Psyc 304 (Psychology of Sport) Test #1

Civil war

- Before civil war - Harvard had wrestling & football, Harvard &Yale had rowing & horse races - Camptown races song - Johnny Reb: baseball bat and rifle - Boxing matches in middle of war

industrial-organizational psychology (I/O)

- Students seeking to study sport psych get degrees in clinical or counseling psychology - USOC mentioned I/O psych could be a useful degree as well

What do sport psychologists do?

- develop performance enhancement programs - psychological assessment - communication enhancement - crisis intervention - coach consultation - provide therapy/counseling - enhance youth sport experience - assist in injury rehabilitation - teach life skills - enhance enjoyment of sports

Emergence of sport psychology

- hard to get into - phD in counseling, clinical, or industrial organizational (I/O) psychology - private (independent) practice, academic, and corporate applications 1. pursuit of excellence by athletes gaining a competitive edge* 2. sport as a political tool* 3. recognition/self-esteem 4. spectator interest 5. fitness movement 6. money!!*

Sport psyc and media

- increasing recognition - Publication 2005-2006 - Makes it seem easy to work with high profile athletes, but it's not - Most recent study has found that the media has accurately portrayed sport psychology - Media likes "sports" psychology, but the field prefers "sport" psychology

Other features of early games

- the stadiums were rectangular, so during longer races, the runners had to make abrupt turns at each end of the stadium - women were excluded as spectators or competitors (penalty for violation= death)

2 major professional soceities with a vested interest in sport psychology

1. Association of Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) 2. American Psychological Association (APA) with Division 47

Registry Requirements for USOC

1. Certified consultant of AASP 2. Member of APA

issues of professional ethical concern

1. competence 2. integrity 3. professional and scientific responsibility 4. respect for people's rights and dignity 5. concern for the welfare of others 6. social responsibility

2 primary goals of sport psychology

1. helping athletes use psychological principles to achieve optimal mental health and improve performance 2. understanding how participating in sport and exercise affects health and well-being throughout the life-span

It's a sport when...

1. relatively persistent patterns of social organization 2. serious competition (outcome not pre-arranged) 3. stresses the physical skill factor 4. occurs within a formal organizational framework of teams, leagues, divisions, coaches, rule books, etc.

suggestions for the field

1. teaching, researching, and focusing on the subject in a university setting 2. have an independent practice in psychology devoted to athletes and teams

5 areas of concern for a sport psychologist

1. training 2. credentialing 3. ethics 4. professional image 5. employment opportunities

3 sections of NASPSPA

2 sections on motor learning (control and development) and one on sport psychology

AASP says only licensed psychologists should deal with ___?

AASP says that only licensed psychologists (beyond the scope of certified sport consultants) should deal with diagnosis of psychopathology, treatment of psychopathology, treatment of substance abuse disorders, treatment of eating disorders, and conducting marital and family therapy

AASP says what about what sports psychologists should be familiar with?

AASP says that sports psychologists must be familiar with topic areas like sports participation motivation and the psychology of coaching

AASP founding

AASP, originally known as AAASP (Association of Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology) was founded in1986 by a splinter group of the NASPSPA conference headed by John Silva, because NASPSPA was not meeting their professional interests and needs. After AASP was created, NASPSPA became less of a force in sport psychology. AASP is one of if not the most influential association in the field of sport psychology, and has achieved a position of leadership in a very short time due to their efforts to set training standards, implementation of credentialing, stance on ethical behavior, and general promotion of the field.

what happened after the 15th olympics?

After the 15th Olympics in 720 BC, all athletes competed in the nude (possibly because when a respected runner lost his loin cloth during a race, he sped away from the other runners and won, or because a runner tripped and died during a race when his head hits the ground) (it could also be because the Greeks liked to show off their sleek, powerful, and muscular physiques)

ACSM

American College of Sports Medicine- defines sports medicine as including exercise as a critical component of healthcare throughout the life span, medical management and supervision of recreational and competitive athletes, and exercise as a mechanism for preventing and treating disease and injury

Funeral games

Archery, boxing, racing, and other sports intended to distract the Greek soldiers from the brutality of war through physical competition; the Greek warrior Achilles organized the first such games in honor of his slain friend

Existential

Finding worth- personality is governed by an individual's choices/decisions in the context of the realities of life and death/ existence

Pierre de Fredy, Baron de Coubertin

French educator and sportsman whose efforts led to the revival of the Olympic games in 1896

Jean-Jaques Rosseau

French philosopher and author who advocated for the inclusion of play, games, and physical education in educational programs for children

Sport Psychology Consultants

Good consultant: likeable, flexible, caring, offer good insight, knows when to back off Bad consultant: lacks interpersonal skills, unable to apply knowledge, unable to supply feedback, interferes with competition and mental training

The Iliad

Homer's epic about the Trojan war that is an important source of information on ancient Greek sport

The Odyssey

Homer's epic about the travels and adventures of Odysseus after the Trojan War and in its final pages, important information about Greek wresting and other such sports

What is the one international sport psychology organization?

International Society for Sport Psychology (ISSP)

Humanistic

Positive psychology, very person-centered, optimistic view

Nero

Roman emperor whose interest in Greek athletics prompted him to found schools for athletes, open a gymnasium, and try to lessen the brutality of the gladiatorial combat

dominant military force for several centuries

Sparta (the driving force in their success was the desire to produce the "perfect warrior")

First archaeological evidence of sports and games?

Sumerian civilization (suggests boxing and wrestling, board games, etc.) during 3000-1500 BC suitable for nobility

What led to the most significant understanding of sports in history?

The unearthing of the Palace of Minos. The Minoans lived on the island of Crete, Greece and were involved in several sports like acrobatics, boxing, hunting, etc., and taureador sports

Diocles

a Roman chariot driver who won many chariot races and a lot of money during a 24-year career

Sport

a competitive activity involving at least 2 competitors, requiring physical skill, following formal rules, and occurring within a formal organizational framework

Certified Consultant- AASP

a credential that identifies that the recipient has met AASP's rigorous educational and training standards- the credential shows that the recipients (all trained professionals) achieve visibility and gain recognition through their listing in the AASP registry, the certification process enhances the credibility of the listing profession of sport psychology, and its a step forward in educating the public about sport psychology

Diaulos

a double course foot race that went down one side of the stadium, around a turning post, and back; it was added to the Olympic competitions in 724 BC

Dual Relationships

a double relationship, such as being both a coach and a pal, that calls into question a person's integrity by creating or seeming to create a conflict of interest

Fives

a form of handball in which only the receiving side can score points

"ball and long bullets"

a game involving the throwing of cannonballs for distance

Rounders

a game played with a baseball and a bat; baseball developed from it

Dolichos

a long course race added to the Olympic competitions in 720 BC

Certification

a nonstatutory credentialing procedure carried out by an organization

President's Council on Youth Fitness

a panel of fitness experts convened during the Eisenhower administration to suggest ways to improve the physical fitness of young Americans

Rowing regatta

a race between boats powered by oars

United States Olympic Committee (USOC)

a registry of a list of people allowed to train Olympic athletes and teams

Licensure

a restrictive, credentialing procedure defined by stature intended to regulate professional conduct- this is a legal and professional issue as opposed to an ethical one

Stadion

a single course foot race; the only competition in the first 13 Olympic competitions

Professional and scientific responsibility

act professionally and have moral standards and conduct so to not undermine public trust in the profession of sport psychology

Innovations in printing

advances made better newspapers, journals, and books with and without sports themes

Recreation

an activity engaged in for diversion or fitness like skiing or jogging on a holiday

Pankration

an athletic contest requiring skill in both boxing and wrestling

"who can be called a psychologist"

an ethical and credentialing issue in sport psychology

Registry

another nonstatutory credentialing procedure, also indicates professional recognition

America's first intercollegiate sport

boating

Taureador sports

bull wresting, bull vaulting, and other acrobatic activities centered around the bull in Crete in the Minoan period

Respect for people's rights and dignity

client confidentiality, privacy, self-determination, and autonomy are of concern; sport psychologists are expected to eliminate biases and not engage in any for of racial or gender discrimination

Joust

combat between two mounted knights wielding lances; the goal was to dislodge your competitor from his horse

Research function

conducting several kinds of research (especially those working in universities) in order to find answers to questions related to sport, exercise, and physical activity (answering questions)

Vulcanization of rubber

development of balls in sports as well as tires for cycling and harness racing

Harpastum

early version of handball, played by Roman youth

Academic sport psychologist

educates interested parties about the field and conducts research on sport, exercise, and physical activity (research and education)

Gladiatorial combat

events in which professionally trained fighters were paired off in an arena to engage in mortal combat for the entertainment of the Roman public

Integrity

fairness and honesty about qualifications, services, products, and fees

Plato

famous philosopher and outspoken social critic who was dismayed at the decline of Greek values; he believed that moral values learned through the participation in sports and exercise outweighed the physical values

Applied sport psychologist

focuses on the application of sport psychology in sport and exercise settings- they typically devise performance enhancement strategies for athletes, conduct workshops for coaches and athletic administrators, and consult with athletic teams ranging from youth to professional sport level (application function of the profession)

Olympic Games

formal athletic contests held at Olympia at 4-year intervals from 776 BC to AD 394 to honor the Greek god Zeus; forerunner of the modern Olympics

Panhellenic games

games open to all Greeks and forming an athletics circuit that provides venues where athletes could compete on a regular basis; among the best known early greek games are the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games

Play

informal activity like children kicking a ball back and forth or engaging in a snowball fight

"who can do what debate"

issue of territoriality- the debate about whether sport psychology is a subspecialty of physical education or a subspecialty of psychology

Golden Age of Greece

later Athenian period

Blue laws

laws originally printed on blue paper prohibiting certain forms of entertainment and recreation on Sundays

Incandescent lighting

lengthening the sports day by improving the lighting at nighttime events- boosted basketball and volleyball

Telegraphy

long distance telegraphy increased the transmission of sport information between cities, and many newspapers were reporting sports news

sewing machine

made possible greater variety and higher quality athletic goods

Games

more formalized/ organized activities than either play or recreation, like a pickup game of basketball or an impromptu soccer game between two neighborhood groups

Image of the profession

most coaches and athletes thought it was horseshit (charlatans/frauds ruined the perception of the practice)- PGA, and professional/elite spoke more positively- more positive amongst themselves- other psychologists have more favorable views of it and it is recognized- there seems to be no movement among university psychology departments to institute programs or training courses/programs in sport psyc

Skittles

ninepin bowling

Center for the Study of Sport in Society

not a professional society, but it plays an important role as a watchdog concerning educational, gender, and racial issues

Camptown races

probably the first popular song with a sporting theme

Credentialing

process of ensuring that members of a profession meet certain set standards

Which 3 interrelated tasks do sport psychologists engage in?

research, education, and application

Railroads

sponsored travel to athletic events- the Harvard-Yale regattas were created by a railroad to transport the participants and cover their expenses- they helped popularized several other sports like baseball, boxing, and horse racing

Employment opportunities

sport psychologists are likely to be found in academic jobs within universities or as private practitioners with a Ph.D. in clinical, counseling, or I/O psychology devoting all or part of their practice to athletes and teams- there is an increase in creation of sport psychology positions within university athletic departments

Applied function

sport psychologists may use psychometric instruments for talent identification or the assessment of the relationship between performance and personality- another aspect is intervention to enhance performance by means of techniques such as biofeedback, visual imagery, meditation, cognitive behavior modification, attentional control training, mental rehearsal, and progressive relaxation (administering evaluations)

Social responsibility

sport psychologists must be aware of their responsibilities to the community and to society; they are expected to publicize their knowledge, observe the highest principles when conducting research, and generally advance human welfare while protecting the rights of individuals

Concern for the welfare of others

sport psychologists must be sensitive to real and supposed differences in power between themselves and others, and must not exploit or mislead their clients

Competence

sport psychologists need to practice within their competencies and remain cognizant of their limitations

Miscellany

stopwatches, percussion caps, cameras, movies, etc.

Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)

subconscious vs conscious - sex plays big role

Educational function

teach students about the field in a traditional university classroom setting, inform coaches, officials, and administrators about sports related issues, and enlighten top-level athletes and exercise participants about what sport psychology may have to offer them (teaching about the discipline of sport psychology)

In a way- America's first physical educators

the German and Swedish immigrants because of their enthusiasm for physical activity

Other Professional Organizations

the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH), North American Society for Sports Management (NASSM), and North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS)

What is the goal of several professional organizations/ societies?

the advancement of the field by establishing and monitoring training, credentialing, and ethical standards, as well as promoting the overall welfare of their respective members

Award for winning an Olympic event?

the only material award for winning an Olympic even was a crown of olive leaves, but because of the fame the athletes brought to their city-states, back home they received financial and other considerations above and beyond the crown of olive leaves

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

the primary governing force of collegiate athletics in the United States, formed in 1909 (created as a result of violence in football by President Theodore Roosevelt)

Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)

the sports governing body founded in 1888 charged with the responsibility for the governance and promotion of amateur sports in the United States

AASP definition of Sport Psychology

the study of psychological and mental factors affecting participation in sport, exercise, and physical activity, and the application of the knowledge to everyday settings

North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA)

was a major force in the 1970s and 1980s when sport psychology was developing substantially as a discipline- made a substantial historical contribution to the development of sport psychology

American Alliance for Health and Physical Activity (AAHPA)

was originally (AAHPERD)- American Association for Health Physical Education Recreation and Dance- and has members with psychology interest but is devoted to the parts in its original name like Health, Physical Education, and Dance

Milo of Croton

winner of numerous wrestling championships at the Olympics as well as many other competitions; know for his great strength and huge appetite (he once carried a bull on his shoulders, killed it with his fists, and ate it before the day was over) (died by chopping down tree, got his hand stuck, and got eaten by wolves)