PSYC Ch 5 Quiz Review

Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association

False

Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal

False

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated _________

generalization

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is ________ resistant to extinction

more

Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer

False

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal

Which of the following statements is true about secondary reinforcers?

They acquire their value through association with established reinforcers.

Teachers can learn to use __________ to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it

behavior modification

People seem to be ready to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, this is referred to as __________

biological preparedness

__________ is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

extinction

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.

fixed-interval schedule

With a ________, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches

fixed-interval schedule

__________ is a behavior therapy method in which fear-evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished

flooding

Albert was once awoken from his sleep by a white rat that fell on him. Following this incident, he began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Albert's fear of all furry white objects is due to _____

generalization

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called __________

operant behavior

Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them.. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by _________

shaping

Operant conditioning is essentially learning __________

the consequences that follow a behavior

Michaela works as waitress and she knows that the more tables that she waits on the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a__________

variable-ratio schedule

Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears

False

The evolutionary perspective suggests that animals are biologically prepared to develop taste aversions that are adaptive in their environments

True

With respect to classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is about how well an organism can predict what will come next

True

Consider an experiment in which a pigeon is placed in a Skinner box with a button on the wall. The cage contains a small green light that is turned on and off intermittently throughout the day. When the pigeon pecks the button when the green light is on, the behavior is reinforced with food. When it pecks the button when the green light is off, the behavior is not reinforced. The pigeon soon learns that button pecking will be rewarded only when the green light is on. In this scenario, the green light is a(n) __________

discriminative stimulus

Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear

Counterconditioning

In a __________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

fixed-interval schedule

Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove

False

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE? A) Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement B) Positive punishment is when an organism receives a small, but pleasant, reward C) the effects of punishment are preferred over reinforcement D) negative punishment is receiving an aversive stimulus

Further research required!!!

In the context of operant conditioning, an example of __________ is when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes."

reinforcement

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule

False

_________ states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out. A) Thorndike's law of effect B) Bandura's social learning theory C) Kelly's attribution theory D) Pavlov's law of conditioning

Thorndike's law of effect

B.F. Skinner was known for training animals in operant conditioning

True

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience

True

In counterconditioning, an organism learns to respond to a stimulus in a way that is completely compatible with a response that was conditioned earlier

False

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________. A) latent learning B) classical conditioning C) operant conditioning D) observational learning

Further research required!!!

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

It involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response

True

In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

True

In classical conditioning. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

True

You had not heard the song that you and your previous boyfriend used to listen to in years. Upon hearing it again you were surprised by all of the mixed emotions that you were experiencing. This is an example of spontaneous recovery

True

Benjamin entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Benjamin's aversion toward pizza occurred through ________

classical conditioning

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a __________

fixed-ratio schedule

In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:

media violence contributes to aggression among people

According to ________, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced

observational learning