect on another variable is observed is called a(n): A case study B correlation C experiment D independent variable

C

According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate which set of symptoms to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder? A) excessive worry for five months, edginess, sleep changes, distress B) excessive worry for two months, edginess, sleep changes, distress C) excessive worry for six months, edginess, sleep changes, distress D) excessive worry for four months, edginess, sleep changes, distress

C

According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate which set of symptoms to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder? A.) excessive worry for four months, edginess, sleep changes, distress B.) excessive worry for five months, edginess, sleep changes, distress C.) excessive worry for six months, edginess, sleep changes, distress D.) excessive worry for two months, edginess, sleep changes, distress

C

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: A) anal stage B) latency stage C) oral stage D) phallic stage

C

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT: A) inflated self-esteem B) decreased need for sleep C) suicidal ideation D) distractbility

C

An entomologist's fear of spiders is debilitating. To treat this phobia, a therapist puts the entomologist in a room with spiders, asking her to handle them. This technique might be used in: A.) systematic desensitiziation B.) modeling C.) flooding D.) covert desensitization

C

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of: A) object relations loss B) sociocultural changes C) loss of positive social rewards D) learned helplessness

C

At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Who can you think of who might be able to come over and stay with your for a few hours?" Which of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention does the quote best represent? A) establishing a positive relationship B) assessing suicide potential C) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources D) understanding and clarifying the problem

C

Barney's mother is taking coookies out the oven. When statement would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior? A) Barney asks for some cookies in a whiney voice, and when he is denied, throws a tantrum. B) Barney waits for his mother to leader the room, takes a few cookies, and runs away C) Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs D) Barney wants the cookies desperately but asks his mother for a couple

C

Behavior that violates legal norms is: A.) distressful and criminal B.) distressful and psychopatholigical C.) deviant and criminal D.) deviant and psychopathological

C

Benzodiazepines are believe to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____ at certain receptor sites in the brain. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) GABA D) acetylcholine

C

Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: A.) have lower standards of conduct and morality B.) believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything C.) believe their thoguhts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others D.) have a lower rate of depression

C

Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: A) believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything B) have a lower rate of depression C) believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others D) have lower standards of conduct and morality

C

Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother's new husband, and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A) countertransference B) catharsis C) resistance D) transference

C

David Rosenham sent "pseudopatients" to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that ______ greatly impacts mental illness A. an actual symptom B. the community mental health system C. labeling D. communication

C

Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality? A low activity of GABA B absence of dopamine C low activity of serotonin D excessive activity of norepinephrine

C

Depression that emerges within 4 weeks of giving birth is designated as: A) atypical depression. C) peripartum onset. B) a major depressive episode. D) melancholic.

C

Dorian was only 10 miles away from Mount St. Helens when it erupted with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ask and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. This description BEST fits a(n): A.) acute stress disorder B.) generalized anxiety disorder C.) posttraumatic stress disorder D.) phobia

C

Double depression involves developing dysthymic disorder: A) twice in a single year B) that is very severe C) followed by periodic episodes of major depression D) as a result of repeated episodes of atypical depression

C

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: A schizophrenia B anxiety disorders C depression D bipolar disorder

C

For the last 2 months, Bobby has been feeling agitated, has not been able to sleep, and finds he has no appetite. In addition, Bobby occasionally has thoughts of killing himself. Bobby is MOST likely suffering from a _____ episode. A) major depressive B) manic C) mixed D) hypomanic

C

Having frequent headaches, distrubances in sleep, and loss of appetitie are ______ symptoms of depression. A) motivational B) behavioral C) physical D) emotional

C

Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs: A) after a "recovery" period and is short-term B) immediately and is long-term C) immediately and is short-term D) after a "recovery period" and is long-term

C

If a chronically ill child was removed from his or her home and placed in foster care, and then became quite healthy, one might suspect that the parent (usually the mother) was experiencing: A) a somatoform disorder B) malingering C) a factitious disorder D) a psychophysical disorder

C

If a clinician begins by asking, "Would you tell me about yourself?," the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n): A) structured interview B) mental status exam C) unstructured interview D) interview schedule

C

If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use: A) standardization B) a measure of reliability C) a response inventory D) a validity assessment

C

If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: A externalized B cultural C enmeshed D disengaged

C

If you believe that you can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary, Bandura would say that you had a positive sense of: A overgeneralization B classical conditioning C self-efficacy D unconditional negative regard

C

If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on: A) the "cognitive triad" B) parent-child patterns of interaction C) neurotransmitters in the brain D) learned helplessness

C

If you were to graph the relationship between the numbers of negative life events experienced in the last month and people's perceptions of stress, you would probably find a(n): A vertical line B horizontal line C upward-sloping line (to the right) D downward-sloping line (to the right)

C

If your therapist tries to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforce nondepressive actions, and improve your social skills, your therapist would be using: A) sociocultural therapy B) physchodynamic therapy C) behavioral therapy D) cognitive therapy

C

In a study designed to test a new antidepressant, a large number of outpatient psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One of the groups was given the drug as a pill. The other group was given identical-looking inert pills. All participants were tested in the morning. The level of depression of each subject was measured by three psychologists independently, using the Beck Depression Inventory. Which was the independent variable in this study? A) the assignment of the participants to groups B) the Beck Depression Inventory C) the drug D) the level of agitation

C

Individuals with anorexia often show which personality characteristic? A) episodes of mania B) multiple phobias C) obsessions D) low anxiety

C

Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted now for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic

C

Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because: A) while they distressed by their behavior, others are not B) they are not deviant C) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior D) they are only dangerous to others, not themselves

C

On average, patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem improve more than do ________ of people with similar problem who do not receive treatment. A) 100 percent B) 0 percent C) 75 percent D) 25 percent

C

People who experince obessions shows: A.) a lack of awareness that the thoughts are inappropriate B.) typical levels of worry about real problems C.) thoughts that intrusive and foreign to them D.) thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist

C

People with one anxiety disorder are MOST likely to: A.) experience only that one anxiety disorder B.) experience hallucinations C.) experience another anxiety disorder, too D.) expereince another type of psychiatric disorder as well

C

Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professors is an environmentalist, so his answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position. This is an example of: A) experimenter bias B) random variation C) subject bias D) a placebo effect

C

Some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying reactions represent differences in: A.) neurotic anxiety B.) existential anxiety C.) state anxiety D.) trait anxiety

C

Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as: A) bipolar I mixed episodes B) bipolar I C) bipolar II rapid cycling D) bipolar II seasonal

C

Sometimes interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the _______ perspective. A.) cognitive B.) humanistic-existential C.) sociocultural D.) psychodynamic

C

Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a: A treatment B classification system C syndrome D medical condition

C

The age group MOST likely to commit suicide in the United States is: A) adolescents B) young adults C) the elderly D) children

C

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression: A) is probably wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus. B) is probably correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. C) is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. D) is probably correct, although researchers haven't identified the specifics of the relationship.

C

The correlational method and the experimental method are similar in that: A) both have internal validity B) neither has external validity or internal validity C) both have external validity D) both have external validity and internal validity

C

The first episode of major depression is usually time-limited - often lasting up to ________ - if left untreated. a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 9 months d. 1 year

C

The function of the double-blind design is to guard against: A) the Rosenthal effect B) subject bias C) participant and experimenter expediencies D) imitation therapies

C

The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is: A.) "Life's a gamble; give it your best shot." B.) "Nothing ventured, nothing gained." C.) "Better safe than sorry." D.) "When you reach the mountaintop, it's hard to come back down."

C

The part of the treatment plan for DID that is similar to the treatment plan for posttraumatic stress disorder is a. integration of personality fragments. b. use of antipsychotic medications. c. reliving the trauma (catharsis). d. hypnotic regression to early life experiences.

C

The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at a clinic tells you the: A.) risk of a man developing sexual dysfunction B.) rate of sexual dysfunction in the community C.) total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinc D.) number of new cases of sexual dysfucntion over a period of time

C

The primary motivating emotion a person with anorexia experiences is: A) hate B) shame C) fear D) anger

C

The total number of cases of a disorder in the population is called the: A risk B incidence C prevalence D rate of occurrence

C

To diagnosis major depression a person's symptoms must include depressed mood or: A) weight loss or weight gain C) loss of pleasure and interests B) insomnia or hypersomnia D) psychomotor retardation

C

Under the instructions of a psychologist, Tina's mother records the number of times Tina hits her brother at home and what happens immediately before the hitting. In this situation, Tina's mother is: A.) engaging ins self-monitoring behavior B.) conducting structured observations C.) a participant observer D.) demonstrating observer bias

C

Unhealthy and/or risky behaviors that impact directly on the cardiovascular system may contribute to a. strokes and high blood pressure only. b. coronary heart disease only. c. strokes, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease. d. reduced immunity to autoimmune diseases.

C

Using "the four Ds" to define abnormal behavior: A) allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric B) allows us to include those who experience no distress C) is still often vague and subjective D) allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable

C

When Jose did not get the job, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. This thought is an example of: A depression B selective perception C overgeneralization D unconditional negative regard

C

When a person is under stress, the adrenal glands release: A) collagen B) cytokines C) corticosteriods D) norepinephrine

C

When a young child yells and throws toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: A) neurotransmitter unbalances B) unresolved intrapsychic conflict C) operant conditioning D) unconditional positive regard

C

When all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another, it is termed a: A.) mutually amnseiac relationship B.) coconsious relatonship C.) mutually cognizant pattern D.) one-way amnesiac relationship

C

When individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression place themselves in high-risk stressful environments, it is called a. humoral theory. b. the cognitive-behavioral model c. the gene-environment correlation model. d. a stress-depression linkage effect.

C

When someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off, tha tperson is exhibiting a(n): A.) phobia B.) obsession C.) compulsion D.) panic attack

C

Whether or not stress and/or anxiety develop in a stressful situation appears to be related to one's perceived sense of ________________. a. happiness b. excitement c. control d. acceptance

C

Which is MOST consistent with a contingency management approach? A) limiting the contact family members have with the person B) analyzing the person's irrational thoughts C) praising the person for engaging in nondepressive activities D) providing sympathy when the person talks about depressed feelings

C

Which is a motivational symptom of depression? A) a negative view of oneself B) staying in bed for hours during the day C) lack of desire to eat D) experiences of sadness and anger

C

Which medical condition is MORE common in people with bulimia than those with anorexia? A) high potassium levels in the blood B) growth of immature body hair C) dental problems D) amenorrhea

C

Which of the following statements is TRUE about factitious disorders? a. Fortunately, the disorder does not seem to extend to other members of the family. b. The symptoms are under involuntary control. c. There is no obvious reason for voluntarily producing symptoms. d. The symptoms lead to a splintering off of one's identity into several "subpersonalities."

C

Which of these is NOT a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants? A) dry mouth C) decreased sex drive B) low blood pressure D) constipation

C

Which problem is a possible medical complication of anorexia nervosa? A) elevated body temperature B) high blood pressure C) increased bone mineral density D) decreased heart rate

C

Which statement about major depressive episodes is true? A) Women and men experience major depressive disorder at equal rates. B) The average onset of major depressive disorder occurs in adolescence. C) More than half of those who have had a single depressive episode go on to have at least one additional episode. D) The rate of depression in the United States is decreasing.

C

Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? A.) the humanistic approach B.) the sociocultural approach C.) the psychodynamic approach D.) the behavioral approach

C

With ___________, a person pays attention to the feelings, thoughts, and sensations that are flowing through his or her mind but do so with detachment and objectivity and, most important, without judgement. A) relaxation training B) biofeedback training C) mindfulness meditation D) behavioral medicine

C

____ is characterized by depressed mood and two other depressive symptoms that last for at least 2 years and that do not recede for longer than 2 months at any time during that period. A) Major depressive episode C) Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) B) Major depressive disorder D) Cyclothymic disorder

C

25. Which of the following is NOT true about the use of ECT and drug therapies for treating depression? A) ECT works quicker than drug therapy in reducing depression. B) ECT works somewhat more effectively than drug therapy in treating depression. C) ECT is likely to be prescribed first, and if it doesn't work, then drugs are prescribed. D) ECT appears to be somewhat more successful in treating depressed people who are also suicidal.

C) ECT is likely to be prescribed first, and if it doesn't work, then drugs are prescribed.

1. Which of the following statements about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is MOST accurate? A) Carefully controlled, multiple-participant studies validate the success of this therapy. B) Not even case studies support the effectiveness of this therapy. C) Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression. D) Short-term therapy is less effective than long-term therapy.

C) Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the participation of women in the mental health professions? A) There are more women in social work than in counseling professions. B) Women are least often found in medicine and most often found in social work. C) The professions with the highest percentage of women is counseling. D) The majority of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are men.

C) The professions with the highest percentage of women is counseling.

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders? A) They are disorders of the 20th century; that is, they were not diagnosed before 1900. B) They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medication - antipsychotics C) They are triggered by traumatic events D) They are varieties of depression

C) They are triggered by traumatic events

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders? A) They are disorders of the twentieth century; that is, they were not diagnosed before 1900. B) They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medication—antipsychotics. C) They are triggered by traumatic events. D) They are varieties of depression

C) They are triggered by traumatic events.

6. Which of the following would a cognitive therapist be LEAST likely to say to you? A) Please prepare a detailed schedule of your activities for the week. B) Write down your automatic thoughts as they occur to you. C) Try to evaluate what happens to you in "black and white" terms. D) Let's do a little experiment to test that attitude.

C) Try to evaluate what happens to you in "black and white" terms.

24. What would be your BEST recommendation (i.e., MOST scientifically valid) about behavioral therapy for an adolescent experiencing depression? A) There is really no difference in treatment effectiveness among adults and adolescents. B) Avoid drug therapy because of the side effects for adolescents. C) Use a combination of drug therapy and cognitive therapy. D) Focus on the brain stimulation treatments—ECT, in particular.

C) Use a combination of drug therapy and cognitive therapy.

4. Current research regarding the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for depression is MOST consistent with which of the following statements? A) Therapy is most effective when techniques are used one at a time, in isolation. B) Increasing one's positive activities is more effective than just keeping track of them. C) Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one. D) Behavior therapists usually reject the addition of cognitive techniques to their therapy.

C) Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one.

If you were receiving multicultural therapy, you could expect all of the following except: A) greater sensitivity to cultural issues in therapy. B) a focus on the uniqueness of the issues you face. C) a focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems. D) sensitivity to the traditions of your particular culture.

C) a focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems.

2. Which of the following is the BEST example of the therapy technique known as behavioral activation? A) systematically ignoring the patient's depressive behavior B) asking patients to say whatever comes into their minds C) adding positive activities to the patient's life D) asking family members to help reinforce the patient's positive behavior

C) adding positive activities to the patient's life

Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is King David (Old Testament). If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would most likely be a(n): A) stimulant drug. B) antianxiety drug. C) antipsychotic drug. D) antidepressant drug.

C) antipsychotic drug.

The MOST likely people to develop stress disorders are: A) anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them B) not anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them C) anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them D) not anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them

C) anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

16. The mechanism of action of imipramine is to: A) destroy monoamine oxidase. B) mimic the action of norepinephrine and serotonin. C) block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. D) block the receptor sites for norepinephrine and serotonin on the postsynaptic neuron.

C) block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which of the following fear responses? A) physical B) emotional C) cognitive D) The person is showing all three responses.

C) cognitive

12. Which of the following is not an example of a biological treatment for depression? A) electroconvulsive shock B) antidepressant medication C) contingency management D) herbal remedies

C) contingency management

Which of the following "new diagnoses" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about where the safest neighborhoods and schools are most likely receive? A) eco-anxiety B) terrorism terror C) crime phobia D) cyber fear

C) crime phobia

28. The best treatment recommendation you could give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is: A) complex, due to conflicting experimental results. B) broad; a number of different therapies work equally well. C) drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy. D) no therapy has been shown to be effective.

C) drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy.

Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively? A) distress B) deviance C) dysfunction D) danger to self or others

C) dysfunction

A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress. A) physical B) cognitive C) emotional D) developmental

C) emotional

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) experiencing avoidance. C) experiencing reduced responsiveness. D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.

If you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the United States, your therapy will last for A) a year, with weekly sessions. B) about 100 hours. C) fewer than five sessions. D) 24 hours, in an inpatient facility.

C) fewer than five sessions.

One who studies the history of the field of abnormal psychology most likely would compare our current understanding of abnormal behavior to a book that: A) hasn't even been begun. B) has received a title, but no text. C) is in the process of being written. D) is completed, and needs only to be read to be understood.

C) is in the process of being written.

Regarding the cause of mental disorders, more people today believe that mental illness is caused by which of the following? A) sinful behavior B) lack of willpower C) lack of self-discipline D) something external to the person

C) lack of self-discipline

10. If you are a minority, you are: A) more likely to receive antidepressant medication. B) likely to receive therapy with a culturally sensitive focus. C) likely to benefit from culturally sensitive therapy. D) unlikely to be impacted by economic pressures and a minority identity.

C) likely to benefit from culturally sensitive therapy.

The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A) have relatives who are atypically anxious B) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies C) misinterpret bodily sensations D) experience more stress than average

C) misinterpret bodily sensations

In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as: A) facts B) theories C) models D) hypotheses

C) models

Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called: A) psychedelics. B) antineurotics. C) psychotropics. D) psychophysiologicals.

C) psychotropics.

Which of the following examples would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that it is dysfunctional? A) someone who is too confused to drive safely B) someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class C) someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice D) someone who cannot stay alone for even one night

C) someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice

The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," MOST impacts one's: A) stress. B) stressor. C) stress response. D) somatization.

C) stress response.

A client in a totally relaxed state vividly imagines formerly anxiety-arousing situations without feeling any lingering anxiety. Most likely, that client has just completed what type of therapy? A) Freudian psychoanalysis B) family systems C) systematic desensitization D) cognitive therapy

C) systematic desensitization

Clinical theorist Jerome Frank would say that all forms of therapy include all of the following except a: A) series of contacts B) healer C) third-part payer D) sufferer who seeks relief

C) third-party payer

The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to have been the MOST successful was the use of: A) psychosurgery B) psychoanalysis C) various medications D) insulin shock therapy

C) various medications

A disorder in which bodily symptoms affect voluntary motor and sensory functions, but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases is said to have: A. circumscribed amnesia B. an amnestic episode C. conversion disorder D. Briquet's syndrome

C.

A group of lymphocytes that produces antibodies, mark them for destruction and prevents them from causing infection is: A. Natural killer T-cells B. Help T-cells C. B-cells D. Corticosteroids

C.

A person's general level of arousal and anxiety is called: A. personal anxiety B. state anxiety C. trait anxiety D. evolutionary anxiety

C.

Behaviorists believe that the fears found in hypochondriasis and body dysmorphic disorder have been acquired through: A. overinterpretation of bodily cues B. unsatisfied sexual desires C. classical conditioning or modeling D hypnotic suggestion

C.

Between _ percent of all women in the United Stated may experience a somatization pattern in any given year. A. .5 and 2 B. 1 and 2 C. .2 and 2 D. .1 and 2

C.

Conversion disorder usually begins between: A. early childhood and young adulthood. B. early childhood and late adulthood. C. late childhood and young adulthood. D. late childhood and middle adulthood.

C.

Donald is a very competitive individual. He is always in a hurry, does not ever stop to just enjoy what he has earned, and frequently seems to have too much to do and too little in which to do it. Donald might be described as having a ___ personality. A. Type II B. Type B C. Type A D. Type I

C.

Freud centered his explanation of hysterical disorders on the needs and conflict experience by ___ in the ___ stage. A. girls; genital B. boys; phallic C. girls; phallic D. boys; anal

C.

John was intentionally faking symptoms of mental illness in order to collect disability. This is known as: A. somatization B. hysterics C. malingering D. factitiousness

C.

Key psychological stress disorders are: A. obsessive-compulsive disorder and histrionic personality disorder. B. body dysmorphic disorder and acute stress disorder C. posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder D. schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorder

C.

Melinda is a 23-year-old woman who complains of chronic abdominal pain, dizziness, nausea, and lack of sexual desire, for which there was no organic cause. She would most likely be diagnosed with: A. hypochondriasis B. depersonalization disorder C. somatic symptom disorder D. hysteria

C.

More than ___ percent of rape victims were victimized by acquaintances or relatives. A. 50 B. 60 C. 70 D. 80

C.

Psychodynamic theorists say that ___ and ___ are the two mechanisms at work in hysterical somatoform disorders. A. ritual; undoing B. projection rejection C. primary gain; secondary gain D. primary grief; secondary grief

C.

Research suggests that about ___ of all victims of rape qualify for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder 12 days after the assault. A. 10% B. 25% C. 94% D. 52%

C.

The area of study that links stress and illness to the body's immune system is known as: A. neuropsychology B. immunology C. psychoneuroimmunology D. psychoimmunoneurlogy

C.

The average number of subpersonalities per patient is ___ for women and ___ for men A. 5;10 B. 8;4 C. 15;8 D. 10;17

C.

The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that: A. mental problems had a biological basis B. demonology was a cause of mental illness C. mental illness should be treated with sympathy and kindness D. the cause of mental illness was immoral behavior

C.

They believe that dissociation is a response learned through operant conditioning. A. psychoanalysts B. humanists C. behaviorists D. cognitive theorists

C.

Two patterns of somatic symptom disorder have received particular attention: somatization pattern and predominant _ pattern. A. medical B. gain C. pain D. psychosis

C.

What is Phantom Limb Syndrome? A. When a person hallucinates the existence of a limb B. When glucose activity triggers a reaction of having an additional body part C. When people who have lost their limbs continue to feel sensations where their limb used to be like pain or tingling. D. When a person insists they have a limb that they do not

C.

When people are confronted with stressors, the hypothalamus signals the ____ gland to release the adrenocorticotropic hormone. A. pineal B. adrenal C. pituitary D. thyroid

C.

Which group of lymphocytes produces antibodies? A. help T-cells B. natural killer T-cells C. B-cells D. A-cells

C.

Which of the following terms was used to describe symptoms of severe anxiety and depression experienced during World War II and the Korean War? A. shell shock B. nostalgia C. combat fatigue D. posttraumatic stress disorder

C.

Which of these techniques has been shown to be most helpful in the treatment of painful memories? A. self-instruction training B. insight therapy C. hypnosis D. meditation

C.

___ involves the individual remembering some, but not all, events that occurred during a period of time. A. Continuous amnesia B. Generalized amnesia C. Selective amnesia D. Localized amnesia

C.

___ is not a hysterical somatoform disorder. A. Conversion disorder B. Somatization disorder C. Illness anxiety disorder D. Pain disorder associated with psychological factors

C.

___ is the leading cause of death in men over the age of 35 and women over the age of 40 in the United States. A. Diabetes B. Hypertension C. Coronary heart disease D. Asthma

C.

___ percent of women and ___ percent of men exposed to a serious trauma may develop a stress disorder A. Fifteen; 10 B. Twenty-five; 15 C. Twenty; 8 D. Nineteen; 9

C.

___ suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder seem to benefit from "rap groups" and talking about their experiences and sharing feelings of guilt with others who have had similar. A. Rape victims B. Sexual abuse victims C. Combat veterans D. Flood victims

C.

A friend asks you, "You're taking an abnormal psychology course; what's the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?" Your BEST research-based answer is: A. "Antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster, and for at least as long, as the best psychotherapy." B. "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, but not as long as the best drug therapy." C. "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, and longer than the best drug therapy." D. "Anti-anxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy."

C. "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, and longer than the best drug therapy."

Which of the following statements would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? A) "I don't have any idea what you should do." B) "The therapist will tell us what to do." C) "Try this. It worked for me." D) "Let's talk about our dreams."

C. "Try this. It worked for me."

"What works best to keep suicidal people from following through?" asks a friend. Which of the following would be the correct answer to this question? A) "There are very good drugs one could use." B) "All therapies are about equally effective." C) "Try cognitive-behavioral therapy." D) "Actually, no therapy works very well."

C. "try cognitive-behavioral therapy"

Of people who use alcohol just prior to committing suicide, what percentage are actually intoxicated? A) 10 percent B) 15 percent. C) 25 percent D) 35 percent

C. 25%

Assume that a community is made up of almost exactly equal numbers of these four groups: African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and white Americans, and that everyone is of the same socioeconomic status. Approximately what percent of suicides would you expect to be committed by white Americans? A) 5 percent—well below the rates for the other groups B) 25 percent—about the same as the rates for the other groups C) 40 percent—about double the rates for the other groups D) 60 percent—almost four times the rates for the other groups

C. 40 percent - about double the rates for other groups

What is the rate of concordance for schizophrenia in identical twins? A. 2-5 percent B. 15-18 percent C. 40-50 percent D. 70-80 percent

C. 40-50 percent

The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: A) stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. B) a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. C) abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. D) only one factor—stress or predisposition—is necessary for abnormality to occur.

C. Abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition

If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: A. existential therapy. B. psychoanalytic therapy. C. cognitive therapy. D. humanistic therapy.

C. Cognitive Therapy

A patient's initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: A) regression. B) sublimation. C) denial. D) rationalization.

C. Denial

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: A) schizophrenia. B) anxiety disorders. C) depression. D) bipolar disorder.

C. Depression

The MOST accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally: A. do not accept one definition of abnormality, but practice one form of treatment. B. accept one definition of abnormality, and practice one form of treatment. C. do not accept one definition of abnormality, and practice more than one form of treatment. D. accept one definition of abnormality, but practice more than one form of treatment.

C. Do not accept one definition of abnormality, and practice more than one form of treatment

Which of the following is TRUE about specific phobias? A. Men are more likely than women to have phobias. B. There do not appear to be racial differences in the incidence of phobias. C. Each year about 9 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia. D. Most people with phobias seek treatment.

C. Each year about 9 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia.

Therapies that have received clear research support are called: A) meta-analyses. B) idiographic. C) evidence-based. D) outcome complex.

C. Evidence- based

Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of abnormality? A) a genetic history of mental illness in one's family B) growing up in an unhealthy, enmeshed family C) experiencing a severe psychological trauma D) living in a high-crime, impoverished area

C. Experiencing a servers psychological trauma.

Which of the following is NOT a form of neuroimaging? A. CAT scan B. MRI C. GSR D. PET

C. GSR

Treatment for mental illness in the early asylums tended to be: A. religiously based. B. moral therapy. C. harsh and cruel. D. psychogenic therapy.

C. Harsh and Cruel

The model that proposes that humans strive to self-actualize is the: A) psychodynamic model. B) cognitive model. C) humanistic-existential model. D) behavioral model.

C. Humanistic- existential model

Which of the following is/are true of the correlation coefficient? A. it provides information about which variables cause which outcomes B. It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship between two variables and the total variability of those measurements. C. It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables. D. it can often lead to hypotheses that can be tested experimentally

C. It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables D. it can often lead to hypotheses that can be tested experimentally

According to current estimates, the suicide rate is highest in the United States among: A) African Americans. B) Euro-Americans. C) Native Americans. D) Asian Americans.

C. Native Americans

If it was necessary to get clear and accurate pictures of the physical anatomy of the brain in order to aid in the diagnosis of a psychological disorder, the method(s) of choice would be: A. Halstad ReitanTest Battery B. MMPI-2. C. PET scan D. fMRI

C. PET scan D. fMRI

Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of: A) bipolar disorders. B) schizophrenia. C) phobias. D) substance abuse disorders.

C. Phobias

In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: A) the biological differences between men and women. B) the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. C) prejudice and discrimination faced by women. D) the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women.

C. Prejudice and discrimination faced by women.

Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of: A. psychogenic therapy. B. moral therapy. C. psychoanalysis. D. all psychological therapy.

C. Psychoanalysis

A general term used for theories such as Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's is: A) psychiatric. B) biological. C) psychodynamic. D) psychophysical.

C. Psychodynamic

Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called: A. antineurotics. B. psychophysiologicals. C. psychotropics. D. psychedelics.

C. Psychotropics

If a clinician is particularly interested in a client's family background and community influences, that clinician is MOST likely from which orientation? A) biological B) behavioral C) sociocultural D) Cognitive

C. Sociocultural

The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a client's family structure, societal norms, and a client's roles in society is: A) existential. B) cognitive-behavioral. C) sociocultural. D) humanistic.

C. Sociocultural

Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a: A) treatment. B) classification system. C) syndrome. D) medical condition.

C. Syndrome

Which of the following accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway(s) of the stress response? A. The parasympathetic nervous system excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal. B. The hypothalamus inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which then inhibits body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing a reduction in arousal. C. The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal. D. The hypothalamus excites the parasympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal.

C. The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal.

Which of the following is the BEST example of dichotomous thinking? A. One person might be stressed by an event that wouldn't bother another person. B. There are lots of factors that put someone at risk for suicide, not just one. C. There's only one thing to do and nothing else matters. D. You have your opinion about suicide and I have mine

C. There's only one thing to do and nothing else matters.

Neurosurgery is believed to have its roots in: A) the psychodynamic movement. B) learning theory. C) trephining from the demonological era. D) the humanistic viewpoint.

C. Trephining from the demonological era.

Current research suggests that schizophrenia may be related to: A) bacterial infections at the time of puberty. B) a resistance to antibiotics. C) viral infection in utero. D) hormonal imbalances.

C. Viral infection in utero

Which of the following would you be MOST surprised to learn had committed suicide because his or her action is inconsistent with research results of studies of child suicide? A) a child who had previously run away and tried to take an overdose. B) a child who had experienced family stress—loss of a loved one, parental unemployment, abuse. C) a child who had no understanding of death. D) a child who was especially withdrawn and lonely.

C. a child who had no understanding of death

Which of the following does NOT characterize stress disorders? A. reduced responsiveness to the world around one B. signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions C. a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event D. recurring memories, dreams, or nightmares about the event

C. a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

Of the following, who is MOST at risk for misinterpreting a cultural response as pathology? A. an immigrant client B. an ethnic-minority assessor C. a dominant-culture assessor D. an ethnic-minority client

C. a dominant-culture assessor

How likely are women to use a gun to commit suicide? A) Less than 5 percent of women who commit suicide use guns. B) About 20 percent of women who commit suicide use guns. C) About 40 percent of women who commit suicide use guns. D) Over 2/3 of women who commit suicide use guns.

C. about 40% of women who commit suicide use guns

All of the following have been linked to increased suicide risk among teenagers, EXCEPT: A) intense competition for jobs and positions in college. B) weakening family ties, and resulting alienation. C) access to pro-suicide sites on the Internet. D) easy access to drugs and alcohol, and pressure to use those substances.

C. access to pro-suicide sites on the internet

Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989 (who wouldn't be!). For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, the fears gradually diminished, disappearing within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n): A. posttraumatic stress disorder. B. phobic reaction. C. acute stress disorder. D. panic attack.

C. acute stress disorder.

The gland that produces a hormone that is involved in the reaction to fearful and stressful situations is the: A. medulla. B. hippocampus. C. adrenal gland. D. ganglion.

C. adrenal gland.

The MOST likely people to develop stress disorders are: A. anxious and think they can control negative things that happen to them B. not anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them C. anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them D. not anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them

C. anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them

If someone is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy in his or her life, that person is MORE likely to ______ than someone who has social support and intimacy. A. be a carrier of depression to later generations B. become depressed even when not under stress C. become depressed when under stress D. become depressed, but recover more quickly

C. become depressed when under stress

If you live in a city, you own your home, and you pay taxes, you are LEAST likely to experience which of the following events next year? A. being the victim of a violent crime B. being audited by the IRS C. being diagnosed with cancer D. having a house fire

C. being diagnosed with cancer

A young man whose father and uncle committed suicide at about his age also commits suicide. Which explanation of suicide MOST easily explains the young man's suicide? A) psychodynamic B) sociocultural C) biological D) immediate trigger

C. biological

Research supporting a Freudian view of suicide has shown that later suicidal behavior is related to: A) real, but not symbolic, losses in childhood. B) symbolic, but not real, losses in childhood. C) both real and symbolic losses in childhood. D) neither real nor symbolic losses in childhood.

C. both real & symbolic losses in childhood

The "typical" child who commits suicide is a: A. boy who does not understand what death really is. B. girl who does not understand what death really is. C. boy who understands what death really is. D. girl who understands what death really is.

C. boy who understands what death really is.

If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: A) humanistic therapy. B) existential therapy. C) cognitive therapy. D) psychoanalytic therapy.

C. cognitive therapy.

Miguel lost all of his family when his village was bombed. He throws himself off a cliff to die, in order to be reunited with them. Edwin Shneidman would classify Miguel as a: A) death darer. B) death seeker. C) death ignorer. D) death initiator.

C. death ignorer

Cecil and Jeanne, teenagers, made a love pact, jumping from a cliff in order to be with each other for eternity. Cecil and Jeanne are examples of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as: A) death seekers. B) death initiators. C) death ignorers. D) death darers.

C. death ignorers

The critical way in which the death seeker differs from the death darer, according to Edwin Shneidman, is: A) death seekers speed along a death sure to occur naturally. B) death seekers are ambivalent about their death. C) death seekers intend to end their lives with their action. D) death seekers believe that death will not end their existence.

C. death seekers intend to end their lives with their action

People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the: A. cognitive-behavioral model. B. psychodynamic model. C. diathesis-stress model. D. evolutionary perspective.

C. diathesis-stress model.

Long-term stressors particularly common among those who attempt suicide include all the following EXCEPT: A) serious illness. B) occupational stress. C) divorce. D) an abusive environment.

C. divorce

The best treatment recommendation you could give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is: A. complex, due to conflicting experimental results. B. broad; a number of different therapies work equally well. C. drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy. D. no therapy has been shown to be effective.

C. drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy.

Today, ______ clinical psychology is the MOST popular theoretical orientation among professional psychologists. A) cognitive B) psychodynamic C) eclectic D) interpersonal

C. eclectic

Therapies that have received clear research support are called: A. meta-analyses B. idiographic C. evidence-based D. outcome complex

C. evidence-based

People with one anxiety disorder are MOST likely to: A. experience hallucinations. B. experience another nonanxiety disorder. C. experience another anxiety disorder, too. D. experience only that one anxiety disorder.

C. experience another anxiety disorder, too

Those who are MORE likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are: A. high-income B. male C. female D. Low-income

C. female D. Low-income

Support for the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy: A. has declined in recent years. B. has been stable for many years. C. has increased in recent years. D. increased a few years ago, but is now declining.

C. has increased in recent years.

A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to: A. experience postpartum depression after her first birth, but rarely experience it again. B. only experience postpartum depression after the birth of a first child. C. have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child. D. have a 100% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

C. have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

The major focus/foci of a clinical practitioner when dealing with a new client is to gather what type of information? A. nomothetic B. diagnostic C. idiographic D. dispassionate

C. idiographic

Freud believed that three central forces that shape the personality were the: A. instincts, the ego, and the self. B. biological forces, culture, and learning. C. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. D. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts.

C. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards

Retrospective analysis of suicide typically would include: A) interviews with the person who attempted suicide. B) interviews with people who know the person who attempted suicide. C) interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide. D) suicide interventions with people acquainted with the person who committed suicide, and who might attempt "copycat" suicides.

C. interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide

Among teenagers who attempt suicide: A) about 3 percent succeed the first time, and about half will try again. B) about 3 percent succeed the first time, and about 10 percent will try again. C) less than 1 percent succeed the first time, and about half will try again. D) less than 1 percent succeed the first time, and about 10 percent will try again.

C. less than 1 percent succeed the first time, & about half will try again

Compared to heart disease and cancer, suicide accounts for _____ in the United States. A) about the same number of deaths B) actually more deaths C) less than a tenth of the deaths D) less than 1 percent of the deaths

C. less than a tenth of the deaths

"Cluster suicides" may involve high suicide rates among those: A. who gather on high-stress occasions, such as funerals or court trials. B. visiting pro-suicide sites on the Internet. C. living on certain Native-American reservations. D. who have a particular recessive gene combination.

C. living on certain Native-American reservations.

Suicide prevention centers: A) are run on the AA model, using suicide survivors. B) are hospitals for those who have attempted suicide. C) may deliver services over the phone using paraprofessionals. D) are declining in number in the United States.

C. may deliver services over the phone using paraprofessionals

The behavior of those who engage in self-injurious behavior such as cutting: A) fits into the criteria for suicide behavior disorder. B) represents a clear effort to end one's life. C) may represent an unconscious attempt at suicide. D) is relatively uncommon and declining in frequency.

C. may represent an unconscious attempt at suicide

Estimates of the number of suicides that occur in the United States probably underrepresent the total because of all of the following EXCEPT: A) It's hard to know for sure whether a death is a suicide or an unintentional accident. B) Some families don't acknowledge suicide because of the stigma associated with it. C) Parasuicides are often included in the number of suicides. D) It's hard to know whether drug overdoses are accidental or not.

C. parasuicides are often included in the number of suicides

Freud's study of Little Hans is an example of: a A. correlational study. B. the use of a theory to predict behavior. C. psychoanalysis' reliance on case study. D. the use of careful experimentation

C. psychoanalysis' reliance on case study

"You must redirect your Thanatos," is a remark MOST likely made by a therapist with what theoretical point of view? A) sociocultural B) biological C) psychodynamic D) cognitive-behavioral

C. psychodynamic

The fact that very angry people are not significantly more suicidal than other people argues MOST strongly against which explanation for suicide? A) sociocultural B) modeling C) psychodynamic D) biological

C. psychodynamic

Evidence in support of the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that: A. relatives share not only biological characteristics, but also similar environments. B. identical twins have more similar environments than fraternal twins. C. relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives. D. distant relatives of those with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than close relatives.

C. relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives.

In his definition of suicide, Edwin Schneidman includes all of the following factors EXCEPT that it: A) involves conscious effort. B) is self-inflicted. C) results from depression or emotional distress. D) involves direct effort.

C. results from depression or emotional distress

As a general rule, if the sample is large, the difference between the groups is large, and the range of scores within a group is small, then the results are likely to be: A. from a double-blind study. B. meaningful. C. statistically significant. D. due to chance.

C. statistically significant

Suicide education programs typically focus on: A) those who have previously attempted suicide. B) clergy who are often contacted by suicidal people. C) students and teachers. D) high-risk people who call hot lines.

C. students & teachers

When a person has organic brain impairment, that person would MOST likely have difficulty completing: A) a CAT scan. B) an EEG. C) the Bender-Gestalt test. D) an MRI.

C. the Bender- Gestalt test

Why do many people think that estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate? A) Insurance companies pay extra life insurance in cases of suicide. B) Many reported suicides are probably really accidents. C) The stigma associated with suicide make people hesitate to report it. D) Suicide is not a DSM-5 category.

C. the stigma associated with suicide make people hesitate to report it

Why might the suicide rate among elderly Native Americans be low? A) religious fervor B) overcoming the rage of youth C) the value the culture places on the elderly D) This group overall has a very low suicide rate compared to whites.

C. the value the culture places on the elderly

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common: A. their use of multidisciplinary therapists who work exclusively in group settings. B. their understanding of how generalized anxiety develops and can be treated. C. their lack of strong support from controlled studies. D. their reliance on a rather harsh, confrontational therapeutic style.

C. their lack of strong support from controlled studies.

According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories? A) They employ more lethal means. B) They intend to end their lives with their action. C) They believe death will not end their existence. D) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

C. they belie death will not end their existence

At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Can you tell me what you think are the most important factors that are making you feel hopeless right now? If you could change three things about your life, what would they be?" Which of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? A) formulating a plan B) assessing suicide potential C) understanding and clarifying the problem D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

C. understanding & clarifying the problem

Religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) would be considered a compulsive behavior: A. when done to provide comfort and reduce tension B. when done more than once a day C. when they are time-consuming, interfere with daily function, and cause distress D. never

C. when they are time-consuming, interfere with daily function, and cause distress

If you wanted to tailor a suicide prevention program to the racial group MOST at risk, of the following, you should target: A) African Americans. B) Asian Americans. C) white Americans. D) Hispanic Americans.

C. white americans

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding gender and suicide? A) Women attempt suicide more often than men. B) Men use more lethal means to commit suicide than women. C) Women succeed at committing suicide more often than men. D) The elderly are more likely to commit suicide than children.

C. women succeed at committing suicide more often than men

A friend of yours says, "A 15-year-old high school student accused of shooting several classmates received a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder." Your MOST accurate reply would be: A. "yes; that kind of behavior often is associated with that diagnosis" B. I don't think so; those with that diagnosis seldom engage in criminal activity C. yes; and I'll be that wasn't the only diagnosis either D. No; the student is too young for that diagnosis

C. yes; and I'll be that wasn't the only diagnosis either

A study included 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty received aspirin, 20 received a sugar pill that looked like aspirin, and 20 got nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappeared. In the other two groups the "cure" rates were 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants were treated identically. This study: A) has three dependent variables B) contains an important confound C) demonstrates a double blind design D) is an experimental study

D

A therapist's preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as: A self-monitoring B battery observation C structured observation D naturalistic observation

D

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth, and have lasted over six months. The woman is experiencing: A) the "baby blues." C) hormone withdrawal syndrome. B) postpartum psychosis. D) postpartum depression.

D

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and that she always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to: A) internal specific, stable factors B) internal, global, unstable factors C) internal, specific, unstable factors D) internal, global, stable factors

D

According to Emile Durkheim, suicides by people over whom society has little or no control and who are not concerned with the norms and rules of society are called: A) imitative suicides B) anomic suicides C) altruistic suicides D) egoistic suicides

D

All of the following statements about lithium therapy are true EXCEPT a. lithium can act as an antidepressant. b. lithium can act as a mood stabilizer. c. dosage must be carefully regulated to prevent toxicity. d. the side effects of lithium are less serious than those of other antidepressants.

D

All the pleasure has gone out of life for Trevor. Things he used to find fun and exciting no longer give him any joy. He finds he wakes up early in the morning and has no appetite. His symptoms are very severe in the morning . This has been going on for several weeks. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic

D

All the treatment methods for bulimia nervosa share the immediate goal of: A) addressing the underlying causes of the bulimic patterns B) forcing patients to accept the responsibility for their actions C) changing distored self-perceptions D) assisting patients to eliminate their pinge-purge patterns

D

An individual with which disorder would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories? A.) conversion disorder B.) depersonalization disorder C.) dissociative amnesia D.) dissociative fugue

D

An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the ouse and not vacuum for aweek would be experiencing what therapy procedures? A.) reinforcement for compulsice behavior B.) family therapy C.) free associaiton D.) exposure and response prevention

D

Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A.) increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters B.) decrease serotonin activity in the brain C.) increase norepinephrine activity in the brain D.) increase serotonin activity in the brain

D

At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Do you have a gun? Is it loaded and do you know how to use it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? A) understanding and clarifying the problem B) establishing a positive relationship C) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources D) assessing suicide potential

D

Because people who exhibit mania have very elevate moods, a new test for mania includes questions about how happy a person feels and how often he or she laughs. This test has: A) construct validity B) concurrent validity C) content validity D) face validity

D

Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior: A.) is logically rather than randomly connected to fearful situations B.) is exhibited by everyone C.) originally is associated with an increase in anxiety D.) is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety

D

Benzodiazepines are believe to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _______ at certain receptor sites in the brain. A.) dopamine B.) acetylcholine C.) serotonin D.) GABA

D

Clients check off either "Applies" or "Does Not Apply" to a series of 200 items dealing with what they do and what they think in a variety of situations. The kind of test they are taking MOST likely is a: A) sentence-completion test B) neuropsychological battery C) protective test D) personality inventory

D

Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is: A) the reliability of the technique B) that it asks only the open-ended questions C) validity D) the chance to get a general sense of the client

D

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raingin is an example of a: A.) stress response B.) stress disorder C.) psychophysical disorder D.) stressor

D

If a person had bulimia nervosa and engaged in frequent binges, about how many of his or her binges per week would a friend of this person expect to witness? A) 7 B) 10 C) 40 D) 0

D

If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: A) psychoanalytic therapy B) humanistic therapy C) existential therapy D) cognitive therapy

D

Imagine that there is a statistically significant result found in a well-designed experimental research project without any confounding variables. The MOST appropriate conclusion would be that: A) causation by the independent variable cannot be assumed B) the probability that the results were due to chance is more than 5 percent C) the sample size was too small D) differences in the dependent variables are likely due to the independent variable

D

In response to sustained stress, the body goes through several stages that together constitute the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), a concept proposed by researcher Hans Selye. The GAS consists of all the following stages EXCEPT _____________. a. Alarm b. Resistance c. Exhaustion d. remediation

D

Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Freud called: A) secondary process thought B) primary process thought C) reflex D) the pleasure principle

D

Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Frued called: A) primary process thought B) reflex C) secondary process thought D) the pleasure principle

D

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) postpartum depression. C) exogenous depression. B) reactive depression. D) endogenous depression.

D

Lithium has been found to: A) be more effective in treating bipolar disorder when used in conjunction with ECT than when used alone B) increase the effectiveness of drugs used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder C) be useful in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder D) reduce the number of manic episodes in those with bipolar disorder

D

Major depressive disorder is diagnosed: A) only after an individual has experienced a major depressive episode. B) when an individual experiences four or more symptoms of depression that last more than 4 months. C) after an individual has had three major depressive episodes. D) when an individual experiences five or more symptoms of depression that last more than 2 weeks

D

Miss T was slightly injured in an accident but has fully recovered. Although she has been given medical clearance to go back to work and resume her normal activities, she maintains that she is still suffering from pain. You would correctly assess Miss T as someone who probably ha a. adequate coping skills. b. strong family and social support. c. no history of anxiety and/or depression. d. a disability claim pending.

D

Not all participants are the same. Researchers use ______ to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation. A.) an experimental group B.) a control group C.) random selection D.) random assignment

D

One of the symptoms of a mood disorder is called anhedonia, which means a. a feeling of worthlessness. b. an altered pattern of sleep. c. indecisiveness. d. an inability to engage in pleasurable activities.

D

One who systematically gathers information in order to describe, predict, and explain abnormality is a clinical: A) legalist B) practitioner C) mentalist D) scientist

D

Pairing the thought of fear objects and relaxtion traingin is: A.) self-instruction training B.) experimental extinction C.) implosive therapy D.) systematic desensitication

D

People who are depressed _____ than people who are not depressed. A) make more negative comments C) speak more softly B) speak in shorter sentences D) All of the answers are correct.

D

People who are overweight and regular binge eat without compensatory behaviors are experiencing: A) anorexia-bulimia disorder B) noncompensatory binge disorder C) binge-purge disorder D) binge-eating disorder

D

People who experience a postive event, get excited, breathe harder, then interpret the sympotoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call: A.) exposure relapse B.) biological challenge C.) behavioral inhibition D.) anxiety sensitivity

D

People with ___________ are said to be consistently angry, cynical, driven, impatient, competitive, and ambitious. A) factitious disorder B) conversion disorder C) Type B personality style D) Type A personality style

D

Recent evidence indicates a higher level of ___________ in patients with bipolar disorder that was marked by a rapid cycling pattern compared to those with a non-rapid cycling pattern. a. treatment response b. resistance to treatment c. medication side effects d. suicide

D

Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in: A) enmeshment B) exposure and response prevention C) purging D) compensatory behaviors

D

Someone who is experieicning "doubling" is: A.) transitoning from one subpersonality to another B.) malingering C.) showing two out of several multiple personalitites at the same time D.) feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her

D

That people with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise reflects the: A) humanistic view B) psychodynamic view C) behavioral view D) cognitive view

D

The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is: A) excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem B) very coherent, with good judgement C) very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem D) excessively optimistic, with poor judgement

D

The form of therapy that helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events is: A) humanistic B) psychodynamic C) gestaly D) cognitive

D

The least common mood disorder is: A) Major depression C) BiPolar I disorder B) Dysthymic disorder D) Cyclothymic disorder

D

The less severe but more chronic version of bipolar disorder is called __________ disorder. a. dysphoric b. seasonal affective c. bipolar III d. cyclothymic

D

The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a client's roles in society is: A) cognitive behavioral B) humanistic C) existential D) sociocultural

D

The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is: A) "When you reach the mountaintop, it's hard to come back down." B) "Nothing ventured, nothing gained." C) "Life's a gamble; give it your best shot." D) "Better safe than sorry."

D

The neurotransmitter(s) associated with the fight-or-flight response, arousal and fear is: A. serotonin B. acetylcholine C. epinephrine D. norepinephrine and epinephrine

D

The term "external validity" refers to the extent to which the results of a study: A) reflect the manipulation of a single variable B) support the theory being tested C) rule out alternative explanations D) apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied

D

There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in small town in the Midwest this week. This observation refers to the ________ of schizophrenia in this small population. A) prevalence B) risk C) epidemiology D) incidence

D

To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least: A) two weeks. B) two months. C) one year. D) two years.

D

Two psychomotor symptoms of depression, along with changes in appetite, weight, and sleep, are classified as: A) anhedonia. C) psychomotor retardation. B) psychomotor agitation. D) vegetative signs.

D

Various psychological factors have been used to explain individual variations in blood pressure including all of the following EXCEPT _____________. a. coping style b. personality c. level of stress d. cognitive skills

D

When would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping cracks) be considered compulsive behaviors? A.) when done more than once a day B.) never C.) when done to provide comfort and reduce tension D.) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress

D

Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively? A) danger to self or others B) distress C) deviance D) dysfunction

D

Which of the following factors contribute to the integrative theory of depression? a. Stressful life events b. Stress hormones c. Neurotransmitter systems d. All of these

D

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the sleep of depressed patients? a. They enter REM sleep quickly. b. They experience intense REM episodes. c. They show delayed slow wave sleep. d. They show advanced slow wave sleep.

D

Which statement BEST describes the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue? A.) Those with dissociative amnesia often develop amnesia without experiencing an upsetting event B.) Those with dissociative fugue expereinces a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge C.) Those with dissociative amnesia expereince a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge D.) Those with dissociative fugue change where they live

D

Which statement is NOT a reason that correlational studies and experiments are preferred over case studies? A) They typically observe many individuals B) They are more easily replicable C) They use statistical tests to analyze results D) They offer rich details that make the results extremely interesting

D

Which statement is NOT an explanation that has been formulated to explain depression? A) Symptoms of depression arise when levels of norepinephrine fall too low. B) Serotonin affects depression through its influence on norepinephrine activity. C) People with depression have excess cortisol circulating in their blood, which makes their brains prone to overreacting when experiencing stress. D) Individuals with low levels of acetylcholine tend to have higher levels of depression.

D

Which statement is true about case studies and single-subject designs? A) Case studies have more external validity B) Case studies have more internal validity C) Single-subject designs have more external validity D) Single-subject designs have more internal validity

D

Which treatment is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today? A.) relational-emotive therapy B.) behavior modificaton C.) psychoanalyis D.) relxaion therapy

D

With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: A resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. B support the ideas of positive psychology C emphasize health D lend itself easily to research

D

_____ is a psychological factor that is thought to contribute to the development of depression. A) Cognitive distortion C) Internal attributional style B) Rumination D) All of the answers are correct.

D

_____ uses sequences of short, strong magnetic pulses sent into the brain via a coil placed on the scalp. Each pulse lasts only 100-200 microseconds. A) Positron emission tomography C) Nuclear magnetic resonance B) Functional magnetic resonance D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

D

13. If a friend is considering nutraceuticals for the treatment of depression, your BEST advice would be: A) "Don't: nutraceuticals don't work." B) "Black cohosh should help with practically any kind of mood disorder." C) "Melatonin is effective only with severe depression." D) "St. John's wort should only be used for mild or moderate cases of depression."

D) "St. John's wort should only be used for mild or moderate cases of depression."

27. Which one of the following is the BEST example of adjunctive therapy? A) A patient is taking a mood stabilizer along with an SSRI. B) The child of someone with unipolar depression is given a vaccine against depression (if such a vaccine existed). C) Both members of a couple are being treated for depression. D) A patient is receiving both drug therapy and interpersonal therapy with his or her family.

D) A patient is receiving both drug therapy and interpersonal therapy with his or her family.

21. What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common? A) They are used primarily to treat those with mild forms of depression. B) Despite early promise, they have proven not to be effective treatments for depression. C) They are usually tried before medications in order to prevent medication-induced side effects. D) They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

D) They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

A clinical diagnostician is dissatisfied with tests that cannot specify the type of brain damage or brain impairment clients have. Your BEST suggestions for that diagnostician would be to use: A) the Bender-Gestalt test B) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale C) the Beck Inventory D) a battery of neuropsychological tests

D) a battery of neuropsychological tests

Jena is very unhappy. The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication it would likely be a(n): A) stimulant drug. B) antianxiety drug. C) antipsychotic drug. D) antidepressant drug.

D) antidepressant drug.

17. Apparently tricyclics work by: A) blocking the production of norepinephrine and serotonin. B) blocking the reuptake of the tricyclic by the neurotransmitter. C) blocking the ingestion of the tricyclic. D) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

D) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

14. If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n): A) reuptake of serotonin. B) insulin-induced coma. C) increase in energy and creativity. D) brain seizure.

D) brain seizure.

College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because: A) the behavior is not illegal B) they are just considered eccentric C) they don't hurt anyone but themselves D) drinking is considered part of the college culture

D) drinking is considered part of the college culture

A researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country, but doesn't interfere with others' lives. The best description of the researcher's behavior is that it is: A) eccentric. B) abnormal. C) dangerous. D) dysfunctional.

D) dysfunctional.

The "moral treatment" movement rapidly declined in the late nineteenth century because: A) prejudice against those with mental disorders decreased. B) fewer and fewer immigrants were being sent to mental hospitals. C) all patients needing treatment had to be helped. D) hospitals became underfunded and overcrowded.

D) hospitals became underfunded and overcrowded.

The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders is to: A) have the subpersonalities develop equal "shares" of the person's functioning B) have the "other" subpersonalities become subject to the subpersonality that has the "protector" role C) gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities D) merge the subpersonalities into a single identity

D) merge the subpersonalities into a single identity

5. A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress. A) emotional B) cognitive C) developmental D) physical

D) physical

3. Behaviorists would be MOST likely to say that depressed people must improve their social skills because: A) the performance of socially unacceptable behavior is irrational. B) it is important to reinforce the client's depressive behavior. C) depressed people may be experiencing interpersonal role transition. D) positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior

D) positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a: A) stressor. B) stress response. C) social support system. D) potential stressor.

D) potential stressor.

. The key to long-term treatment of depression is: A) family support. B) some sort of brain stimulation. C) cognitive therapy. D) some sort of maintenance therapy.

D) some sort of maintenance therapy.

A client who is talking calmly and rationally, all of a sudden begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client has a diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced: A) host transfer B) mutual cognizance C) lability D) switching

D) switching

During the Middle Ages in Europe, demonology dominated views of abnormality for all of the following reasons except: A) the power of the clergy increased greatly. B) the church rejected scientific forms of investigation. C) the church controlled education. D) the culture rejected religious beliefs.

D) the culture rejected religious beliefs.

Which of the following is an example of metaworry? A) worry about all possible signs of danger B) worry about not worrying enough C) thinking about worrying D) worrying about worrying

D) worrying about worrying

A foreign invader of the body, such as bacterium or virus, is known as a(n): A. carcinogen B. bactericide C. teratogen D. antigen

D.

People who suffer from ___ unrealistically interpret bodily symptoms as signs of a serious illness. A. muchausen syndrome B. hysterical disorder C. body dysmorphic disorder D. illness anxiety disorder

D.

Reacting to a major stressor in their lives with extended and excessive feelings of anxiety, depressed mood, or antisocial behaviors is called an: A. incorrect stress reaction B. acute response syndrome C. regressed anxiety state D. adjustment disorder

D.

Some ___ theorists propose that hysterical disorders are forms of communication, providing a means for people to express emotions that would otherwise be difficult to convey A. humanistic B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. cognitive

D.

Some studies have suggested that rape victims patients with higher amounts of ___ feel more accepted and, in turn, have more successful recoveries. A. optimism B. insight therapy C. relaxation training D. social support

D.

The ___ system is the network of nerve fibers that connects the central nervous system to all other organs in the body. A. sympathetic nervous B. parasympathetic nervous C. endocrine D. autonomic nervous

D.

The adrenal cortex releases stress hormones called ___ that act on other body organs to trigger arousal and fear reactions. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. A-cells D. corticosteroids

D.

The field of treatment that combines psychological and physical approaches to treat or prevent medical problems is known as: A. paramedicine B. cognitive medicine C. biofeedback D. behavioral medicine

D.

The heightened biochemical arousal of posttraumatic stress victims may eventually damage which parts of their brain? A. hypothalamus and limbic system B. frontal and temporal lobes C. thalamus and pons D. hippocampus and amygdala

D.

Today's leading explanations for hysterical somatoform disorder come from the: A. psychodynamic, behavioral, and eclectic models B. psychodynamic and behavioral models C. behavioral and cognitive models D. psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and multicultural models

D.

What makes rape more likely to be reported? A. If the perpetrator is a coworker B. If it happens while intoxicated C. If the perpetrator is a family members D. If it is an "aggravated rape."

D.

What model of mental illness did MOST people believe in during the Middle Ages? A. the moral model B. the medical model C. the psychogenic model D. the demonology model

D.

When stimulated by antigens, ___ spring into action to help the body overcome foreign invaders A. basophils B. red blood cells C. white blood cells D. lyphocytes

D.

___ is the most common type of dissociative amnesia. A. Generalized amnesia B. Selective amnesia C. Continuous amnesia D. Localized amnesia

D.

the features of arousal and fear are set in motion by the brain area called the: A. thalamus B. hippocampus C. hyperthalamus D. hypothalamus

D.

A friend of yours wants certain heavy metal songs banned because, your friend says, listening to them will encourage suicidal tendencies. Your BEST reply, based on research, would be: A) "You're right; experts and the courts agree about the potential danger." B) "It depends; experts agree with you, although the courts have not found musicians liable." C) "It depends; experts don't agree with you, although the courts have found musicians liable." D) "It probably won't work; experts don't agree with you, and the courts have not found musicians liable."

D. "It probably won't work; experts don't agree with you, & the courts have not found musicians liable"

A friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based on present research, your best answer is: A. "Try relaxation training; biofeedback doesn't work." B. "Try something else; neither one works very well." C. "Try biofeedback; relaxation doesn't work." D. "Try either one; they're about equally effective."

D. "Try either one; they're about equally effective."

Of the following individuals, the one MOST likely to commit suicide would be a: A) 10-year-old with high serotonin activity. B) 10-year-old with low serotonin activity. C) 40-year-old with high serotonin activity. D) 40-year-old with low serotonin activity.

D. 40-year old with low serotonin activity

The percentage of successful suicide attempts among the elderly is about: A) equal to the percentage of successful suicide attempts among adolescents. B) twice as high as the percentage of successful suicide attempts among adolescents. C) 10 times as high as the percentage of successful suicide attempts among adolescents. D) 50 times as high as the percentage of successful suicide attempts among adolescents.

D. 50 times as high as the percentage of successful suicide attempts among adolescents

About what percentage of people who commit suicide use alcohol just prior to the act? A) 10 percent B) 20 percent C) 35 percent D) 70 percent

D. 70%

Which of the following statements is the BEST example of the biopsychosocial perspective? A) There is one legitimate approach to understanding mental disorders. B) Abnormality is best explained by sociocultural stresses a person experiences. C) Eclectic approaches fail to take interactions of various models into account. D) Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences.

D. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences.

Keeping one's id under control causes anxiety. How does one attempt to alleviate that anxiety, according to Freud? A) by becoming fixated at an early stage of development B) by ignoring the superego C) by giving in to the id impulses D) by using defense mechanisms

D. By using defense mechanisms

A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned response. D. conditioned stimulus.

D. Conditioned stimulus

Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called ______ variables. A. irrelevant B. controlled C. blind D. confounding

D. Confounding

The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been: A. Sociocultural B. Biological C. Cognitive D. Demonological

D. Demonological

Which of the following is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression? A. It is less effective than placebo treatments. B. The research has not provided consistent results on this issue. C. It is more effective in group than in individual therapy sessions. D. It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases.

D. It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases.

Media coverage that included the "Don't do it" message, phone numbers for suicide prevention centers, and interviews with suicide experts, occurred after the suicide of: A) Marilyn Monroe. B) members of the Jonestown community. C) James Dean. D) Kurt Cobain.

D. Kurt Cobain

A flash mob is MOST similar to: A. eco-terrorist B. trephination. C. melancholia. D. mass madness.

D. Mass madness

A therapist's preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as: A. self-monitoring. B. battery observation. C. structured observation. D. naturalistic observation.

D. Naturalistic observation

Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of: A. bipolar disorders. B. schizophrenia. C. substance abuse disorders. D. phobias.

D. Phobias

One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the: A. move to the community mental health approach. B. use of psychotropic medication. C. decrease in the use of private psychotherapy. D. policy of deinstitutionalization.

D. Policy of deinstitutionalization

According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really: A. mental illnesses. B. caused by one's early childhood experiences. C. eccentric behaviors with a biological cause. D. problems in living

D. Problems in living

The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is: A. psychiatry. B. counseling. C. psychology. D. psychiatric social work.

D. Psychiatric social work

The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the: A. Cognitive model B. Behavior model C. Sociocultural model D. Psychodynamic model

D. Psychodynamic Model

Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: A. Dendrites B. Axons C. Neurotransmitters. D. Synapses.

D. Synapses

The first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to: A) construct a fear hierarchy. B) construct a list of useful reinforcers. C) confront the client with the feared stimulus or thought. D) teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions.

D. Teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions.

Which of the following BEST supports the idea that teenagers who attempt suicide are more uncertain about killing themselves than elderly people are? A. Teenagers have far greater access to pro-suicide websites. B. Teenagers have the opportunity for many more attempts than elderly people do. C. The media is much more likely to cover teen suicides than those of elderly people. D. Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts.

D. Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts.

What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common? A. They are used primarily to treat those with mild forms of depression. B. Despite early promise, they have proven not to be effective treatments for depression. C. They are usually tried before medications in order to prevent medication-induced side effects. D. They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

D. They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

Who of the following individuals has two positive risk factors for suicide? A) a devout woman B) a married man C) a divorced woman D) a man who is an atheist

D. a man who is an atheist

In a community made up of equal numbers of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans, all of about the same socioeconomic status, someone has just committed suicide. MOST likely that person is: A) African American. B) Asian American. C) Hispanic American. D) about equally as likely to be African American, Asian American, or Hispanic American.

D. about equally as likely to be African American, Asian American, or Hispanic American

In research on the relationship between serotonin and suicide, serotonin seems MOST related to: A. introversion. B. selfishness. C. shame. D. aggression.

D. aggression.

Which is TRUE about alcohol use and suicide? A) Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. B) About one-fourth of people who commit suicide are legally drunk. C) Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers inhibitions. D) All the answers are correct.

D. all the answers are correct

Carlos died by intentionally stepping in front of a bullet that was intended for another young man, for whom Carlos, as head of a platoon of soldiers in the Persian Gulf War, was responsible. Emile Durkheim would call this an example of: A) anomic suicide. B) egoistic suicide. C) imitative suicide. D) altruistic suicide.

D. altruistic suicide

According to Emile Durkheim, suicides by people who give up their lives so another person they love may live would be classified as: A) anomic suicides. B) egoistic suicides. C) imitative suicides. D) altruistic suicides.

D. altruistic suicides

The leading theories designed to explain suicide: A) are supported by a significant body of research. B) address the full range of suicide acts. C) satisfactorily explain suicidal behavior in the elderly but not the young. D) are not supported by a significant body of research.

D. are not supported by a significant body of research

When answering the telephone of a suicide hot line, the first step for the counselor is to: A) formulate a plan. B) establish a positive relationship. C) understand and clarify the problem. D) assess the caller's suicide potential.

D. assess the caller's suicide potential

At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Who can you think of who might be able to come over and stay with you for a few hours?" Which of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention does the quote best represent? A) assessing suicide potential B) understanding and clarifying the problem C) establishing a positive relationship D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

D. assessing & mobilizing the caller's resources

An athlete who is actually well-prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would emphasize the illogical thinking process of this athlete as a source of poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality? A) psychodynamic B) behavioral C) existential D) cognitive

D. cognitive

In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which of the following fear responses? A. The person is showing all three responses. B. emotional C. physical D. cognitive

D. cognitive

An adult frequently displays symptoms of depression at home, but seldom does so at work. In this case, clinical observations of this person at home would lack: A) observer bias. B) observer drift. C) structure. D) cross-situational validity.

D. cross- situational validity

The legitimate criticism(s) of our major intelligence tests concerns their: A. reliability. B. standardization. C. validity. D. cultural fairness.

D. cultural fairness.

Ambivalent about dying, Jay repeatedly played a dangerous game involving gas and a cigarette lighter. Jay is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: A) death seeker. B) death initiator. C) death ignorer. D) death darer.

D. death darer

Ernest Hemingway was a physically strong, proud man who developed great concerns about his failing body. Depressed about his progressive illness, he intentionally ended his life. Edwin Shneidman would term Hemingway a: A) death darer. B) death seeker. C) death ignorer. D) death initiator.

D. death initiator

According to Edwin Shneidman, people who commit suicide with clarity and commitment, yet who believe that they are simply facilitating a process that is already under way, are called: A) death darers. B) death seekers. C) death ignorers. D) death initiators.

D. death initiators

Sylvia shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood, where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Sylvia is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: A. death initiator. B. death ignorer. C. death darer. D. death seeker.

D. death seeker.

The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the ______ system. A. autonomic B. exocrine C. nervous D. endocrine

D. endocrine

Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called: A. longitudinal studies. B. developmental studies. C. experimental studies. D. epidemiological studies.

D. epidemiological studies

At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Hello. I am interested in you as a person and am going to stay on the phone with you as long as you want, all night maybe." Which goals and techniques of suicide prevention does this statement represent? A) formulating a plan B) assessing suicide potential C) understanding and clarifying the problem D) establishing a positive relationship

D. establishing a positive relationship

"Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential." The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be: A. humanistic. B. behavioral. C. psychodynamic. D. existential.

D. existential

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is: A. reexperiencing the traumatic event B. experiencing avoidance C. experiencing reduced responsiveness D. experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt

D. experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is: A. reexperiencing the traumatic event. B. experiencing reduced responsiveness. C. experiencing avoidance. D. experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

D. experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia are in response to: A. voices commanding them to kill themselves. B. overdoses of antipsychotic drugs. C. a feeling of invincibility. D. feelings of demoralization.

D. feelings of demoralization.

If you were assessing a person for suicide potential, which of the following is MOST critical to notice since it is likely related to suicide risk? A) cognitive dissonance B) religious devoutness C) occupation D) feelings of hopelessness

D. feelings of hopelessness

Retrospective analysis involves: A) interviewing those thought to be at high risk for suicide. B) developing a suicide profile, especially for mental patients and prisoners. C) studying people who survive suicide attempts. D) gathering information about a suicide victim's past.

D. gathering information about a suicide victim's past

If one were studying the hypothesis that people with high levels of stress are MORE likely to get cancer and wanted to include a matched control group, that group would: A. have cancer. B. have high levels of stress. C. not have cancer. D. have low levels of stress.

D. have low levels of stress

According to ______, the drive to self-actualize plays an important part in human functioning. A) cognitive theorists B) behaviorists C) psychoanalysts D) humanists

D. humanists

The current rating system for CD and music download lyrics was instituted: A) decades before people became concerned about links between listening to music and suicide attempts. B) shortly before people became concerned about links between listening to music and suicide attempts. C) coincidentally at about the same time people became concerned about links between listening to music and suicide attempts. D) in part to address people's concerns about links between listening to music and suicide attempts.

D. in part to address people's concerns about links between listening to music & suicide attempts

Which of the following BEST represents the concept of "psychache?" A) uncertainty about what one should do for a career B) an unusual combination of depression and anxiety C) cognitive impairment similar to what is found in dementia D) intolerable emotional pain

D. intolerable emotional pain

Defining abnormal behavior using "the four Ds" A. allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable B. allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric C. allows us to include those who experience no distress D. is still often vague and subjective

D. is still often vague and subjective

"Cluster suicides" may involve high suicide rates among those: A) visiting pro-suicide sites on the Internet. B) who have a particular recessive gene combination. C) who gather on high-stress occasions, such as funerals or court trials. D) living on certain Native-American reservations.

D. living on certain Native-American reservations

Biological researchers have found a link between suicide and: A) high levels of serotonin. B) high levels of serotonin dopamine. C) high levels of 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid. D) low levels of serotonin.

D. low levels of serotonin

An assessment tool asks individuals to record all the times they feel sad, in order to try to measure tendencies toward depression. However, individuals report wide variation from day to day in terms of the number of "sad" episodes they record. This assessment tool has: A. high test-retest reliability, and high face validity. B. high test-retest reliability, and low face validity. C. low test-retest reliability, and low face validity. D. low test-retest reliability, and high face validity.

D. low test-retest reliability, and high face validity.

Which of the following is TRUE? A) More teenagers than people at any other age group commit suicide. B) Suicide is the leading cause of death among teenagers. C) African American teenage boys commit suicide at a higher rate than European American boys. D) More teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves.

D. more teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves

As a political protest, two activists leap from a bridge in a highly publicized double suicide. Those MOST at risk for modeling these suicides are: A) people with similar political points of view. B) people with the opposite political point of view. C) people in an unstable relationship with a significant other. D) people with a history of emotional problems.

D. people with a history of emotional problems

If a biological explanation for suicide is valid, then doing which of the following ought to lower the possibility of a person attempting suicide? A) removing the person from contact with a suicidal biological parent B) removing the person from contact with a suicidal adoptive parent C) gene-splicing to remove the "suicide" gene D) raising the person's serotonin level

D. raising the person's serotonin level

Imagine that you know you are being observed and you change your behavior in order to make a good impression. This is known as: A. observer bias. B. observer drift. C. naturalistic change. D. reactivity.

D. reactivity

Reports indicate that if someone is a member of an "online community" and threatens to commit suicide online, the other members of the online community will: A) immediately contact 911 services, and try to talk the person out of the suicide attempt. B) act as though they are watching a TV drama, and urge the person to follow through with the suicide. C) ignore the person threatening suicide, directing the online chat to other topics. D) respond in many different ways, including urging the person to commit suicide and contacting 911 services.

D. respond in many different ways, including urging the person to commit suicide & contacting 911 services

All of the following are examples of immediate stress EXCEPT: A) loss of a loved one through death. B) natural disaster. C) loss of a job. D) serious illness.

D. serious illness

The MOST helpful explanation for suicide, particularly regarding the general background factors and triggers of suicides, come from the: A) psychodynamic model. B) behavioral model. C) cognitive model. D) sociocultural model.

D. sociocultural model

The MOST well-developed understanding of the causes of suicide come from the: A) biological model. B) psychoanalytic model. C) behavioral model. D) sociocultural model.

D. sociocultural model

Research shows that danger to self or others is found in: A. all cases of abnormal functioning. B. no cases of abnormal functioning. C. most cases of abnormal functioning. D. some cases of abnormal functioning

D. some cases of abnormal functioning

Based on the available research, we can conclude that: A) listening to particular kinds of music can trigger suicide. B) failed suicide attempts may trigger listening to particular kinds of music. C) teenagers are usually listening to particular kinds of music when they commit suicide. D) sometimes listening to particular kinds of music is related to suicide attempts.

D. sometimes listening to particular kinds of music is related to suicide attempts

Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is: A. reliability B. face validity C. predictive validity D. standardization

D. standardization

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT: A. distractibility. B. inflated self-esteem. C. decreased need for sleep. D. suicidal ideation.

D. suicidal ideation.

In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the: A. peripheral nervous system. B. parasympathetic nervous system. C. somatic nervous system. D. sympathetic nervous system.

D. sympathetic nervous system.

Norepinephrine is to _____ as corticosteroid is to ____ A. acute stress; posttraumatic stress B. fight response; flight response C. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic D. sympathetic pathway; hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal pathway

D. sympathetic pathway; hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal pathway

The effects of lithium were discovered during the investigation of: A. a drug to treat tuberculosis. B. a drug to treat schizophrenia. C. the effects of camphor on psychosis. D. the effect of toxic levels of uric acid.

D. the effect of toxic levels of uric acid.

The age group MOST likely to commit suicide in the United States is: A) children. B) adolescents. C) young adults. D) the elderly.

D. the elderly

At the time of the suicide, a suicide victim was receiving psychotherapy and had left a clear suicide note. This suicide victim is: A) the most common kind; most suicide victims are in psychotherapy, and they leave a suicide note. B) a somewhat uncommon kind; most suicide victims are in psychotherapy, but they do not leave a suicide note. C) a somewhat uncommon kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, but they do leave a suicide note. D) the least common kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, and they do not leave a suicide note.

D. the least common kind; about half of suicide victims have never received psychotherapy, & they do not leave a suicide note

Why might the suicide rate among elderly Native Americans be low? A. religious fervor B. This group overall has a very low suicide rate compared to whites. C. overcoming the rage of youth D. the value the culture places on the elderly

D. the value the culture places on the elderly

Which of the following is the BEST example of dichotomous thinking? A) One person might be stressed by an event that wouldn't bother another person. B) You have your opinion about suicide and I have mine. C) There are lots of factors that put someone at risk for suicide, not just one. D) There's only one thing to do and nothing else matters.

D. there's only one thing to do & nothing else matters

What is the critical way in which death initiators differ from other categories, according to Edwin Shneidman? A) They employ more lethal means. B) They do not intend to end their lives with their action. C) They believe that death will not end their existence. D) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

D. they believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process

Today, "the elderly" make up about 12 percent of the population of the United States. The percentage of suicides committed by the elderly in the United States is: A) well below 12 percent, a rate lower than all other age groups. B) a bit below 12 percent, a rate lower than most other age groups. C) almost exactly 12 percent, a rate about the same as most other age groups. D) well above 12 percent, a rate higher than most other age groups.

D. well above 12 percent, a rate higher than most other age groups

If you wanted to tailor a suicide prevention program to the racial group MOST at risk, of the following, you should target which of the following: A. Hispanic Americans. B. African Americans. C. Asian Americans. D. white Americans.

D. white Americans.

Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: A. who are devout and see God as cold and unresponsive are the healthiest. B. without any religious belief are the healthiest. C. who are not religious cope better with life stressors like war and illness. D. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest.

D. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest.

One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain: A. the differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world. B. the relationship between race, poverty, and job opportunity. C. the paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines. D. why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety.

D. why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety.

A typical caller to an urban suicide prevention center is: A) elderly, male, white. B) elderly, female, white. C) young, male, African American. D) young, female, African American.

D. young, female, African American

After hearing a noise from downstairs, you explore the kitchen where the noise was coming from and realize that it was just your dog who had tipped over the garbage can. The subsequent slowing down of your heart rate is best explained by the activation of your: A. autonomic nervous system B. endocrine system C. sympathetic nervous system D. parasympathetic nervous sytem

D>

Raul is a college freshman who looks forward to weekend parties at college. He especially likes to play "beer pong" and is known on campus as a champion player. After a recent party, Raul received a DUI citation. Raul's parents have urged him to seek treatment for his "alcohol problem," but Raul refuses. He does not believe he has a drinking problem. In Freud's theory, which of the following defense mechanisms is Raul likely using? A.Intellectualization B.Rationalization C.Denial D.Repression

Denial

Reynaldo has an irrational fear of cats and has all the symptoms of a phobia. Knowing that some behavioral techniques are effective with fears of certain types, his therapist decides to bring a cat into the office. Which behavioral technique is the therapist using? A.dream exposure B.Imaginal exposure C.In vivo exposure D.Virtual exposure

In vivo exposure

Which of the following IS NOT a benefit of the case study method? A.It allows for the examination of rare disorders or conditions. B.It allows for the evaluation of large groups with rare disorders. C.Case studies may highlight important clinical issues that may not surface in group studies. D.It may lead to the generation of new hypotheses to be tested in group studies.

It allows for the evaluation of large groups with rare disorders.

Select the statement that is TRUE of the DSM classification system. A.The number of diagnostic categories continues to decline as new research data emerges on disorders. B.The system uses broad categories of underlying conflicts to explain the causes of maladaptive reactions. C.It undergoes revision based on new research and field studies regarding disorders. D.It continues to include important diagnostic information such as assumptions about the causes of each disorder.

It undergoes revision based on new research and field studies regarding disorders.

Bill has been undergoing cognitive behavior therapy for two years after being diagnosed with PTSD. He is frustrated because he does not seem to be getting better, and exhibits signs of depression. His therapist has given Bill a prescription for an antidepressant. What is the most likely explanation? A.Bill is no longer suffering from PTSD, but the therapist wants to relieve some troubling symptoms. B.Bill has high levels of anxiety regarding his lack of therapeutic progress. C.PTSD and depression have high comorbidity rates, making it likely that Bill is suffering from depression. D.Antidepressants will help Bill block past traumatic events and work toward healing.

PTSD and depression have high comorbidity rates, making it likely that Bill is suffering from depression.

_______ is now rarely used as a treatment for psychological disorders because of its irreversible brain damage. A.Psychoanalytic therapy B.Psychopharmacology C.Electroconvulsive therapy D.Psychosurgery

Psychosurgery

Morgan obtains a score on a screening device for depression, which indicates the presence of significant depression. Morgan's psychologist is most likely to do what at this point in the assessment process? A.Repeat the testing to determine reliability B.Look at the treatment outcome C.Refer Morgan for in-patient hospitalization D.Recommend further evaluation

Recommend further evaluation

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is TRUE? A.Reinforcement may increase or decrease a behavior it follows, as it depends on the targeted behavior of the organism. B.Reinforcement for one person may be punishment for another. C.Reinforcement must be primary to have an impact. D.Reinforcement must be delivered every time a behavior is emitted to strengthen that behavior.

Reinforcement for one person may be punishment for another.

You are walking toward your car in the campus parking garage late at night. Suddenly, you hear a car horn and are startled. Instantaneously, your heart begins to race and your breathing becomes shallow. Which system of your body responded to the car horn? A.Sympathetic nervous system B.Sensory-somatic nervous system C.Peripheral nervous system D.Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Which statement below is TRUE of the original definition of a culture-bound illness? A.It is usually found only in children. B.The behavior usually requires hospitalization in the home culture. C.The abnormal behavior is specific to a particular location or group. D.It is less severe than other forms of mental illness.

The abnormal behavior is specific to a particular location or group.

Joe comes to the counseling center with complaints of "overwhelming anxiety" in social situations. After an initial interview, the psychologist asks Joe to complete a homework assignment: identify the nature of the situations in which he is anxious. He is asked to recall what happens just before he becomes anxious and what happens immediately after he becomes anxious. What would the psychologist be trying to find out about Joe's anxiety attacks? A.The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it B.The internal, enduring states maintaining the emotional reaction C.The negative reinforcers present before the anxiety is experienced D.The classically conditioned extinction response that precedes the behavior

The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it

Dr. Pambros returns Abnormal Psychology exams. Juanita, Kevin, and Morgan all receive grades of "C." Juanita is grateful to have passed. Kevin is devastated. Morgan is mildly disappointed but recognizes that there are three remaining exams that could boost his grade. How would the cognitive model explain the different responses of these students to the same event? A.Grades are inherently powerful events. B.Thoughts are not as important at the event itself. C.Grades are classic negative reinforcers. D.The event is essentially neutral.

The event is essentially neutral.

What are the advantages of the clinical interview process, in addition to gathering a lot of information in a relatively short amount of time? A.The interviewer can control the interaction and can probe further when necessary. B.The patient can self-report and the psychologist can self-monitor. C.The patient can take an unstandardized tests and the clinician can interpret results concurrently with the interview. D.Family members can report objective observations and the psychologist can make a diagnos

The interviewer can control the interaction and can probe further when necessary.

Which of the following is TRUE of an individual diagnosed with agoraphobia without history of panic disorder? A.The person has panic disorder that is in remission. B.The disorder usually remits without treatment. C.The person has never been diagnosed as having panic disorder. D.The person fears open spaces because of previous panic attacks.

The person has never been diagnosed as having panic disorder.

Why would scientist-practitioners choose to use a projective test with inadequate normative data? A.They do not subscribe to such rigid psychometric requirements as empirically oriented psychologists. B.They may find them useful to "get the patient talking" in the initial stages of therapy. C.They find that patients often relate better to unstructured tests than to structured tests. D.They take less time to score and less training to administer than self-report measures of psychopathology.

They may find them useful to "get the patient talking" in the initial stages of therapy.

If mental health professionals identify themselves as eclectic, what do they mean? A.They use different treatments for different disorders. B.They use only humanistic techniques to treat disorders. C.They rely on psychoanalysis as a treatment option. D.They alternate between two primary therapeutic techniques.

They use different treatments for different disorders.

When anxious people attend to threatening cues, which of the following is likely to occur? A.Their ability to perform will increase. B.They will become distracted by repetitive thoughts. C.They will control of their emotions. D.They will remain safe at all times.

They will become distracted

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A.Modern psychologists believe that psychopathology is physiologically based. B.Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models. C.Abnormal behavior may be best understood using a single theoretical framework. D.Sociocultural factors are the best explanation for disordered behavior.

Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models.

Roberto has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and is about to begin treatment. What type of treatment will probably be most effective for Roberto? A.a combination of exposure and response prevention B.a combination of flooding and breathing retraining C.a combination of breathing techniques and thought suppression D.a combination of exposure and progressive muscle relaxation

a combination of exposure and response prevention

Every evening, Ramin must knock on his front door three times before going to bed. He discovered that this was an effective way to ward off robbers. His knocking on the door is an example of A.an obsession. B.an intrusive thought. C.a cognitive impairment. D.a compulsion.

a compulsion.

Allison is irrationally afraid of being inside elevators, small closets, and small vehicles. She is so afraid of being in small spaces that she avoids them altogether. While visiting Chicago with her friends, Allison refused to go to the top of the Sears Tower because it would involve riding in an elevator. Her extreme fear of small spaces is _____. A.an element of panic disorder B.a compulsive behavior C.a phobia D.an example of excessive worry

a phobia

Willie has always been shy, but his new job requires him to give presentations to clients. As the first presentation approaches, Willie gets more and more nervous, until he finally calls in sick to work that day. He is just not sure how he will handle this in the future. Willie suffers from _______. A.aerophobia B.generalized anxiety disorder C.acrophobia D.a social phobia

a social phobia

Which of the following would NOT fit Jerome Frank's theory of what constitutes therapy? a) a self-help group for grieving widows run by other grieving widows b) the sort of therapy that Freud practiced c) psychotherapy that involves a psychiatrist who prescribes medication for a disorder d) therapy provided by a social worker for a dysfunctional family

a) a self-help group for grieving widows run by other grieving widows

A researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country but doesn't interfere with others' lives. The best description of the researcher's behavior is that it is: a) eccentric b) abnormal c) dangerous d) dysfunctional

a) eccentric

People who engage in frenetic, manic activity may not experience distress. They are: a) nevertheless considered to be abnormal b) not abnormal because abnormality requires distress c) doing something illegal, not abnormal d) no longer considered abnormal, but were in the past.

a) nevertheless considered to be abnormal

The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as: a) norms b) culture c) morality d) conventions

a) norms

Which of the following pairs of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health? a) prevention and positive psychology b) promotion and public psychology c) perfection and primary psychology d) people and professional psychology

a) prevention and positive psychology

An otherwise "normal" person during hypnotic suggestion is made to bark, sit, and fetch like a dog. The occurrence of these abnormal behaviors lends support to which explanation for abnormality? a) psychogenic b) somatogenic c) parthenogenic d) schizophrenegenic

a) psychogenic

A clinician wants to use a projective test to get a conversation going with a client. The clinician's BEST choice would be: a) the sentence-completion test b) the MMPI-2 c) the Bender-Gestalt d) a polygraph

a) the sentence-completion test

Which of the following is the MOST accurate conclusion about the state of abnormal psychology in the United States currently? a) there is no single definition of abnormality, no one theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment b) we do know what mental illness is, but we don't understand what causes it, or the best way to treat it c) we haven't advanced much beyond the demonology era d) now we understand what causes mental illness and how best to treat it; plus, we can define it

a) there is no single definition of abnormality, no one theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment

Which of the following BEST fits Jerome Frank's theory about what constitutes therapy? a) traditional outpatient therapy for depression b) traditional AA treatment for alcoholism c) a one-time crisis intervention following a disaster d) a prevention program set up in a community

a) traditional outpatient therapy for depression

. Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____ at certain receptor sites in the brain. A. GABA B. dopamine C. acetylcholine D. serotonin

a. GABA

Fear differs from anxiety in that: A. fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. B. anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear. C. anxiety is to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat. D. anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague.

a. fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general

Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A. increase serotonin activity in the brain. B. increase norepinephrine activity in the brain. C. increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters. D. decrease serotonin activity in the brain.

a. increase serotonin activity in the brain

Which is a motivational symptom of depression? A. lack of desire to eat B. a negative view of oneself C. experiences of sadness and anger D. staying in bed for hours during the day

a. lack of desire to eat

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes: A.mania. B.dysthymia. C.depression. D. cyclothymia.

a. mania

People who take MAO inhibitors and want to decrease the risk of negative side effects would make the greatest changes in which aspect of life? A. what they eat B. the type and amount of exercise they get C. their sex lives D. the amount of time they could spend in the sun

a. what they eat

The most important function of neurotransmitters in the brain is to relay electrical signals A.down the axon. B.into the endocrine system C.across the synapse. D.into the myelin

across the synapse.

The fiber used by a cell to transport information to other cells is called a(n) A.soma B.synapse C.axon D.dendrite

axon

Which of the following tests is a personality inventory? a) Draw-a-person b) MMPI-2 c) Rorschach test d) thematic apperception test

b) MMPI-2

An inventory that asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, or anger is a(n): a) cognitive inventory b) affective inventory c) social skills inventory d) functional inventory

b) affective inventory

If a clinician is particularly interested in a client's family medical history, that clinician is MOST likely from which orientation? a) behavioral b) biological c) sociocultural d) cognitive

b) biological

A response inventory that asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions is a(n): a) social skill inventory b) cognitive inventory c) affective inventory d) behavioral inevntory

b) cognitive inventory

Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not: a) dysfunctional b) dangerous c) distressing d) deviant

b) dangerous

A person who is so miserable that he or she can see no reason for living BEST fits which of the following definitions of abnormality? a) deviance b) distress c) dangerousness d) dysfunction

b) distress

A person taking a polygraph test is suspected of lying when measures of physiological variables such as heart rate and perspiration are: a) higher for control than test questions b) higher for test than control questions c) evenly high for test and control questions d) unchanging for test and control questions

b) higher for test than control questions

Personality assessment using projective tests is designed to: a) perform a functional analysis of the client b) learn about unconscious conflicts in the client c) obtain detailed information about specific dysfunctional behaviors d) obtain detailed information about specific dysfunctional cognitions

b) learn about unconscious conflicts in the client

Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have causes psychological treatment to become more: a) hospital focused b) multicultural c) positive d) dependent on the use of medications

b) multicultural

According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really: a) mental illness b) problems in living c) causes by one's early childhood experiences d) eccentric behaviors with a biological cause

b) problems in living

Which of the following statements about the use of projective techniques by today's clinicians is TRUE? a) projective tests are not used anymore b) projective tests are used mainly to gain supplementary information c) current clinicians rely on projective tests as a primary source of insight about their patients d) projective tests have a more prominent place in the clinician's repertoire now than they did 50 years ago

b) projective tests are used mainly to gain supplementary information

R.D. Laing said, "Insanity--a perfectly rational adjustment to an insane world." This statement illustrates: a) how dangerous most mentally ill people actually are b) that abnormality is situational c) that everyone is a little eccentric d) that drug use causes people to become mentally ill

b) that abnormality is situational

Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because: a) they are not deviant b) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior c) they are only dangerous to others, not to themselves d) while they are distressed by their behavior, others are not

b) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior

A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases the therapist instructs the client's spouse to ignore his mate when she complains or acts in a self-deprecating manner. This is an example of: A. cognitive therapy. B. behavioral therapy. C. humanistic therapy. D. psychodynamic therapy.

b. behavioral therapy

Which treatment would a behavioral therapist be MOST likely to use with a patient with unipolar depression? A. electroconvulsive treatments B. praise for engaging in positive activities C. insight into the underlying problem D. identification of distorted thinking and negative biases

b. praise for engaging in positive activities

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A. the number of depressive and manic episodes. B. the severity of the manic episodes. C. the number of depressive episodes. D. the seasonal variation in the episodes.

b. the severity of the manic episodes

In some branches of medicine, diagnosis refers to the identification of a physical illness and may be made on the basis of laboratory tests. In psychology, however, a diagnosis is A.based more on the presence of clusters of symptoms. B.made only after consultation with the primary physician. C.based on several significant epidemiological factors. D.made on the basis of a single behavior, if significant.

based more on the presence of clusters of symptoms.

The anxiety-sensitivity model of fear acquisition holds that some people A.are highly sensitive to the anxiety cues manifested by others. B.believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences. C.lack the ability to regulate their emotions. D.are more motivated by anxiety than others.

believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences.

The history, values, institutions, technology, and arts of a society make up that society's: a) laws b) norms c) culture d) conventions

c) culture

An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time, and expresses great distress over this fact. This individual's behavior would be considered abnormal because it is: a) dysfunctional b) deviant c) dysfunctional and deviant d) dangerous

c) dysfunctional and deviant

If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was: a) suffering from a mental illness b) deviant but not dangerous c) exhibiting a typical reaction d) statistically deviant

c) exhibiting a typical reaction

An inventory that asks about how one would act with others in a variety of situations is a(n): a) cognitive inventory b) affective inventory c) social skills inventory d) functional inventory

c) social skills inventory

Research shows that danger to self or others is found in: a) all cases of abnormal functioning b) most cases of abnormal functioning c) some cases of abnormal functioning d) no cases of abnormal functioning

c) some cases of abnormal functioning

Which of the following examples would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that it is dysfunctional? a) someone who is too confused to drive safely b) someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class c) someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice d) someone who cannot stay alone even for one night

c) someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice

Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is: a) validity b) the reliability of the technique c) the chance to get a general sense of the client d) that it asks only open-ended questions

c) the chance to get a general sense of the client

Clinical theorist Jerome Frank would say that all forms of therapy include all of the following except a: a) series of contacts b) healer c) third-party payer d) sufferer who seeks relief

c) third-party payer

What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related? A. Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occurring. B. Obsessions generally lead to violent or immoral compulsions. C. Compulsions help people control their obsessions. D. Obsessions are not related to compulsions.

c. Compulsions help people control their obsessions.

David Rosenhan sent "pseudopatients" to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that ______ greatly impacts mental illness. A) an actual symptom B) the community mental health system C) social labeling D) communication

c. Social labeling

Sam can't leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Sam is displaying: A. agoraphobia. B. an obsession. C. a checking compulsion. D. nonpathological caution.

c. a checking compulsion

To determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, one could: A. show her a snake; if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a phobia. B. show her a snake; if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a fear. C. ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia. D. ask her if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a fear.

c. ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia.

If your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using: A. psychodynamic therapy. B. behavioral therapy. C. cognitive therapy. D. sociocultural therapy.

c. cognitive therapy

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder. A. behavioral B. humanistic C. sociocultural D. psychodynamic

c. sociocultural

Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is: A. validity. B. the reliability of the technique. C. the chance to get a general sense of the client. D. that it asks only open-ended questions.

c. the chance to get a general sense of the client.

Ahmid is experiencing some significant emotional changes for no apparent reason. This signals a mental disorder if the condition results from some internal dysfunction and _____. A.no cure can be found B.appears to be permanent C.causes a harmful dysfunction according to cultural standards D.he also suffers significant physical distress

causes a harmful dysfunction according to cultural standards

The human nervous system is composed of two parts, the A.autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. B.central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. C.peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. D.peripheral nervous system and the brain nervous system.

central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

The term "subthreshhold syndrome" in a categorical approach to diagnosis implies that the A.client is trying not to display symptoms of a specific disorder. B.client does not have enough of the symptoms to warrant a specific diagnosis. C.symptoms are too weak to be identified. D.model is not sensitive enough to detect pathology more than half of the time.

client does not have enough of the symptoms to warrant a specific diagnosis.

A patient has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Her therapist has used decatastrophisizing to treat her symptoms. What type of therapy has the clinician used? A.systematic desensitization B.cognitive C.interoceptive exposure D.biological

cognitive

A parent is using positive and negative reinforcement to change a child's behavior. What paradigm is this parent using? A.cognitive behaviorial B.psychodynamic C.humanistic D.biological

cognitive behaviorial

It is now widely accepted that _____ play an important role in the development of anxiety disorders as mediators between experience and response. A.social factors B.cognitive factors C.biological factors D.environmental factors

cognitive factors

Thirty years of research on psychological interventions for anxiety disorders have shown behavioral therapy and ______ interventions to be the most efficacious treatments. A.client-centered B.reality based C.cognitive-behavioral therapeutic D.psychoanalytic

cognitive-behavioral therapeutic

Psychological assessment is the process of _____. A.collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understand a person B.interpreting only unconcious cues and signals C.using a therapeutic technique to treat a person D.predicting a prognosis for a person

collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understand a person

All of the following EXCEPT ________ are symptoms of PTSD. A.an overactive sympathetic nervous system B.compulsions C.numbing D.an exaggerated startle response

compulsions

A message that implies "I will love you if you graduate with honors" is an example of A.conditional positive regard. B.conditional negative regard. C.unconditional positive regard. D.unconditional negative regard.

conditional positive regard.

Dr. Chin is interested in determining the relationship between a student's attending class and the final grade received by the student. What type of research should he conduct? A.case study B.observational C.correlational D.survey

correlational

Researchers have found abnormal activity in the hormone ___ and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the urine, blood, and saliva of survivors of severe stresses.

cortisol

The technique that uses X rays of the brain taken at different angles to create a static picture of the structure of the brain is called: a) electroencephalography b) magnetic resonance imaging c) position emission tomography d) computerized axial tomography

d) computerized axial tomography

College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because: a) the behavior is not illegal b) they are just considered eccentric c) they don't hurt anyone but themselves d) drinking is considered part of the college culture

d) drinking is part of the college culture

Defining abnormal behavior using the four Ds: a) allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable b) allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric c) allows us to include those who experience distress d) is still often vague and subjective

d) is still often vague and subjective

One strength of intelligence tests is their: a) lack of racial or cultural bias b) accuracy even when test takers have high anxiety c) relatively low reliability d) large standardization sample

d) large standardization sample

A therapist's preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as: a) self-monitoring b) battery observation c) structured observation d) naturalistic observation

d) naturalistic observation

Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders (babies of teenage mothers, children of those with severe mental disorders) are categorized as a) positive psychology b) psychoanalysis c) eco-anxiety treatment d) preventive

d) preventive

Regarding the cause of mental disorders, surveys have found that 43% of people today believe that mental illness is caused by which of the following? a) sinful behavior b) lack of willpower c) lack of self-discipline d) something people bring on themselves

d) something people bring on themselves

If a clinician focused on where you placed your drawing on the page, the size of the drawing, and the parts you omitted, you MOST likely took which of the following tests? A) Rorschach B) TAT C) MMPI D) Draw-a-Person

d. Draw- a- person

Which is the BEST example of adjunctive therapy? A. A patient is taking a mood stabilizer along with an SSRI. B. The child of someone with unipolar depression is given a vaccine against depression (if such a vaccine existed). C. Both members of a couple are being treated for depression. D. A patient is receiving both drug therapy and interpersonal therapy with his or her family.

d. a patient is receiving both drug therapy and interpersonal therapy with his or her family

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display: A. repeated episodes. B. fluctuation in mood during the year. C. motor immobility or excessive activity. D. almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

d. almost no emotional response to pleasurable events

"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by: A. behaviorists. B. cognitive theorists. C. sociocultural theorists. D. humanistic theorists.

d. humanistic theorists

A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. In addition, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and gives away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily: A. emotional and cognitive. B. physical and cognitive. C. motivational and behavioral. D. motivational and emotional.

d. motivational and emotional

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a: A. psychodynamic clinician. B. behavioral clinician. C. cognitive clinician. D. sociocultural clinician.

d. sociocultural clinician

Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? A. the behavioral approach B. the humanistic approach C. the sociocultural approach D. the psychodynamic approach

d. the psychodynamic approach

In the technique known as behavioral observation, the first step is A.determining whether the patient can keep reliable records of his or her own behavior. B.testing possible observers to see if they can be sufficiently attentive in a natural environment. C.defining the behavior so that it can be closely observed and reliably monitored. D.choosing an observer who can work without bias.

defining the behavior so that it can be closely observed and reliably monitored.

LaShelle takes a drug to regulate her mood disorder. The drug inhibits the reuptake of a neurotransmitter in the brain. What condition in LaShelle's brain is contributing to her mood disorder? A.increased amounts of serotonin B.increased amounts of dopamine C.depletion of serotonin D.blocked receptor sites for dopamine

depletion of serotonin

More than half of the people with obsessive-compulsive disorder also have comorbid disorders such as social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, GAD, panic disorder and A.bipolar disorder. B.depression. C.agoraphobia. D.sexual dysfunctions.

depression

The most obvious reason for using assessment procedures is to _____. A.explain the reasons for the patient's hallucinations B.recommend hypnosis C.predict the patient's prognosis D.describe the nature of the patient's main problem

describe the nature of the patient's main problem

In observational epidemiology, the most common method of data collection used for evaluating the presence of psychological disorders is a(n) A.psychiatric rating scale. B.self-report. C.unstructured interview. D.diagnostic interview.

diagnostic interview.

What does the diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior focus on? A.relationships with parents, siblings, and peers B.differences in conflict management style C.the nature of intimacy in relationships D.difficult experiences, risk factors, and genetic predispositions

difficult experiences, risk factors, and genetic predispositions

Symptoms of PTSD generally _________. A.increase significantly over time, with or without treatment B.diminish over time, particularly if treatment is received C.get worse gradually over time, even with treatment D.do not change over a lifetime

diminish over time, particularly if treatment is received

The dimensional model of classification is qualitative, implying that A.it is not possible to place disorders along a continuum of functioning. B.different observed disorders are quantitatively distinct from each other. C.disorders that are observed are simply extreme variations of normal behavior. D.no real differences exist among diagnostic subtypes.

disorders that are observed are simply extreme variations of normal behavior.

Aaron Beck theorized that depression is caused by _______. A.neurochemical imbalances B.genetic predisposition C.childhood maltreatment D.distorted thinking

distorted thinking

What are the two primary degrees associated with clinical psychology? A.master of science; doctor of philosophy B.doctor of medicine; doctor of philosophy C.doctor of psychology; doctor of philosophy D.doctor of medicine; doctor of psychology

doctor of psychology; doctor of philosophy

Clinical assessments for outcome evaluation may be repeated over time during treatment in order to A.evaluate a patient's progress. B.recheck the accuracy of the diagnosis. C.determine the patient's changing attitudes toward the therapist. D.be certain the problem behavior has been identified.

evaluate a patient's progress.

The "placebo response" is the result of ________ on the part of the _________. A.blinded treatment; participant B.expectations; researcher C.expectations; participant D.blinded treatment; researcher

expectations; participant

A researcher is interested in studying the effect of orange juice on test performance. She will evaluate the test performance of students who drink the juice a half-hour before the test against the performance of students who receive nothing to drink before the test. The groups are equivalent in terms of demographics, intelligence, and prior college classes. In this example, the orange juice would be the A.comparison control. B.experimental variable. C.control variable. D.experimental control.

experimental variable

A researcher is interested in evaluating rates of posttraumatic stress disorder for firefighters involved in 9/11. In this example, participants would be labeled a(n) ________ cohort. A.incident B.exposure C.inception D.birth

exposure

"I have to worry about the future. It's always been a good strategy. If I worry, I'm able to avoid problems and negative consequences. It's kind of like trouble-shooting." A statement of this sort would most likely come from someone who has A.obsessive-compulsive disorder. B.a social anxiety disorder. C.post-traumatic stress disorder. D.generalized anxiety disorder.

generalized anxiety disorder.

A genotype is an individual's _____, whereas a phenotype represents its _____. A.environmental structure; biological structure B.physical expression; emotional structure C.dominant gene structure; recessive gene structure D.genetic structure; physical expression

genetic structure; physical expression

In a conversion symptom called ___ anesthesia, numbness begins sharply at the wrist and extends evenly right to the fingertips.

glove

Having a biological predisposition for a disorder means that a person A.will only develop a partial manifestation of the problem behavior. B.has a genetic mutation for the disorder. C.has increased vulnerability to developing a disorder. D.will develop the full syndrome over the life span.

has increased vulnerability to developing a disorder.

Flooding is a therapeutic technique involving _____. A.gradual acceptance of an obsessive thought B.gradual memory recall regarding anxious incidents C.immediate exposure to the most feared stimulus D.progressive breathing and relaxation techniques

immediate exposure to the most feared stimulus

The biopsychosocial perspective, compared with the perspectives of Freud, Jung, and Rogers, A.assumes the nature of man to be good. B.adequately explains all disorders. C.focuses on early developments as the diathesis. D.is broader than the other models.

is broader than the other models.

A projective personality test is one in which a person _____. A.is asked to answer straightforward questions about himself or herself B.replies to casual and informal questions from a clinician C.is presented with a series of ambiguous stimuli D.responds to true/false questions about physical complaints, psychological states, social attitudes, and occupational preferences

is presented with a series of ambiguous stimuli

Post-traumatic stress disorder is initiated when an individual experiences a traumatic event or A.is witness to serious injury or the violent death of another. B.recalls a traumatic event as a flashback. C.hears another person discuss a traumatic event and relives the experience. D.is threatened with violence by another.

is witness to serious injury or the violent death of another.

A psychologist might question the concept of "comorbidity" in DSM because A.it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder. B.the concept of comorbidity implies the presence of an underlying medical disorder. C.manifestations of different symptoms in a given disorder are rare. D.true comorbidity is not generally accepted by most mental health professionals.

it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder.

All scientific research using case study methodology has this severe drawback. A.it can make a patient's condition worse B.it is too intrusive to the patient C.it is quite costly D.it is subject to multiple interpretations and cannot be generalized to the population

it is subject to multiple interpretationsand cannot be generalized to the population

In making a differential diagnosis, the psychologist performing the assessment gathers data from multiple sources and completes a process that is more extensive than a screening in order to determine the A.likelihood that a psychological disorder is present. B.presence or absence of psychosocial factors contributing to multiple disorders. C.likelihood that the patient has one disorder as opposed to another. D.presence or absence of an organic basis for a specific disorder.

likelihood that the patient has one disorder as opposed to another.

The experience of emotion, the regulation of emotional expression, and basic biological drives are of particular interest in abnormal psychology. These functions are controlled by structures in the ________ system. A.nervous B.limbic C.reticular activating D.endocrine

limbic

The hypothalamus is a structure within the _____ that regulates _____. A.limbic system; emotion B.limbic system; basic biological urges C.autonomic nervous system; emotion D.hindbrain; basic biological urges

limbic system; basic biological urges

People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder are characterized by excessive worry about A.safety issues. B.cleanliness. C.specific feared objects. D.many different things.

many different things.

Sigmund Freud's basic assumption was that ______. A.sex is the key drive for all behaviors B.biology is destiny, and our entire lives are preordained and predetermined C.many motivations, and protective psychological processes are unconscious D.the ego does not begin to develop until adulthood

many motivations, and protective psychological processes are unconscious

A recent news story describes an unusual condition found among females at a local high school. After eating frozen yogurt from their cafeteria, a number of girls have begun to "spin wildly" throughout the lunchroom until being restrained by a faculty hall monitor. Immediately after being stopped, each girl reported feeling compelled to "spin" after eating. The number of girls involved in these incidents increased until the yogurt machine was removed from the cafeteria. In all probability, this behavior can be considered an episode of A.mass hysteria. B.mass-induced mania. C.emotional dysplasia. D.demonic possession.

mass hysteria.

From 1952 to the present, the number of diagnostic categories in DSM has approximately A.more than doubled. B.remained the same. C.reduced by half. D.more than tripled.

more than doubled.

The diathesis-stress model is one way to explain _____ influences on abnormal behavior. A.singular B.developmental C.role-prescribed D.multiple

multiple

This qualification is needed in order to become a psychiatrist. A.must complete graduate school and a two year internship B.must complete graduate school and two internships in psychopharmacology C.must conduct original research with a university D.must complete medical school and residency training that is focused on abnormal behavior

must complete medical school and residency training that is focused on abnormal behavior

Gerry is a night watchman who has worked at the same company for 25 years. He is described as very shy and withdrawn around others. While this behavior is not problematic at work, his relatives find him "weird" and tend to shun him at family gatherings. Despite encouragement by his immediate family to mingle, Gerry hardly speaks to others at these events. According to the "goodness-of-fit" concept, Gerry's behavior would A.only be viewed as a problem if it caused difficulty for his immediate family. B.not be viewed as a problem at all. C.not be viewed as a problem at family gatherings. D.not be viewed as a problem at work but would be viewed as a problem at family gatherings.

not be viewed as a problem at work but would be viewed as a problem at family gatherings.

One Minnesota study highlighting the importance of genetic factors was conducted A.on DZ twins reared apart. B.on DZ twins reared together. C.on MZ twins reared together. D.on MZ twins reared apart.

on MZ twins reared apart.

Darien is 3 years old. He slips off a step, falls, and bruises his knee. Upon picking the crying toddler up, Darien's mother kisses his knee and gives him an M&M. Magically, Darien's pain disappears. This phenomenon would be known as the _____________ in psychology. A.talking cure B.Positive effect C.classical conditioning effect D.placebo effect

placebo effect

Psychologists using psychological challenge studies examine brain functioning through PET scans of people affected by a disorder and of those not affected by it. For obsessive-compulsive disorder studies, this technique would A.question participants in order to activate certain portions of the brain. B.engage participants in storytelling in order to identify underactivated brain areas. C.present subjects with contaminated objects and note differences in brain activity. D.measure differences in response times for object recognition.

present subjects with contaminated objects and note differences in brain activity.

In psychoanalytic theory, what is the analyst's primary tool for facilitating insight? A.helping the patients change their thinking B.suggesting drug alternatives C.providing unconditional positive regard D.providing interpretation of the patient's account of their life, including hidden meanings

providing interpretation of the patient's account of their life, including hidden meanings

Dr. Clark works in a hospital where she studies and treats mental disorders. Earlier she had a patient with major depression and she prescribed an antidepressant for him. Identify Dr. Clark's profession. A.clinical psychologist B.social worker C.psychiatrist D.mental health counselor

psychiatrist

Jeffrey's therapist is conducting an initial interview with him. The therapist spends a lot of time asking questions about Jeffrey's parents and his early life experiences. Since he seems to view Jeffrey's parents as the "root cause" of his problems, this therapist is most likely oriented toward ____________. A.behaviorism B.psychoanalysis C.behavioral genetics D.humanism

psychoanalysis

Both PET scans and MRIs are neuroimaging techniques that allow us to understand brain structures. While the PET scan relies on __________, the MRI uses _______ to produce images of the brain. A.X-rays, radioactive positrons B.radiofrequency waves; radioactive dye and x-rays C.radioactive positrons; magnetic fields D.radioactive dye; x-rays

radioactive positrons; magnetic fields

Compulsions can best be defined as _______. A.irrational fears of situations B.emotional states derived from environmental threats C.unwanted intrusive thoughts or images D.repetitive behaviors that reduce anxiety

repetitive behaviors that reduce anxiety

What is the most effective therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder? A.Systematic desensitization B.systematic dysregulation C.response prevention combined with exposure D.Flooding

response prevention combined with exposure

In behavioral terms, the goal of psychotherapy in treating an anxiety disorder is to A.identify the cause rooted in early childhood. B.reverse the pattern of negative reinforcement. C.reverse the pattern of the client's dependency on avoidance behaviors. D.identify the pattern of bad relationships

reverse the pattern of negative reinforcement.

Doyle has a genetic history of heart disease in his family (diathesis). He has worked in a physically demanding field for 35 years (stress). He has also smoked cigarettes for 35 years. According to the diathesis-stress model, smoking cigarettes is a(n) _____ related to the development of heart disease. A.genetic factor B.predisposition C.risk factor D.pathway

risk factor

Cognitive symptoms that accompany anxiety are also referred to as A.compulsions. B.subjective distress. C.delusions. D.flight reactions.

subjective distress.

Carl Rogers proposed that phenomenology is critical in understanding an individual. Phenomenology means the A.difference between what one perceives and what one ought to do. B.degree to which objective reality and subjective reality are a fit. C.objective world of reality. D.subjective world of the individual.

subjective world of the individual.

The distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder are called ___.

subpersonalities

Which of the following is the most common cause of PTSD? A.sudden and unexpected death of a loved one B.sexual or physical abuse C.military participation in combat D.weather emergency or natural disaster

sudden and unexpected death of a loved one

A very important concern with patients with PTSD is an increased risk of _______. A.eating disorders B.impulsive decisions C.risky sexual behavior D.suicide

suicide

Javier has been diagnosed with agoraphobia. He is seeing a cognitive behavior therapist that uses muscle relaxation, a ranking process for his fears, and a learning process to decrease his phobia. What cognitive behavior technique is the therapist using? A.contingency management B.aversion therapy C.social skills training D.systematic desensitization

systematic desensitization

The intelligence quotient or IQ was originally determined by A.using the mental age as a gauge of natural intelligence. B.dividing a child's chronological age by his mental age. C.taking the child's mental age and dividing it by his chronological age. D.comparing a child's score with those obtained by peers.

taking the child's mental age and dividing it by his chronological age.

The Reliable Change Index (RCI) is a measure of A.the change in a patient's condition from the beginning to the end of therapy. B.the degree of change a therapist might expect based on no treatment. C.the predicted change in a patient's behavior compared with that of similar patients. D.the degree of change in a patient's condition estimated to be attributable to non-therapeutic factors

the change in a patient's condition from the beginning to the end of therapy.

On psychological tests, the standard deviation gives an indication of A.the number of points required for a person's score to fall within the "normal" range. B.the distance between an obtained score and the average score of the normative group. C.the number of standard points required for a person's score to demonstrate improvement. D.the distance between the scores of a referent group and the scores of a normative group.

the distance between an obtained score and the average score of the normative group.

Humanistic therapy is similar to cognitive behavioral therapy because it primarily focuses on ________. A.transference B.unconscious processes C.the present D.the past

the present

What is the most important factor in humanistic therapy techniques? A.the ability of the client to uncover family secrets and blocked emotions B.the ability of the client to categorize his or her true feelings C.the frequency and duration of therapy sessions D.the relationship between the client and the therapist

the relationship between the client and the therapist

In Aaron Beck's model of depression, the cognitive triad consists of A.past, present, and future expectations. B.three levels of the mind. C.three types of negative thoughts. D.Freud's id, ego and superego.

three types of negative thoughts.

Why do clinicians use unstructured interviews? A.to determine interrater reliability and judge the patient's character B.to help people clarify their subjective feelings and to provide general empathic support C.to help prepare people for job interviews D.to introduce themselves to the patient and begin the psychotherapy process

to help people clarify their subjective feelings and to provide general empathic support