PSYC-3113 Exam 1 Practice
Sheldon is studying for a quiz. He writes in his notes that humans have _____ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
what mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?
A blood-brain barrier
Dr. Edmonson is working in the lab with cultured neurons. He applies a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase. What does he expect to have occur?
Acetylcholine will remain active in the synapse longer
When a neuron is at rest, what is primary responsible for moving potassium ions into the cell?
Both the sodium-potassium pump and electrical gradient
evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected a(n)_________.
EEG
The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was
Loewi's transfer of fluid from stimulated frog hearts
which method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure the blood flow?
PET
Which process indicates spatial summation?
Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time
Charles S. Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of ______.
Synapses
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls secretions of the______.
adrenal gland
A presynaptic terminal is also known as________.
an end bulb
when an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell?
calcium into the cell
water, oxygen, and ______ freely flow across a cell membrane
carbon dioxide
insulin increases the entry of tryptophan into the brain by______.
causing certain competing amino acids to enter other cells, outside the brain
The precentral gyrus is essential for the_______.
control of fine movements
The medulla controls a number of reflexes through:
cranial nerves
The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to________.
decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell
The concentration gradient refers to the _______.
difference in distribution for various ions between the inside and outside of the membrane
The primary method for disposal of peptide neurotransmitters is________.
diffusion
Rudy has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He will have damage to his ____ neurons in the _______.
dopamine; substania nigra
If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand, you would quickly pull your hand away. The information carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by:
efferent neurons
The blood-brain barrier is made up of closely packed glial cells T/F?
false
many cells in association areas of brain respond to more than one sensory modality.
false
The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it ____.
is contained in the skull
What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?
it breaks acetylcholinesterase down into components for recycling
The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one neurotransmitter is that:
it can send more complex messages
What do neurons have that other cells do not?
large, branching extensions
Sophia is not feeling well and has been coughing and sneezing all day. These actions are controlled by her _____.
medulla
Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called
meninges
An axon has many branches, each of which swells at its tip. These are known as ____.
presynaptic terminals
Vesicles are located ____.
presynaptic terminals
Small, charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through ____.
protein channels
Ionotropic effects are characterized by?
rapid and short-lived effects
To measure temporal summation in single cells, researchers ____.
record depolarizations of the postsynaptic neuron
what happens when a neurotransmitter is released by a presynaptic cell?
the neurotransmitter passively spreads across the synaptic cleft
Kimiko has been diagnosed with cortical blindness. She has had damage to _____.
the occipital cortex
Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:
the parasympathetic nervous systems postganglionic axons
If Nicole had damage to her hypothalamus, which of the following would NOT be a symptom?
impaired movement and coordination
membranes that surrounded the brain and spinal cord are called_________.
meninges
in which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?
midbrain
Professor Pholman is lecturing about the reflex arc. He tells his students that _____ in the ______ help coordinate contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others.
motor neurons; peripheral nervous system
electrical gradients lead to the _______.
movement of ions to areas having opposite electrical charges
the insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons is called the_________.
myelin sheath
Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as:
nodes of ranvier
The structure that contains a cell's chromosomes is called the..?
nucleus
Which lobe part of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?
occipital
which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?
occipital
an action potential causes causes the release of neurotransmitters by________.
opening calcium pores in the membrane
By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the ____.
pituitary gland
Charles Sherrington would most likely agree with which statement about reflexes?
repeated stimuli occurring within a brief time can have a cumulative effect
Maryanna is studying the reflex arc for a quiz. In her notes, she wrote down that the proper order is _____.
sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
Professor Lopez studies the specialized _________ in the eye that detect light.
sensory neurons
Hormones exert their effects ____.
similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters
During the relative refractory period, the ______.
sodium gates are reverting to their usual state
Herb is watching a documentary on Dr. Loewi. He learned that neuroscientists first understood that synapses use chemicals to communicate because Dr. Loewi _____.
stimulated a frog's heart that was in a fluid bath and then used just the fluid to stimulate a second heart
which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "flight or flight" activities?
sympathetic
Bonita is learning to speak and process language. She is likely to have increased activity in her _____.
temporal lobe
Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as:
temporal summation
An IPSP represents:
temporary hyperpolarization
The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies that are lateral to the________.
thalamus
in order to produce an action potential, the collective amount of depolarization must exceed the__________.
threshold of excitation
Temporal summation is to________as spatial summation is to___________.
time;location
Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?
transmission about synapse is primarily a electrical process
The prefrontal cortex is important for the working memory T/F?
true
parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter T/F?
true
The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the____________.
Receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
What do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in common?
They are all synthesized from the same amino acids
Increasing the electrical gradient for potassium will reduce the tendency for potassium ions to exit the neuron T/F?
True
Santiago Ramon y Cajal used special staining techniques to reveal that the brain is composed of individual cells.
True
Jena is reviewing her notes on action potentials for a quiz. She makes an extra notation that before the action potential when the neuron is at rest, sodium channels _____.
are closed and don't allow sodium to pass through
sympathetic ganglia
are closely linked and often act as a single system
sympathetic ganglia:
are closely linked and often act as a single system
What type of glia helps to synchronize the activity of axons?
astrocytes
Terrance went to the dentist and was given some Novocain. This prevented him from feeling pain because the drug ____.
attatched to sodium channels blocking sodium from entering and stopping the action potential from sending a pain message
As a general rule, axons convey information_______.
away from their own cell body
Neurons typically have one ____, but many ____.
axon and dendrites
on the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred?
behavioral observations
when a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?
both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient
the role of glial cells is to act like "glue" or scaffolding to support the neurons T/F?
false
The speed of an action potential down as unmyelinated axon is best described as________.
faster in thick axons than in thin ones
Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in ____________.
focusing attention and organizing sensory inputs
The choroid plexus________.
forms the cerebrospinal fluid
Latoya is working in the lab to generate an EPSP, which is a ______.
graded depolarization
Renee is in the lab studying for a physiology exam. She records in her notebook that the cell bodies of the motor neurons are all located in the ____.
gray matter
Danica is studying for a quiz. She writes in her notes that the _____ matter is in the center of the spinal cord and is made up of _____.
gray: mainly cell bodies and dendrites
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
horizontal