Psyc 304 (Psychology of Sport) Test #1
Civil war
- Before civil war - Harvard had wrestling & football, Harvard &Yale had rowing & horse races - Camptown races song - Johnny Reb: baseball bat and rifle - Boxing matches in middle of war
industrial-organizational psychology (I/O)
- Students seeking to study sport psych get degrees in clinical or counseling psychology - USOC mentioned I/O psych could be a useful degree as well
What do sport psychologists do?
- develop performance enhancement programs - psychological assessment - communication enhancement - crisis intervention - coach consultation - provide therapy/counseling - enhance youth sport experience - assist in injury rehabilitation - teach life skills - enhance enjoyment of sports
Emergence of sport psychology
- hard to get into - phD in counseling, clinical, or industrial organizational (I/O) psychology - private (independent) practice, academic, and corporate applications 1. pursuit of excellence by athletes gaining a competitive edge* 2. sport as a political tool* 3. recognition/self-esteem 4. spectator interest 5. fitness movement 6. money!!*
Sport psyc and media
- increasing recognition - Publication 2005-2006 - Makes it seem easy to work with high profile athletes, but it's not - Most recent study has found that the media has accurately portrayed sport psychology - Media likes "sports" psychology, but the field prefers "sport" psychology
Other features of early games
- the stadiums were rectangular, so during longer races, the runners had to make abrupt turns at each end of the stadium - women were excluded as spectators or competitors (penalty for violation= death)
2 major professional soceities with a vested interest in sport psychology
1. Association of Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) 2. American Psychological Association (APA) with Division 47
Registry Requirements for USOC
1. Certified consultant of AASP 2. Member of APA
issues of professional ethical concern
1. competence 2. integrity 3. professional and scientific responsibility 4. respect for people's rights and dignity 5. concern for the welfare of others 6. social responsibility
2 primary goals of sport psychology
1. helping athletes use psychological principles to achieve optimal mental health and improve performance 2. understanding how participating in sport and exercise affects health and well-being throughout the life-span
It's a sport when...
1. relatively persistent patterns of social organization 2. serious competition (outcome not pre-arranged) 3. stresses the physical skill factor 4. occurs within a formal organizational framework of teams, leagues, divisions, coaches, rule books, etc.
suggestions for the field
1. teaching, researching, and focusing on the subject in a university setting 2. have an independent practice in psychology devoted to athletes and teams
5 areas of concern for a sport psychologist
1. training 2. credentialing 3. ethics 4. professional image 5. employment opportunities
3 sections of NASPSPA
2 sections on motor learning (control and development) and one on sport psychology
AASP says only licensed psychologists should deal with ___?
AASP says that only licensed psychologists (beyond the scope of certified sport consultants) should deal with diagnosis of psychopathology, treatment of psychopathology, treatment of substance abuse disorders, treatment of eating disorders, and conducting marital and family therapy
AASP says what about what sports psychologists should be familiar with?
AASP says that sports psychologists must be familiar with topic areas like sports participation motivation and the psychology of coaching
AASP founding
AASP, originally known as AAASP (Association of Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology) was founded in1986 by a splinter group of the NASPSPA conference headed by John Silva, because NASPSPA was not meeting their professional interests and needs. After AASP was created, NASPSPA became less of a force in sport psychology. AASP is one of if not the most influential association in the field of sport psychology, and has achieved a position of leadership in a very short time due to their efforts to set training standards, implementation of credentialing, stance on ethical behavior, and general promotion of the field.
what happened after the 15th olympics?
After the 15th Olympics in 720 BC, all athletes competed in the nude (possibly because when a respected runner lost his loin cloth during a race, he sped away from the other runners and won, or because a runner tripped and died during a race when his head hits the ground) (it could also be because the Greeks liked to show off their sleek, powerful, and muscular physiques)
ACSM
American College of Sports Medicine- defines sports medicine as including exercise as a critical component of healthcare throughout the life span, medical management and supervision of recreational and competitive athletes, and exercise as a mechanism for preventing and treating disease and injury
Funeral games
Archery, boxing, racing, and other sports intended to distract the Greek soldiers from the brutality of war through physical competition; the Greek warrior Achilles organized the first such games in honor of his slain friend
Existential
Finding worth- personality is governed by an individual's choices/decisions in the context of the realities of life and death/ existence
Pierre de Fredy, Baron de Coubertin
French educator and sportsman whose efforts led to the revival of the Olympic games in 1896
Jean-Jaques Rosseau
French philosopher and author who advocated for the inclusion of play, games, and physical education in educational programs for children
Sport Psychology Consultants
Good consultant: likeable, flexible, caring, offer good insight, knows when to back off Bad consultant: lacks interpersonal skills, unable to apply knowledge, unable to supply feedback, interferes with competition and mental training
The Iliad
Homer's epic about the Trojan war that is an important source of information on ancient Greek sport
The Odyssey
Homer's epic about the travels and adventures of Odysseus after the Trojan War and in its final pages, important information about Greek wresting and other such sports
What is the one international sport psychology organization?
International Society for Sport Psychology (ISSP)
Humanistic
Positive psychology, very person-centered, optimistic view
Nero
Roman emperor whose interest in Greek athletics prompted him to found schools for athletes, open a gymnasium, and try to lessen the brutality of the gladiatorial combat
dominant military force for several centuries
Sparta (the driving force in their success was the desire to produce the "perfect warrior")
First archaeological evidence of sports and games?
Sumerian civilization (suggests boxing and wrestling, board games, etc.) during 3000-1500 BC suitable for nobility
What led to the most significant understanding of sports in history?
The unearthing of the Palace of Minos. The Minoans lived on the island of Crete, Greece and were involved in several sports like acrobatics, boxing, hunting, etc., and taureador sports
Diocles
a Roman chariot driver who won many chariot races and a lot of money during a 24-year career
Sport
a competitive activity involving at least 2 competitors, requiring physical skill, following formal rules, and occurring within a formal organizational framework
Certified Consultant- AASP
a credential that identifies that the recipient has met AASP's rigorous educational and training standards- the credential shows that the recipients (all trained professionals) achieve visibility and gain recognition through their listing in the AASP registry, the certification process enhances the credibility of the listing profession of sport psychology, and its a step forward in educating the public about sport psychology
Diaulos
a double course foot race that went down one side of the stadium, around a turning post, and back; it was added to the Olympic competitions in 724 BC
Dual Relationships
a double relationship, such as being both a coach and a pal, that calls into question a person's integrity by creating or seeming to create a conflict of interest
Fives
a form of handball in which only the receiving side can score points
"ball and long bullets"
a game involving the throwing of cannonballs for distance
Rounders
a game played with a baseball and a bat; baseball developed from it
Dolichos
a long course race added to the Olympic competitions in 720 BC
Certification
a nonstatutory credentialing procedure carried out by an organization
President's Council on Youth Fitness
a panel of fitness experts convened during the Eisenhower administration to suggest ways to improve the physical fitness of young Americans
Rowing regatta
a race between boats powered by oars
United States Olympic Committee (USOC)
a registry of a list of people allowed to train Olympic athletes and teams
Licensure
a restrictive, credentialing procedure defined by stature intended to regulate professional conduct- this is a legal and professional issue as opposed to an ethical one
Stadion
a single course foot race; the only competition in the first 13 Olympic competitions
Professional and scientific responsibility
act professionally and have moral standards and conduct so to not undermine public trust in the profession of sport psychology
Innovations in printing
advances made better newspapers, journals, and books with and without sports themes
Recreation
an activity engaged in for diversion or fitness like skiing or jogging on a holiday
Pankration
an athletic contest requiring skill in both boxing and wrestling
"who can be called a psychologist"
an ethical and credentialing issue in sport psychology
Registry
another nonstatutory credentialing procedure, also indicates professional recognition
America's first intercollegiate sport
boating
Taureador sports
bull wresting, bull vaulting, and other acrobatic activities centered around the bull in Crete in the Minoan period
Respect for people's rights and dignity
client confidentiality, privacy, self-determination, and autonomy are of concern; sport psychologists are expected to eliminate biases and not engage in any for of racial or gender discrimination
Joust
combat between two mounted knights wielding lances; the goal was to dislodge your competitor from his horse
Research function
conducting several kinds of research (especially those working in universities) in order to find answers to questions related to sport, exercise, and physical activity (answering questions)
Vulcanization of rubber
development of balls in sports as well as tires for cycling and harness racing
Harpastum
early version of handball, played by Roman youth
Academic sport psychologist
educates interested parties about the field and conducts research on sport, exercise, and physical activity (research and education)
Gladiatorial combat
events in which professionally trained fighters were paired off in an arena to engage in mortal combat for the entertainment of the Roman public
Integrity
fairness and honesty about qualifications, services, products, and fees
Plato
famous philosopher and outspoken social critic who was dismayed at the decline of Greek values; he believed that moral values learned through the participation in sports and exercise outweighed the physical values
Applied sport psychologist
focuses on the application of sport psychology in sport and exercise settings- they typically devise performance enhancement strategies for athletes, conduct workshops for coaches and athletic administrators, and consult with athletic teams ranging from youth to professional sport level (application function of the profession)
Olympic Games
formal athletic contests held at Olympia at 4-year intervals from 776 BC to AD 394 to honor the Greek god Zeus; forerunner of the modern Olympics
Panhellenic games
games open to all Greeks and forming an athletics circuit that provides venues where athletes could compete on a regular basis; among the best known early greek games are the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games
Play
informal activity like children kicking a ball back and forth or engaging in a snowball fight
"who can do what debate"
issue of territoriality- the debate about whether sport psychology is a subspecialty of physical education or a subspecialty of psychology
Golden Age of Greece
later Athenian period
Blue laws
laws originally printed on blue paper prohibiting certain forms of entertainment and recreation on Sundays
Incandescent lighting
lengthening the sports day by improving the lighting at nighttime events- boosted basketball and volleyball
Telegraphy
long distance telegraphy increased the transmission of sport information between cities, and many newspapers were reporting sports news
sewing machine
made possible greater variety and higher quality athletic goods
Games
more formalized/ organized activities than either play or recreation, like a pickup game of basketball or an impromptu soccer game between two neighborhood groups
Image of the profession
most coaches and athletes thought it was horseshit (charlatans/frauds ruined the perception of the practice)- PGA, and professional/elite spoke more positively- more positive amongst themselves- other psychologists have more favorable views of it and it is recognized- there seems to be no movement among university psychology departments to institute programs or training courses/programs in sport psyc
Skittles
ninepin bowling
Center for the Study of Sport in Society
not a professional society, but it plays an important role as a watchdog concerning educational, gender, and racial issues
Camptown races
probably the first popular song with a sporting theme
Credentialing
process of ensuring that members of a profession meet certain set standards
Which 3 interrelated tasks do sport psychologists engage in?
research, education, and application
Railroads
sponsored travel to athletic events- the Harvard-Yale regattas were created by a railroad to transport the participants and cover their expenses- they helped popularized several other sports like baseball, boxing, and horse racing
Employment opportunities
sport psychologists are likely to be found in academic jobs within universities or as private practitioners with a Ph.D. in clinical, counseling, or I/O psychology devoting all or part of their practice to athletes and teams- there is an increase in creation of sport psychology positions within university athletic departments
Applied function
sport psychologists may use psychometric instruments for talent identification or the assessment of the relationship between performance and personality- another aspect is intervention to enhance performance by means of techniques such as biofeedback, visual imagery, meditation, cognitive behavior modification, attentional control training, mental rehearsal, and progressive relaxation (administering evaluations)
Social responsibility
sport psychologists must be aware of their responsibilities to the community and to society; they are expected to publicize their knowledge, observe the highest principles when conducting research, and generally advance human welfare while protecting the rights of individuals
Concern for the welfare of others
sport psychologists must be sensitive to real and supposed differences in power between themselves and others, and must not exploit or mislead their clients
Competence
sport psychologists need to practice within their competencies and remain cognizant of their limitations
Miscellany
stopwatches, percussion caps, cameras, movies, etc.
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)
subconscious vs conscious - sex plays big role
Educational function
teach students about the field in a traditional university classroom setting, inform coaches, officials, and administrators about sports related issues, and enlighten top-level athletes and exercise participants about what sport psychology may have to offer them (teaching about the discipline of sport psychology)
In a way- America's first physical educators
the German and Swedish immigrants because of their enthusiasm for physical activity
Other Professional Organizations
the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH), North American Society for Sports Management (NASSM), and North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS)
What is the goal of several professional organizations/ societies?
the advancement of the field by establishing and monitoring training, credentialing, and ethical standards, as well as promoting the overall welfare of their respective members
Award for winning an Olympic event?
the only material award for winning an Olympic even was a crown of olive leaves, but because of the fame the athletes brought to their city-states, back home they received financial and other considerations above and beyond the crown of olive leaves
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
the primary governing force of collegiate athletics in the United States, formed in 1909 (created as a result of violence in football by President Theodore Roosevelt)
Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)
the sports governing body founded in 1888 charged with the responsibility for the governance and promotion of amateur sports in the United States
AASP definition of Sport Psychology
the study of psychological and mental factors affecting participation in sport, exercise, and physical activity, and the application of the knowledge to everyday settings
North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA)
was a major force in the 1970s and 1980s when sport psychology was developing substantially as a discipline- made a substantial historical contribution to the development of sport psychology
American Alliance for Health and Physical Activity (AAHPA)
was originally (AAHPERD)- American Association for Health Physical Education Recreation and Dance- and has members with psychology interest but is devoted to the parts in its original name like Health, Physical Education, and Dance
Milo of Croton
winner of numerous wrestling championships at the Olympics as well as many other competitions; know for his great strength and huge appetite (he once carried a bull on his shoulders, killed it with his fists, and ate it before the day was over) (died by chopping down tree, got his hand stuck, and got eaten by wolves)