PSYC 4410 Exam 3 Quiz Questions
Which type of leukocyte matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies to attack specific targets? a. B cells b. Y cells c. T cells d. natural killer cells
a. B cells
In the Dominican Republic, certain genetic males who were regarded in early childhood as girls have developed into boys at puberty. What happened to their gender identity? a. Most adopted a clear male gender identity. b. Most retained a clear female gender identity. c. About half developed a clear male identity; the other half developed a clear female identity. d. Most developed a confused gender identity.
a. Most adopted a clear male gender identity.
Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea? a. Parvocellular b. Magnocellular c. Koniocellular d. They are all distributed equally.
a. Parvocellular
Which evidence is most detrimental to the James-Lange theory? a. Patients with pure autonomic failure experience emotions. b. Sometimes people have trouble reporting what they are feeling. c. Changes in arousal are reported as changes in emotions. d. Some people feel stronger emotions than others do.
a. Patients with pure autonomic failure experience emotions.
What should be the usual relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning? a. The conditioned stimulus should be presented first. b. The unconditioned stimulus should be presented first. c. They should be presented simultaneously. d. It depends on what each stimulus is.
a. The conditioned stimulus should be presented first.
What potential advantage does a moderately aggressive monkey possess? a. They are more likely to get mates and food. b. They have better memories of other monkeys they have defeated. c. They are less depressed. d. Their immune system becomes stronger with each fight.
a. They are more likely to get mates and food.
Activating effects can occur at any time in life when a hormone temporarily activates. a. True b. False
a. True
High levels of estrogen and progesterone will prevent ovulation a. True b. False
a. True
In humans, testosterone produces its organizing effects on the hypothalamus by itself. a. True b. False
a. True
Individuals with PTSD usually have a smaller than average hippocampus. a. True b. False
a. True
Progesterone prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and promotes the maintenance of pregnancy. a. True b. False
a. True
Temporary increases in cortisol can enhance immune function. a. True b. False
a. True
The right hemisphere seems to be more responsive to emotional stimuli than the left hemisphere. a. True b. False
a. True
How does one produce long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system? a. a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds b. many stimuli spaced at exactly equal intervals over a period of minutes c. minutes of uninterrupted inhibitory stimulation d. a simultaneous pairing of an excitatory stimulus and an inhibitory stimulus
a. a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds
Which of the following would probably develop as an intersex? a. a genetic female exposed to more testosterone than normal during early development. b. a genetic male exposed to more estradiol than normal during early development. c. a genetic female deprived of her normal amount of estradiol during early development. d. a genetic male exposed to a larger than normal amount of testosterone during early development.
a. a genetic female exposed to more testosterone than normal during early development.
Genitals for males and females develop from ___; internal reproductive structures develop from ___. a. a single unisex structure; separate structures b. separate structures; a single unisex structure c. a single unisex structure; a single unisex structure d. separate structures; separate structures
a. a single unisex structure; separate structures
A leukocyte attacks when it finds a cell with foreign: a. antigens. b. contours. c. chromosomes. d. neurotransmitters.
a. antigens.
The process of ___ changes testosterone into estradiol. a. aromatization b. transmutation c. methylation d. alchemy
a. aromatization
It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for: a. associative learning. b. reflexes. c. loudness perception. d. color vision.
a. associative learning.
Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggest that: a. autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion. b. the James-Lange theory is incorrect. c. feelings are the same thing as emotions. d. lack of physiological feedback makes us happy.
a. autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion.
In normal male rats, the medial preoptic area neurons strongly release which of the following during sexual activity? a. dopamine b. testosterone c. glutamate d. estradiol
a. dopamine
A combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol should be avoided because: a. each magnifies the effects of the other. b. each cancels the effects of the other. c. they react with each other chemically to form a new compound. d. the combination produces excessive anxiety.
a. each magnifies the effects of the other.
Before testosterone can masculinize the development of the hypothalamus of an infant mammal, it must first be converted into: a. estradiol b. epinephrine c. ACTH d. dopamine
a. estradiol
What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes? a. exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development. b. deprivation of estradiol during an early stage of development. c. exposure to neither testosterone or estradiol during an early stage of development. d. an infusion of testosterone at puberty
a. exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development.
If a sympathetic nervous system axon does not receive enough nerve growth factor, the neuron will: a. kill itself. b. grow a shorter axon. c. compensate by growing more dendrites. d. decrease its velocity of action potentials.
a. kill itself.
The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is: a. larger in males than in females. b. larger in females than in males. c. present in males, absent in females. d. present in females, absent in males.
a. larger in males than in females.
Information reaches the pons within 3 to 8 ms after a ____, and the full startle reflex occurs in less than two-tenths of a second. a. loud noise. b. puff of air directed at your eye. c. bright light. d. pinch on the foot.
a. loud noise.
Of the following choices, the most likely explanation for how testosterone may be associated with violent behavior is that it: a. may induce greater attention to situations of aggression and conflict. b. creates greater muscle mass. c. reduces inhibitions. d. inhibits cells in the amygdala.
a. may induce greater attention to situations of aggression and conflict.
The amygdala send axons to the ____, which in turn sends axons to the pons to control the startle reflex. a. midbrain b. caudate nucleus c. cingulate gyrus d. pineal gland
a. midbrain
Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ____ ganglion cells. a. midget b. giant c. reticulated d. cone-shaped
a. midget
Which of the following time points would women most likely initiate sexual activity? a. periovulatory period. b. luteal phase. c. menstruation. d. when they stop taking contraceptives.
a. periovulatory period.
One function served by alpha-fetoprotein in the developing rat fetus is to: a. prevent estradiol from entering cells. b. help estradiol to cross the blood-brain barrier. c. help testosterone to cross the blood-brain barrier. d. prevent either testosterone or estradiol from being converted into aromatase.
a. prevent estradiol from entering cells.
A ____ has eight or more arms, some of which have a bit of food or other reinforcer at the end. a. radial maze b. Morris maze c. Thompson maze d. spatial maze
a. radial maze
The term "serotonin turnover" refers to the amount of serotonin that is: a. released at synapses and re-synthesized. b. currently present in the brain. c. radioactively labeled. d. converted into another transmitter.
a. released at synapses and re-synthesized.
When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the: a. speed and direction of movement. b. exact shape of the object. c. color and brightness of the object. d. exact location of the object in visual space.
a. speed and direction of movement.
If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will: a. still develop into a male. b. still develop into a male, but will act very much like a female. c. develop into something intermediate between female and male. d. develop into a female.
a. still develop into a male.
Male meadow voles can be genetically altered to remain with a female he mated with by increasing ___ levels. a. vasopressin b. renin c. testosterone d. estradiol
a. vasopressin
Which type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruder's antigen? a. Macrophage b. B cell c. T cell d. A cell
b. B cell
People with amygdala damage have trouble identifying fear expressions. How could we improve their ability to recognize fear? a. Give drugs that suppress serotonin synapses. b. Change where they focus their eyes. c Test at a different time of day. d. Display the expressions in black and white photos.
b. Change where they focus their eyes.
People are given moral dilemmas, such as whether it is all right to kill one person in order to save five others. The people most likely to make the "cold, calculating" decision that these acts are okay are people who have suffered brain damage that impairs which of these? a. Memory b. Emotions c. Vision d. Activity level
b. Emotions
___ contributes to female development, including some aspects of brain differentiation. a. Testosterone b. Estradiol c. Androgen d. Estrogen
b. Estradiol
Amygdala damage will result in the complete loss of the startle response. a. True b. False
b. False
Benzodiazepines bind to the GABAC receptor. a. True b. False
b. False
During the early sensitive period, immature mammals have a protein called alpha-fetoprotein, which is also present in adults. a. True b. False
b. False
Testosterone levels continue to increase throughout a human male's lifetime. a. True b. False
b. False
The changes in estrogen levels just before menstruation are the cause of PMS. a. True b. False
b. False
There are obvious differences in external anatomy of homosexual humans compared to heterosexual humans. a. True b. False
b. False
If the lateral interpositus nucleus is temporarily suppressed during classical conditioning of the eyeblink response, what happens? a. After the nucleus recovers, the animal remembers the training fully. b. Future conditioning occurs as if the animal had no previous training. c. After the nucleus recovers, the animal learns more slowly than usual. d. Future conditioning occurs rapidly, but the animal also forgets rapidly.
b. Future conditioning occurs as if the animal had no previous training.
What did researchers find in Antarctic research scientists who spent a 9-month period of social isolation in the cold and dark? a. T cell functioning increased by about 50% b. T cell functioning decreased by about half c. leukocytes stopped functioning d. an outbreak of autoimmune diseases
b. T cell functioning decreased by about half
What would cause a male mammal to develop an anatomy that looks like a female's? a. a deficit of testosterone during puberty. b. a deficit of testosterone during an early stage of development. c. exposure to a high level of estradiol during puberty. d. exposure to a high level of estradiol during an early stage of development.
b. a deficit of testosterone during an early stage of development.
The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard ____. a. in the distant past b. a short while ago c. right at that time d. in a meaningful way
b. a short while ago
A sensitive period is: a. any time in an organisms' life when it is sensitive to hormones released by the sexually dimorphic nucleus. b. an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect. c. an early period when a hormone has an intense, but brief, effect. d. a period of time, usually once a month, when hormones are released.
b. an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect.
Most researchers now believe that the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein: a. is a result of the Alzheimer's disease. b. are partly the cause of Alzheimer's disease. c. are byproducts of acetylcholine. d. are byproducts of dying glial cells.
b. are partly the cause of Alzheimer's disease.
People with parietal lobe damage the process of ____ is damaged. a. remembering names b. associating one event with another c. episodic memory d. speech
b. associating one event with another
Drugs which prevent testosterone from being aromatized to estradiol will: a. increase the organizing effects of testosterone on sexual development in the brain. b. block the organizing effects of testosterone on sexual development of the brain. c. increase heart rate and blood pressure. d. decrease heart rate and blood pressure.
b. block the organizing effects of testosterone on sexual development of the brain.
Sexual differentiation begins with: a. Wolffian ducts b. chromosomes c. Mullerian ducts d. hormones
b. chromosomes
Nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP, whereas stimulation by just one produces it weakly, if at all. This is known as the property of: a. specificity. b. cooperativity. c. associativity. d. LTD.
b. cooperativity.
On the average, homosexual and heterosexual people: a. do not differ anatomically. b. differ anatomically in many subtle ways. c. differ anatomically in many drastic ways. d. differ very little anatomically.
b. differ anatomically in many subtle ways.
Benzodiazepine tranquilizers affect GABA synapses by: a. stimulating GABA receptors. b. facilitating binding of GABA to its receptors. c. inhibiting GABA receptors. d. decreasing binding of GABA to its receptors.
b. facilitating binding of GABA to its receptors.
Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy: a. male b. female c. intermediate between male and female. d. fully both male and female
b. female
The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the: a. corpus callosum. b. hippocampus. c. lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus. d. prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus.
b. hippocampus.
The first few days of rat parental care are to ___ as later days are to ___. a. experience; hormones b. hormones; experience c. females; males d. males; females
b. hormones; experience
A woman's hypothalamus and pituitary intact with the ___ to produce the menstrual cycle? a. pineal gland b. ovaries c. thyroid d. adrenal glands
b. ovaries
People typically experience a state of complete relaxation shortly after orgasm; this occurs due to the release of: a. testosterone b. oxytocin c. prolactin d. progesterone
b. oxytocin
The concentration of 5-HIAA in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine provides an estimate of: a. serotonin stores. b. serotonin turnover. c. dopamine stores. d. dopamine turnover.
b. serotonin turnover.
Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden: a. drop in testosterone levels. b. sure of prolactin and oxytocin. c. decrease of prolactin and increase in oxytocin. d. increase of prolactin and decrease of oxytocin.
b. sure of prolactin and oxytocin.
The sensitive period for human genital formation is approximately: a. the first three weeks of gestation. b. the third and fourth months of gestation. c. the last trimester of gestation. d. shortly after birth.
b. the third and fourth months of gestation.
Some differences in males and females depend directly on control by the ___ independently of hormones. a. X chromosomes b. Y chromosomes c. X and Y chromosomes d. hormones
c. X and Y chromosomes
Habituation of the gill withdrawal response in Aplysia depends on: a. muscle fatigue. b. a decreased response by the sensory nerve to the stimulus. c. a change in the synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron. d. an increase in the inhibitory impulses from sources other than the sensory nerve.
c. a change in the synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron.
Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain, especially in the: a. cingulate gyrus. b. occipital lobe. c. dorsomedial thalamus. d. cerebellum.
c. dorsomedial thalamus.
Women are more likely to initiate sexual activity when: a. testosterone levels are low. b. estrogen levels are low. c. estrogen levels are high. d. estrogen levels are intermediate.
c. estrogen levels are high.
When asked to identify different emotional expressions, people with Urbach-Wiethe disease had the most difficulty identifying: a. surprise. b. anger. c. fear. d. joy.
c. fear.
What develops from the Mullerian ducts? a. the bladder and urethra. b. peripheral nerves controlling the genitals. c. female reproductive structures. d. male reproductive structures.
c. female reproductive structures.
Under what circumstances do the criminal behaviors of monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins? a. when the monozygotic twins have been raised apart b. when the dizygotic twins have been raised together c. in adulthood d. in childhood
c. in adulthood
According to one hypothesis, if serotonin is released during aggressive behavior, then individuals with low serotonin release are more aggressive because of: a. increased depression. b. decreased serotonin synthesis. c. increased serotonin receptor sensitivity. d. decreased serotonin receptor sensitivity.
c. increased serotonin receptor sensitivity.
Which of the following is most likely an example of the organizing effects of sex hormones? a. increased heart rat during exercise. b. determination of genetic sex. c. masculinizing of the brain. d. nest building.
c. masculinizing of the brain.
Studies of aggressive and criminal behaviors in adulthood have found that: a. there doesn't appear to be a genetic link. b. there appears to be more aggression by twins than non-twins. c. monozygotic twins resemble each other more closely than dizygotic twins. d. dizygotic twins resemble each other more closely than monozygotic twins.
c. monozygotic twins resemble each other more closely than dizygotic twins.
Data gathered by studies such as the LeVay study suggest that: a. the hypothalamus determines sexual orientation. b. the superchiasmatic nucleus determines sexual orientation. c. on average, differences in the hypothalamus can be found between individuals of different sexual orientations. d. there is only a small probability that the brain has anything to do with sexual orientation.
c. on average, differences in the hypothalamus can be found between individuals of different sexual orientations.
Research suggests that ___ level correlate with several aspects of motherly attention to an infant. a. vasopressin b. progesterone c. oxytocin d. estradiol
c. oxytocin
Output from the amygdala to the ____ modifies approach and avoidance responses. a. brain stem b. hypothalamus c. prefrontal cortex d. basolateral nuclei
c. prefrontal cortex
The memory for the development of motor skills is termed: a. priming. b. explicit memory. c. procedural memory. d. declarative memory.
c. procedural memory.
The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the: a. stimulus field. b. convergence field. c. receptive field. d. bipolar area.
c. receptive field.
LeVay's studies indicate a correlation between a man's sexual orientation (homosexuality vs. heterosexuality) and the: a. amount of testosterone in the blood b. amount of estradiol in the blood. c. size of one nucleus of the hypothalamus. d. size of one nucleus of the medulla.
c. size of one nucleus of the hypothalamus.
In the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a(n): a. decrease in the release of FSH. b. decrease in the release of LH. c. sudden surge in the release of the luteinizing hormone. d. increase in the release of testosterone.
c. sudden surge in the release of the luteinizing hormone.
During habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, the change in the nervous system takes place at the: a. axon hillock of the sensory receptor. b. axon of the motor neuron. c. synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron. d. inhibitory neurons that connect to the motor neuron.
c. synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron.
Decreases in ___ levels generally decrease male sexual activity. a. estrogen b. oxytocin c. testosterone d. estradiol
c. testosterone
Male aggressive behavior depends heavily on: a. acetylcholine. b. estrogen. c. testosterone. d. dopamine.
c. testosterone.
What is a common measure of fear or anxiety that is popular because it can be used with non-humans as well as humans? a. facial expressions b. spontaneous muscle twitches c. the startle response d. hyperventilation
c. the startle response
The interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than: a. twice as large in heterosexual women as in men. b. three times as large in heterosexual women as in men. c. twice as large in heterosexual men as in women. d. twice as large in homosexual men as in heterosexual men.
c. twice as large in heterosexual men as in women.
According to the ____ theory, we experience emotion after we experience autonomic arousal. a. Lange-Jung b. Lange-Papez c. James-Jung d. James-Lange
d. James-Lange
Which is true of androgens and estrogens? a. Only males have androgens; only females have estrogens. b. Only males have estrogens; only females have androgens. c. Males and females have androgens and estrogens in similar amounts. d. Males and females have both androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts.
d. Males and females have both androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts.
Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development? a. Wolffian ducts b. primitive gonads c. Mullerian ducts d. Mullerian inhibiting hormone
d. Mullerian inhibiting hormone
Which of the following is NOT a way in which CaMKII facilitates LTP? a. Dendrites build more AMPA receptors. b. Neurons produce more NMDA receptors. c. Individual AMPA receptors become more active. d. Neurons decrease dendritic branching.
d. Neurons decrease dendritic branching.
Which of the following drug types is most promising for treating people with failing memory? a. Tranquilizers b. Endorphins c. Depressants d. Stimulants
d. Stimulants
What type of leukocyte matures in the thymus gland? a. natural killer cell b. macrophage c. B cell d. T cell
d. T cell
Which of the following is TRUE about various types of somatosensation? a. They are produced by varied responses by a single type of receptor. b. They involve different receptors, but the spinal cord integrates the information. c. They remain separate through the spinal cord, but are interpreted by a single set of cortical neurons. d. They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
d. They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
When Korsakoff's syndrome patients read over a list of words, what evidence of memory, if any, do they demonstrate? a. None at all. b. They remember the first word and the last word only. c. They remember reading a list, although they cannot remember any of the words. d. They say many of the correct words if they are given the first three letters.
d. They say many of the correct words if they are given the first three letters.
Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects, including the possibility of: a. fear b. anxiety c. anger d. addiction
d. addiction
Sexual orientation has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT: a. prenatal stress b. mother's immune system c. genetics d. adult hormone levels
d. adult hormone levels
Which brain area is essential for the extreme emotional impact that produces PTSD? a. corpus callosum b. substantia nigra c. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex d. amygdala
d. amygdala
Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attaching to one kind of antigen are: a. macrophages. b. B cells. c. T cells. d. antibodies.
d. antibodies.
The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak: a. in the first month of pregnancy. b. at the start of the menstrual period. c. at the end of the menstrual period. d. around the time of ovulation.
d. around the time of ovulation.
The most widely used and most effective birth control pill is one that contains which hormone(s)? a. luteinizing hormone b. androgen, but not estrogen c. both estrogen and androgen d. both estrogen and progesterone
d. both estrogen and progesterone
When Simon LeVay examined interstitial nucleus 3 in 41 people who had died, he found that in the homosexual males un his sample, this nucleus was: a. larger, but only in those who had died of AIDS. b. comparable in size to the heterosexual males who had died of AIDS. c. comparable in size to the whole group of heterosexual males. d. comparable in size to the heterosexual females.
d. comparable in size to the heterosexual females.
A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is: a. tremors. b. dementia. c. memory loss. d. confabulation.
d. confabulation.
In rodents, testosterone is converted to ___ in the hypothalamus. a. cortisol b. androgen c. progesterone d. estradiol
d. estradiol
"Female hormones" are referred to as: a. activating hormones. b. SRY c. androgens. d. estrogens.
d. estrogens.
What would cause a genetic female to develop a partly masculinized anatomy? a. excessive levels of alpha-fetoprotein in her blood. b. exposure of her mother to stressful experiences late in pregnancy. c. exposure to less than the usual amount of estrogen during an early sensitive period. d. exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period.
d. exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period.
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell? a. rods and cones b. bipolar cells c. horizontal cells d. ganglion cells
d. ganglion cells
In people suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, the startle response is: a. generally absent. b. generally weaker than in other people. c. the same as in other people. d. generally stronger than in other people.
d. generally stronger than in other people.
If a monkey with low serotonin turnover survives, they are more likely to: a. be extremely fearful. b. be submissive. c. have fewer offspring. d. have dominant status.
d. have dominant status.
The result of the sex reassignment in the case of the infant whose penis was accidentally removed was that: a. he developed a normal female gender identity. b. he developed a neutral gender identity with no sexual interest. c. he only experienced difficulties during adulthood. d. he decided to adopt a male gender identity during adolescence.
d. he decided to adopt a male gender identity during adolescence.
At this point, the conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are: a. primarily inherited. b. primarily learned from cultural influence. c. used to justify our behaviors. d. lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them.
d. lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them.
The amygdala is part of the: a. pyramidal system. b. sympathetic nervous system. c. parasympathetic nervous system. d. limbic system.
d. limbic system.
The most likely result of an amygdala lesion in the most dominant monkey in a group would be: a. increased aggression. b. lack of any emotions. c. avoidance of all socialization. d. lowered social status in the hierarchy.
d. lowered social status in the hierarchy.
The result of all the testosterone-induced changes during sexual differentiation is: a. the bladder and urethra b. peripheral nerves controlling the genitals c. female reproductive structures d. male reproductive structures
d. male reproductive structures
Someone with androgen insensitivity is genetically: a. female, but looked intermediate between male and female. b. female, but fail to show any changes at puberty. c. male, looks like a normal male, but behaves more like a female. d. male, but develops looking more like a female.
d. male, but develops looking more like a female.
Blood cells that attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses are known as: a. B cells. b. T cells. c. cytotoxic T cells. d. natural killer cells.
d. natural killer cells.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia would most likely have the greatest effect on the sexual appearance of: a. young males. b. adult males. c. adult females. d. newborn females.
d. newborn females.
Color constancy is the ability to: a. perceive all wavelengths as the same color. b. see color, even in very faint light. c. differentiate among many colors and hues. d. recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting.
d. recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting.
In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty: a. reading. b. with all types of memory. c. recognizing colors. d. recognizing different kinds of plants and animals.
d. recognizing different kinds of plants and animals.
Cells in the inferior temporal cortex respond vigorously to their preferred shape: a. but only if the stimulus is also the preferred color. b. as long as it is also a particular size. c. as long as it is stationary. d. regardless of its exact size or position on the retina.
d. regardless of its exact size or position on the retina.
What anatomical difference, other than sex organs, is reliably seen between males and females, even at an early age? a. complexity of the cerebral cortex b. size of the pituitary c. organization of the brain stem d. size of parts of the hypothalamus
d. size of parts of the hypothalamus
To measure fear or anxiety in both humans and nonhumans, researchers measure variations in an individual's: a. rate of eyelid blinking. b. attention to a flickering light. c. salivary reflex. d. startle reflex.
d. startle reflex.
What are found in papillae? a. olfactory receptors b. clusters of neurons c. hair cells d. taste buds
d. taste buds
Once LTP has been established: a. it remains dependent on NMDA synapses. b. it fades quickly. c. AMPA receptors convert into NMDA receptors. d. the AMPA receptors are more responsive to glutamate.
d. the AMPA receptors are more responsive to glutamate.
According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effects on: a. alpha-fetoprotein. b. the sex region Y gene. c. the thalamus. d. the hypothalamus.
d. the hypothalamus.
The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision. a. CRT b. opponent process c. retinex d. trichromatic
d. trichromatic
Tryptophan hydroxylase is the enzyme that converts ____ into ____. a. serotonin, 5-HIAA b. 5-HIAA, serotonin c. serotonin, tryptophan d. tryptophan, serotonin
d. tryptophan, serotonin
Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat's cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances, if any? a. if the cut was made after the learning b. if the learned task was simple c. if the learned task was complex d. under none of the circumstances he studied
d. under none of the circumstances he studied
The estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it: a. is chemically converted to testosterone. b. is prevented from entering the developing cells. c. is chemically unstable at the body temperature of a fetus. d. would have no effect on cells even if it did enter them.
developing cells.
Suppose the highest pitch you can hear is about 20,000 Hz. Under what circumstances will that limit change? a. It drops naturally as you grow older. b. It drops if you go several months without listening to any high pitches. c. It drops only as a result of injury or disease. d. It increases with musical training.
a. It drops naturally as you grow older.
Which of the following characterizes the fovea? a. It has the greatest perception of detail. b. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve. c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil. d. It has more rods than cones.
a. It has the greatest perception of detail.
What is the relationship of color blindness between males and females? a. Males are more likely to be color blind. b. Females are more likely to be color blind. c. Males and females show roughly equal susceptibility to color blindness. d. Males are more likely to report problems with color vision, but females are more likely to actually be color blind.
a. Males are more likely to be color blind.
Cones are essential for color vision. a. True b. False
a. True
Men are more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women. a. True b. False
a. True
Movement of the eyes suppresses activity in the visual cortex for a brief moment. a. True b. False
a. True
People with damage to the primary auditory cortex hear simple sounds reasonably well. a. True b. False
a. True
Surrounding the primary auditory cortex are additional auditory areas, in which cells respond more to changes in sounds than to any prolonged sound. a. True b. False
a. True
The vestibular organ consists of the saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals. a. True b. False
a. True
Damage due to stroke caused by ischemia can be minimized by administering a drug that: a. breaks up blood clots. b. overstimulates neurons in and around the damaged area. c. increases the release of glutamate. d. slows down the sodium-potassium pump.
a. breaks up blood clots.
Where is the basilar membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of very high-frequency sound waves? a. closest to the cochlea b. at the apex, farthest from the cochlea c. about halfway between the cochlea and the apex d. It is equally sensitive across the entire membrane.
a. closest to the cochlea
Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind? a. dressing themselves b. driving a car c. taking the dog for a walk d. filling a pitcher with water
a. dressing themselves
Ruffini's endings are: a. elaborate neuron endings for touch. b. simple, bare neuron endings. c. bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells. d. important components of the blood.
a. elaborate neuron endings for touch.
After staring at your instructor's red shirt for an entire class period, the negative afterimage will most likely be: a. green. b. red. c. yellow. d. blue.
a. green.
In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition? a. horizontal cells b. ganglion cells c. bipolar cells d. glial cells
a. horizontal cells
The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of: a. lateral inhibition in the retina. b. the diffraction of light from the edge's surface. c. fatigue of the rods and cones. d. the color of the object.
a. lateral inhibition in the retina.
Immunoglobulins and chemokines play an important role in neural: a. migration. b. proliferation. c. synaptogenesis. d. apoptosis.
a. migration.
Even _____ input produces enhanced responses. a. mild b. negative c. strong d. positive
a. mild
If we compare the receptive fields of two simple cells in the primary visual cortex, chosen at random, in what way are they most likely to differ? a. orientation (angle) of a line that they respond to b. shape c. whether they respond to colored light as well as white light d. the size of their receptive field
a. orientation (angle) of a line that they respond to
Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex? a. parietal lobe b. frontal lobe c. hippocampus d. limbic cortex
a. parietal lobe
Blindsight refers to: a. the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field. b. the ability to merge together information from your two eyes even though they do not see the exact same picture. c. improved hearing and touch in blind people. d. the inability to see flashing light.
a. the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field.
The current view of how we perceive sounds less than 100 Hz is based on: a. the frequency of action potentials. b. the area along the basilar membrane that responds most strongly. c. volleys of responses. d. the asymmetrical positioning of an individual's ears.
a. the frequency of action potentials.
Nerve deafness is to ____ as conductive deafness is to ____. a. the inner ear; the middle ear b. the middle ear; the inner ear c. disease; exposure to loud noises d. age; disease
a. the inner ear; the middle ear
Light from the right half of the world strikes what part of the retina? a. the left half b. the right half c. the whole retina equally d. It depends on the wavelength.
a. the left half
Initially, researchers determined how many types of receptors we have for determining color: a. through psychophysical observations. b. through the use of biochemical methods. c. through genetic markers. d. by developing a trichromatic spectrometer.
a. through psychophysical observations.
A person with prosopagnosia cannot recognize voices. a. True b. False
b. False
An early and fast stage of neuronal development is myelination. a. True b. False
b. False
Doubling the amplitude of sound doubles the perceived loudness. a. True b. False
b. False
Inner-ear deafness, results from damage to the pinna. a. True b. False
b. False
The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex. a. True b. False
b. False
The human central nervous system begins to form when the embryo is about 10 weeks old. a. True b. False
b. False
How do the retinas of predatory birds, such as hawks, differ from the retinas of prey species, such as rats? a. Hawks have one fovea; rats have two. b. Hawks have greater density of receptors on the top half of their retinas than do rats. c. Hawks do not have bipolar cells in the retina; rats have an abundance of bipolar cells in the retina. d. Hawks have mostly rods, whereas rats have mostly cones.
b. Hawks have greater density of receptors on the top half of their retinas than do rats.
Which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells? a. They follow electrical gradients. b. They follow chemical gradients from the target cell. c. Axons send out chemicals to the target cells. d. Target cells send out branches for the axons to follow.
b. They follow chemical gradients from the target cell.
What would an investigator find concerning the properties of cells in a single column of the visual cortex? a. They have receptive fields in the same location in the visual field. b. They have receptive fields of the same angle of orientation. c. Moving from dorsal to ventral through the column, each receptive field is slightly larger than the previous one. d. Their receptive fields vary randomly.
b. They have receptive fields of the same angle of orientation.
Within the cerebral cortex, the pathway in the visual system responsible for color information also seems to be responsible for what other information? a. movement b. brightness c. distance d. dark adaptation
b. brightness
The principle that allows you to perceive an orange shirt to be the same color under varying lighting conditions is known as: a. trichromacy. b. color constancy. c. size constancy. d. an illusion.
b. color constancy.
Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis? a. simple b. complex c. lateral geniculate d. ganglion
b. complex
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by: a. the relative activity of three kinds of cones. b. contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others. c. a red vs. green system and a yellow vs. blue system. d. detecting the velocity of action potentials from the eye.
b. contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others.
In research aimed at minimizing damage due to stroke, attempts to prevent overstimulation of cells have produced: a. very promising results. b. disappointing results. c. a complex interaction between age of patient and season of the year. d. positive results in humans, but not so for animals.
b. disappointing results.
The law of specific nerve energies states that: a. perception of a repeated stimulus fades. b. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light. c. the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus. d. any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential.
b. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light.
The area of the cortex that receives input from the face is adjacent to the area of the cortex that receives input from the foot. After amputation of the foot, it is possible that a phantom limb sensation will be felt whenever the: a. other foot is touched. b. face is touched. c. face is anesthetized. d. axons from the foot regrow.
b. face is touched.
Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex that respond to a particular shape will be LEAST likely to respond to a: a. contrast reversal. b. figure-ground reversal. c. mirror image. d. photograph of the same shape.
b. figure-ground reversal.
The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks: a. have no discernible fovea. b. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina. c. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina. d. are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans.
b. have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina.
A stroke caused by an artery rupturing is also known as: a. ischemia. b. hemorrhage. c. closed head injury. d. penumbra.
b. hemorrhage.
The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that: a. they respond to their receptive field faster. b. hypercomplex cells have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field. c. they have receptive fields that are triangular. d. they respond to bars of light in more than one orientation.
b. hypercomplex cells have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field.
If you wanted to see a faint star at night, you should: a. stare straight at it. b. look slightly to one side. c. look at a mirror's reflection of it. d. wait until daytime.
b. look slightly to one side.
An iodine deficiency in the diet can lead to an inadequate production of thyroid hormones. What is the result if this occurs in an infant or developing fetus? a. Down's syndrome b. mental retardation c. Tourette's syndrome d. accelerated body growth
b. mental retardation
People with motion blindness probably have suffered damage to the: a. striate cortex. b. middle-temporal cortex. c. corpus callosum. d. retina.
b. middle-temporal cortex.
Stem cells are important for which of the following developmental processes? a. migration b. proliferation c. myelination d. synaptogenesis
b. proliferation
In comparison to the rods, cones are more: a. common toward the periphery of the retina. b. sensitive to detail. c. sensitive to dim light. d. common in rodents and other nocturnal animals.
b. sensitive to detail.
Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain? a. the ipsilateral side b. the contralateral side c. the left hemisphere d. It depends on whether the individual is dominant for audition in the right or the left hemisphere.
b. the contralateral side
An acceleration of the head at any angle causes: a. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal. b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells. c. fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals. d. hair cells to become stiff and straight
b. the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells.
Light from the left half of the world strikes what part of the retina? a. the left half b. the right half c. the whole retina equally d. It depends of the wavelength.
b. the right half
The most probable reason that both cats and humans have difficulty with recognition of objects if deprived of visual stimuli during the critical period is that: a. neurons in the primary visual cortex die. b. their cortical cells lack the sharply tuned receptive fields that make recognition possible. c. they can't perceive color. d. the rods and cones no longer work.
b. their cortical cells lack the sharply tuned receptive fields that make recognition possible.
What process occurs when axons attempt to form connections to a grafted limb in a salamander? a. Axons connect randomly, but only muscles "tuned" to the right message respond. b. Axons connect randomly and muscles learn to coordinate through experience. c. Axons find their way to corresponding muscles in the new leg. d. A lack of nerve growth fiber leads to the degeneration of the new leg.
c. Axons find their way to corresponding muscles in the new leg.
What is one impediment to regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system? a. Inhibitory chemicals secreted by the damaged portion of the axon b. Bacterial infections caused by the decaying tissue c. Large amounts of scar tissue d. Inhibitory messages sent from the cell nucleus when an axon is damaged
c. Large amounts of scar tissue
Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye? a. Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil. b. The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors are. c. More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell. d. Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.
c. More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
For some axons, glial cells produce an insulating sheath that makes rapid transmission possible. What is this process called? a. Differentiation b. Migration c. Myelination d. Proliferation
c. Myelination
____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light. a. Phototransmitters b. Photosins c. Photopigments d. Photoions
c. Photopigments
Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have: a. better peripheral vision. b. larger blind spots. c. a greater rod to cone ratio. d. a greater cone to rod ratio.
c. a greater rod to cone ratio.
Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells, are known as: a. receptors. b. geniculate cells. c. amacrine cells. d. optic nerves.
c. amacrine cells.
Color constancy depends on which part of the nervous system? a. rods b. the postcentral gyrus c. area V4 of the occipital lobe d. area V1 of the temporal lobe
c. area V4 of the occipital lobe
The human condition that corresponds closest to what kittens experience when raised in an environment of only horizontal or vertical lines is: a. strabismus. b. double vision. c. astigmatism. d. amblyopia.
c. astigmatism.
Astigmatism refers to the: a. sensitive period for development of vision. b. ability to see horizontal and vertical lines. c. asymmetric curvature of eyes. d. inability to detect motion.
c. asymmetric curvature of eyes.
What can cause a permanent blurring of vision for either horizontal or vertical lines? a. pressure on the optic chiasm b. weak muscles controlling the lens of the eyes c. asymmetric curvature of the eyes d. damage to the corpus callosum
c. asymmetric curvature of the eyes
Damage to V1 produces ____ and damage to A1 produces ____. a. blindness; complete deafness b. complete deafness; blindness c. blindness; deafness to complex sounds d. blindness; ringing in the ears
c. blindness; deafness to complex sounds
The scala tympani makes up part of the: a. tympanic membrane. b. middle ear. c. cochlea. d. ossicles.
c. cochlea.
Central nervous system axons regenerate much better in fish than in mammals because: a. fish nerves do not have to travel so far to reach their target. b. fewer fish nerves are covered with myelin. c. fish do not produce as much scar tissue. d. fish generally have a lower body temperature.
c. fish do not produce as much scar tissue.
What is the name of the receptor cells of the auditory system? a. rods and cones b. sound bulbs c. hair cells d. basilar membranes
c. hair cells
A(n) ____ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field. a. simple b. complex c. hypercomplex d. polycomplex
c. hypercomplex
Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain? a. lateral geniculate and cerebral cortex b. superior colliculus and cerebral cortex c. lateral geniculate and superior colliculus d. prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe
c. lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing: a. the letter T. b. a circle. c. repeating stripes on a flag. d. a single bar of light.
c. repeating stripes on a flag.
Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision. a. trichromatic b. opponent-process c. retinex d. constancy
c. retinex
Myelination is a process common to: a. all vertebrate axons. b. all vertebrate dendrites. c. some vertebrate axons. d. some invertebrate axons.
c. some vertebrate axons.
Children with strabismus fail to develop: a. perception of movement. b. the ability to recognize faces. c. stereoscopic depth perception. d. any kind of depth perception.
c. stereoscopic depth perception.
Research in people over age 60 who were randomly assigned to experience six months of aerobic exercise showed: a. that they developed more axons. b. that they developed less tumors. c. that they developed greater thickness of the cortex. d. that they developed less thickness of the cortex.
c. that they developed greater thickness of the cortex.
One drawback to using an eye patch to help correct lazy eye is that: a. the eyes do not equalize in strength b. the eye patch makes the strong eye weaker c. the child often refuses to wear the patch as long as necessary d. the child breaks the patch
c. the child often refuses to wear the patch as long as necessary
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following cells? a. Horizontal b. Amacrine c. Bipolar d. Ganglion
d. Ganglion
Which of the following treatments would be most likely to help a patient starting several days after a stroke? a. Injecting a drug to block dopamine b. Administering tranquilizers c. Extensive bed rest d. Giving stimulant drugs combined with physical therapy
d. Giving stimulant drugs combined with physical therapy
No known type of brain damage causes a person to lose the ability to recognize one person without impairing the ability to recognize others. What inference can we draw from this fact? a. Visual recognition depends on simple cells, not complex cells. b. Visual recognition depends on complex cells, not simple cells. c. Visual recognition depends on cells in the lateral geniculate. d. No one cell is solely responsible for recognizing any one facial pattern.
d. No one cell is solely responsible for recognizing any one facial pattern.
The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component. a. vestibular; somatosensory b. visual; vestibular c. auditory; taste d. auditory; vestibular
d. auditory; vestibular
Light from above our head strikes the: a. left side of the retina. b. right side of the retina. c. top half of the retina. d. bottom half of the retina.
d. bottom half of the retina.
Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for: a. details of shape. b. color and brightness. c. movement. d. integrating vision with action.
d. integrating vision with action.
In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is specialized for detecting ____, and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting ____. a. meaning; duration b. duration; meaning c. shape; location d. location; shape
d. location; shape
The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to: a. poor eyesight. b. malformation of area V4 in the brain. c. complete absence of one of the types of cones. d. long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment.
d. long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment.
Research on laboratory animals indicates that cannabinoids are most effective if taken: a. as soon as the stroke occurs. b. within 20 minutes of the stroke. c. steadily for one month. d. shortly before the stroke.
d. shortly before the stroke.
The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the: a. cerebral cortex b. superior colliculus c. inferior colliculus d. thalamus
d. thalamus
One peculiarity of itch sensations is that: a. they can be felt in body parts that have no sensory receptors. b. they are suppressed by morphine for unusually long times. c. they are suppressed by Novocaine for unusually long times. d. they depend on action potentials transmitted at very slow speeds.
d. they depend on action potentials transmitted at very slow speeds.