PSYC Unit 3 Inquisitive/Vocab Study Guide

Reuban takes every poker win as a sign of skill and every loss as a sign of bad luck, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

B) Confirmation bias

A baby who has XX chromosomes and male genitals A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome D) Turner syndrome

B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Kohler's chimpanzee and bananas experiment is when the monkeys realized that they could stack boxes in order to reach the banana, which is an example of... A) Restructuring B) Insight C) Overcoming functional fixes

B) Insight

What term applies to completing a level in a video game? A) Using subgoals B) Insight C) Working backwards

B) Insight

He conducted research on sexual behavior through direct observation A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters

B) William Masters

He identified a pattern of physical or psychological A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters

B) William Masters

Confirmation bias

Bias of preferring information that confirms your preexisting beliefs and ignoring contradictory information

Hierarchies

Breaking down one concept into categories that fall under that concept

A baby who has XY sex characteristics and female genitalia A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome D) Turner syndrome

C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Individuals with this difference in sexual development (DSD) are genetically female but develop ambiguous genitals or genitals that look like a penis. A) Turner syndrome B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia D) Klinefelter syndrome

C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Duncker's box and candle problem includes trying to attach a candle to the wall with only a tack box, tacks, and matches, which is an example of... A) Restructuring B) Insight C) Overcoming functional fixes

C) Overcoming functional fixes

Ahmed can solve a rubick's cube, math puzzles, and other mind puzzles faster than everyone else, people are surprised to hear that he's a plumber and not a mathemetician is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

C) Representative heuristic

Barbra is shy and likes alone time, so people are surprised to learn that she's an entertainer and not a librarian, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

C) Representative heuristic

Seeing a female mechanic, Mike takes his car somewhere to be serviced by a male mechanic without realizing that the female has high ratings, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

C) Representative heuristic

Florence bought a new car. Her previous car was 20 years old and had some issues but when the engine light would randomly come on without an issue present. When the engine light comes on in the new car, she decides not to bring it in to the mechanic. A few days later, she noticed a strange noise as she was driving the new car. Which mental shortcut was used? A) Representative heuristic B) Available heuristic C) Affective heuristic

B) Availability heuristic

He found that gay and lesbian behaviors were much more common than most people realized A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters

A) Alfred Kinsey

He reported more than 50% of men and women had participated in premarital sexual behavior A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters

A) Alfred Kinsey

He used surveys with controversial sampling methods to gather data about sexual behaviors A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters

A) Alfred Kinsey

Assuming that two events that happen at the same time must be related is an example of A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

A) Illusory correlation

Xyla believes that jazz keeps lions away because she never sees lions when playing jass music, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

A) Illusory correlation

A baby with XXY sex chromosomes A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome D) Turner syndrome

A) Klinefelter syndrome

Scheerer's nine-dot problem is an example of... A) Restructuring B) Insight C) Overcoming functional fixes

A) Restructuring

Individuals with this genetic variation are born with female genitals, but they do not develop many secondary sex characteristics that are typical in women. A) Turner syndrome B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia D) Klinefelter syndrome

A) Turner syndrome

What term applies to saving enough money to study abroad? A) Using subgoals B) Insight C) Working backwards

A) Using subgoals

Identify the ways in which gender stereotypes can contribute to sexist attitudes and behaviors A) Gender stereotypes restrict people from comfortably and flexibly expressing themselves B) Gender stereotypes limit our understanding of who people really are C) Even children's gender stereotypes are rigid and difficult to change D) Gender stereotypes capture many complex details about gender E) We tend to unfairly evaluate stereotypes categories as either superior or inferior

A, B, & E

Infantile amnesia

Adults can't make and retrieve memories prior to the age of three

Which of the following are analogic representations and which are symbolic? A) Photo of a person B) Drawing of a house C) The word "sunset" D) Written directions E) Map of a bus route F) Equation to a math problem G) Architect's design sketch H) Ingredients in a recipe I) Sign with a picture of a fire truck

Analogical: A, B, E, G, & I Symbolic: C, D, F, & H

Stereotypes

Assumptions applied to an entire group that's not always accurate

For what reason are schemas not useful? A) People have specific roles in the context of any given situation B) Schemas have fewer negative effects than stereotypes C) Schemas allow us to think efficiently about objects by categorizing them D) Many of the most commonly encountered situations have consistent attributes

B

Identify the false influence that support the development of more flexible views of gender A) Efforts to market children's toys in ways that make them attractive to all children B) Better understanding traditional gender roles by observing people having consistently with them C) Experiencing cultures that embrace a non-binary gender schema D) Exposure to individuals who defy traditional gender role expectations

B

Which of the following statements accurately describe the interaction between hormones and sexual desires in men A) Men's hormonal level never require medical treatment B) As men age their testosterone levels decrease C) Sexual desire can increase testosterone levels D) Like women, men experience cyclical fluctuations in their level of sex hormones

B & C

Individuals with this DSD are genetically male but may be born with genitals that look more like a vagina. A) Turner syndrome B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia D) Klinefelter syndrome

B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Notice evidence that supports your beliefs and ignoring evidence that doesn't is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

B) Confirmation bias

Individuals with this genetic variation experience typical male development until puberty but develop secondary sex characteristics more typical of women. A) Turner syndrome B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia D) Klinefelter syndrome

D) Klinefelter syndrom

A baby who has XO sex chromosomes A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome D) Turner syndrome

D) Turner syndrome

Involves ranking outcomes as better or worse Problem solving or decision making?

Decision making

Involves selection among alternatives Problem solving or decision making?

Decision making

Retrieval failure

Difficulty accessing information stored in long term memory Example: Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Encoding failure

Disruption during the process of moving information from short term memory to long term memory

Misinformation effect

Distortion that results from misleading post-event information

Fido's baseball team has been losing a lot lately, he says he "saw trouble brewing months ago, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

E) Hindsight bias

Wrongly thinking after an event has occurred that you could have predicted it is an example of A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

E) Hindsight bias

Rehersal

Elaboration Example: Repitition

Availability heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of an event based on the ease in which it comes to our mind

A bus company offers discounts when people buy tickets in advance rather than emphasizing the fees incurred when booking last minute is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

F) Framing

A dating site found that hoping to get capital funding, says that the site is used by 20% of San Fransisco singles is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

F) Framing

All people experience sexual attraction to other people True or false?

False

Men experience more variable sexial interests, motivations, and behaviors than women True or false?

False

Nicole and Tiffany, a lesbian couple, are raising a daughter together. It is likely that their daughter will identify as lesbian later in life. True or false?

False

The best way to deal with stereotypes is to avoid using the schema that gives rise to them. True or False?

False

The term homosexual is considered the most appropriate term to refer to people who report being attached to people of the same sex True or false?

False

There is significant evidence that a person's sexual orientation can be successfully converted using behavioral modification therapy. True or false?

False

Which of the following are examples of formal reasoning and informal reasoning? A) Patterson used a statistical test to rule out a suspect in a murder investigation. B) Henry, a juror, decided the case based on his gut feeling about the defendant. C) Before Mario bought a condo, he hired a professional inspector to check it out. D) Julia picked a restaurant for tomorrows lunch by looking at yelp reviews

Formal - A & C Informal - B & D

Which of the following are functions of schemas and which are potential problems of schemas? A) Schemas can reinforce gender stereotypes. B) Schemas can influence peoples perceptions based on race and ethnicity. C) Schemas for common situations include rules for how to behave. D) Schemas assign people roles to play.

Functions: C & D Potential problems: A & B

Retrieval cues - Recall

Generate previously remembered information

Encoding

Getting information into memory

Retrieval cues - Recognition

Identify previously learned information from an array of option

Analogical representations

Images, analogues for actual objects

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories

Forgetting - Decay

Information fades over time

Representative heuristic

Judging the probability of an event by its similarity to a prototype

Storage

Keeping information in memory

Source amnesia

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

Mnemonic

Learning to aid to enhance recall Example: Every Good Boy Does Find in sheet music

Algorithms

Logical, step by step procedure that will always solve the problem

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of past memories

Affective heuristic

Making decisions based on current emotions

Elaborative

Making information meaningful in some way

Forgetting - Interference

Memories get in the way of each other

Chunking

Memorizing pieces of information before the entire piece of information

Concept

Mental representation of a group or category of things that share common properties

Schema

Mental structures based on prior experience and help organizing information

Interference - Proactive interference

New information is harder to access due to interference from old information

Base rate fallacy

Not considering how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population

Interference - Retroactive interference

Old information is harder to access due to interference from new information

Mental sets

Only using a single solution for all potential problems

Organization

Organize into schemas or hierarchies Example: Color code

Identify each sex characteristic as either secondary or primary sex characteristics A) Menarche and Supermarche B) Pubic hair C) Deepening of male's voices D) Mature gentiles E) Development of female breasts

Primary: A & D Secondary: B, C, and E

Involves from getting from a present state to a goal state Problem solving or decision making?

Problem solving

Involves obstacles Problem solving or decision making?

Problem solving

Explicit

Process of recalling information intentionally

Reconsolidation

Process of retrieving memories and distorting them before returning the memory

Retrival

Reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory

Implicit

Recalling information we do not deliberately remember

Implicit - Classical conditioning

Remembering associations between stimuli

Explicit - Episodic

Remembering experiences

Implicit - Procedural

Remembering how to do things

Explicit - Semantic

Remembering names, social security numbers, etc.

Working memory

STM process emphasizing manipulation of information

Context dependent learning

Same external state Example: Testing in the same room where you learned the information you're being tested on

State dependent learning

Same internal state Example: People with depression remembering sad moments

Heuristics

Shortcuts to increase our thinking efficiency

Maintenance

Simply repeating information in its original form

Hindsight bias

Tendency to overestimate our predictive abilities after getting the results we predicted

Primacy effect

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list well

Recency effect

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list well

Functional fixedness

Thinking that object A can only be used for a single purpose Example: You can use a staple remover to open a key ring

A young boy named Ike enjoys wearing dresses and playing with dolls. It's believed that Ike will most likely find himself attracted to males later in life. True or false?

True

People who are gay or lesbian primarily experience sexual attraction to same sex or similar sex individuals True or false?

True

Several U.S. states and Canadian provinces have passed legislation banning the use of conversion therapy on minors. True or false?

True

Sexual orientation is best viewed as a continuum rather than a set of categories True or false?

True

Which statements most accurately describe the changing social acceptance of variation in sexual orientation? A) Careers in social work or human services are good options for people who wish to support people with diverse sex, gender, and attraction experiences. B) Gay or lesbian sexual attraction was identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a mental illness as recently as 2010. C) Worldwide, attitudes toward people with similar-sex attractions are generally becoming more positive. D) Acronyms such as LGBTQIA+ have hindered social acceptance of variations in sexual orientation. E) Same-sex marriage is currently legal in many, but not all, U.S. states.

A & C

Jerome wants to persue a career where he can help people with diverse sex, gender, and attraction experience, which of the following would be good information to offer him? A) With a bachelor's degree in psychology, sociology, or social work, he could become a social worker who supports lgbtq clients address issues B) With a bachelor's degree in psychology, he could help clients with gender dysphoria by prescribing medication C) With a bachelor's degree in psychology, he can assess lgbts clients' mental health, identify needs, develop care plans, and provide case management D) He could become a human services assistant who helps individuals and families find services, support, and benefits

A & D

When does paraphilia become a psychological disorder known as paraphilic disorder A) When the paraphilia causes someone harm B) When the paraphilia persists for 6+ months C) When the paraphilia is accompanied by fantasies D) When the paraphilia is a source of distress

A & D

Which of the following are commonly associated with sexual dysfunction? A) Feeling less happy and emotionally satisfied B) Increasing age in women C) Higher level of education D) Changes in finance

A & D

Which term applies to getting in shape to run a half-marathon? A) Using subgoals B) Insight C) Working backwards

C) Working backwards

What term applies to orchestral music instruments? What term applies to a trumpet? What term applies to having brass tubing? A) Concept B) Category C) Property

Concept: Trumpet Category: orchestral instruments Property: Brass tubing

Which of the following are congenital adrenal hyperplasia or androgen insensitivity syndrome? A) Sex chromosomes of a female B) Sex chromosomes of a male C) Genitals that are ambiguous or resemble male gentiles D) Genitals that are ambiguous or resemble female genitals E) Cells that don't respond to testosterone produced by testes F) In utero exposure to high level of androgens

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A, C, & F Androgen insensitivity syndrome: B, D, & E

Larry doesn't know why he voted for the person running the town council but the candidate he chose has signs posted all over, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing

D) Availability heuristic

Identify the true or false statements about menarche A) All women respond positively to the experience of menarche B) Menarche is the first release of an egg cell from one of the ovaries C) On average menarche occurs earlier today than it did 50 years ago D) Obesity tends to delay the onset of menstruation

True: B & C False: A & D

Reasoning

Using information to determine if a conclusion is valid

Flashbulb memories

Vivid memories from certain events where people have high confidence in their memory, which isn't always the case

Forgetting

We lose information through multiple processes

Encoding specificity principle

We're more likely to remember something when encoding and retrieval cues are alike

Symbolic representations

Words or ideas

Prototype

Your expectation of how something is supposed to look