PSYC-3113 Exam 1 Practice

Sheldon is studying for a quiz. He writes in his notes that humans have _____ pairs of cranial nerves.

12

what mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?

A blood-brain barrier

Dr. Edmonson is working in the lab with cultured neurons. He applies a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase. What does he expect to have occur?

Acetylcholine will remain active in the synapse longer

When a neuron is at rest, what is primary responsible for moving potassium ions into the cell?

Both the sodium-potassium pump and electrical gradient

evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected a(n)_________.

EEG

The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was

Loewi's transfer of fluid from stimulated frog hearts

which method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure the blood flow?

PET

Which process indicates spatial summation?

Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time

Charles S. Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of ______.

Synapses

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls secretions of the______.

adrenal gland

A presynaptic terminal is also known as________.

an end bulb

when an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell?

calcium into the cell

water, oxygen, and ______ freely flow across a cell membrane

carbon dioxide

insulin increases the entry of tryptophan into the brain by______.

causing certain competing amino acids to enter other cells, outside the brain

The precentral gyrus is essential for the_______.

control of fine movements

The medulla controls a number of reflexes through:

cranial nerves

The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to________.

decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell

The concentration gradient refers to the _______.

difference in distribution for various ions between the inside and outside of the membrane

The primary method for disposal of peptide neurotransmitters is________.

diffusion

Rudy has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He will have damage to his ____ neurons in the _______.

dopamine; substania nigra

If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand, you would quickly pull your hand away. The information carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by:

efferent neurons

The blood-brain barrier is made up of closely packed glial cells T/F?

false

many cells in association areas of brain respond to more than one sensory modality.

false

The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it ____.

is contained in the skull

What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?

it breaks acetylcholinesterase down into components for recycling

The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that:

it can send more complex messages

What do neurons have that other cells do not?

large, branching extensions

Sophia is not feeling well and has been coughing and sneezing all day. These actions are controlled by her _____.

medulla

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called

meninges

An axon has many branches, each of which swells at its tip. These are known as ____.

presynaptic terminals

Vesicles are located ____.​

presynaptic terminals

Small, charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through ____.

protein channels

Ionotropic effects are characterized by?

rapid and short-lived effects

To measure temporal summation in single cells, researchers ____.

record depolarizations of the postsynaptic neuron

what happens when a neurotransmitter is released by a presynaptic cell?

the neurotransmitter passively spreads across the synaptic cleft

Kimiko has been diagnosed with cortical blindness. She has had damage to _____.

the occipital cortex

Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:

the parasympathetic nervous systems postganglionic axons

If Nicole had damage to her hypothalamus, which of the following would NOT be a symptom?

impaired movement and coordination

membranes that surrounded the brain and spinal cord are called_________.

meninges

in which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?

midbrain

Professor Pholman is lecturing about the reflex arc. He tells his students that _____ in the ______ help coordinate contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others.

motor neurons; peripheral nervous system

electrical gradients lead to the _______.

movement of ions to areas having opposite electrical charges

the insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons is called the_________.

myelin sheath

Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as:

nodes of ranvier

The structure that contains a cell's chromosomes is called the..?

nucleus

Which lobe part of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?

occipital

which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?

occipital

an action potential causes causes the release of neurotransmitters by________.

opening calcium pores in the membrane

By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the ____.

pituitary gland

Charles Sherrington would most likely agree with which statement about reflexes?

repeated stimuli occurring within a brief time can have a cumulative effect

Maryanna is studying the reflex arc for a quiz. In her notes, she wrote down that the proper order is _____.

sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

Professor Lopez studies the specialized _________ in the eye that detect light.

sensory neurons

Hormones exert their effects ____.​

similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters

During the relative refractory period, the ______.

sodium gates are reverting to their usual state

Herb is watching a documentary on Dr. Loewi. He learned that neuroscientists first understood that synapses use chemicals to communicate because Dr. Loewi _____.

stimulated a frog's heart that was in a fluid bath and then used just the fluid to stimulate a second heart

which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "flight or flight" activities?

sympathetic

Bonita is learning to speak and process language. She is likely to have increased activity in her _____.

temporal lobe

Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as:

temporal summation

An IPSP represents:

temporary hyperpolarization

The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies that are lateral to the________.

thalamus

in order to produce an action potential, the collective amount of depolarization must exceed the__________.

threshold of excitation

Temporal summation is to________as spatial summation is to___________.

time;location

Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?

transmission about synapse is primarily a electrical process

The prefrontal cortex is important for the working memory T/F?

true

parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter T/F?

true

The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the____________.

Receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

What do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common?

They are all synthesized from the same amino acids

Increasing the electrical gradient for potassium will reduce the tendency for potassium ions to exit the neuron T/F?

True

Santiago Ramon y Cajal used special staining techniques to reveal that the brain is composed of individual cells.

True

Jena is reviewing her notes on action potentials for a quiz. She makes an extra notation that before the action potential when the neuron is at rest, sodium channels _____.

are closed and don't allow sodium to pass through

sympathetic ganglia

are closely linked and often act as a single system

sympathetic ganglia:

are closely linked and often act as a single system

What type of glia helps to synchronize the activity of axons?

astrocytes

Terrance went to the dentist and was given some Novocain. This prevented him from feeling pain because the drug ____.

attatched to sodium channels blocking sodium from entering and stopping the action potential from sending a pain message

As a general rule, axons convey information_______.

away from their own cell body

Neurons typically have one ____, but many ____.

axon and dendrites

on the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred?

behavioral observations

when a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?

both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient

the role of glial cells is to act like "glue" or scaffolding to support the neurons T/F?

false

The speed of an action potential down as unmyelinated axon is best described as________.

faster in thick axons than in thin ones

Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in ____________.

focusing attention and organizing sensory inputs

The choroid plexus________.

forms the cerebrospinal fluid

Latoya is working in the lab to generate an EPSP, which is a ______.

graded depolarization

Renee is in the lab studying for a physiology exam. She records in her notebook that the cell bodies of the motor neurons are all located in the ____.

gray matter

Danica is studying for a quiz. She writes in her notes that the _____ matter is in the center of the spinal cord and is made up of _____.

gray: mainly cell bodies and dendrites

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?

horizontal