PSYC Unit 3 Inquisitive/Vocab Study Guide
Reuban takes every poker win as a sign of skill and every loss as a sign of bad luck, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
B) Confirmation bias
A baby who has XX chromosomes and male genitals A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome D) Turner syndrome
B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Kohler's chimpanzee and bananas experiment is when the monkeys realized that they could stack boxes in order to reach the banana, which is an example of... A) Restructuring B) Insight C) Overcoming functional fixes
B) Insight
What term applies to completing a level in a video game? A) Using subgoals B) Insight C) Working backwards
B) Insight
He conducted research on sexual behavior through direct observation A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters
B) William Masters
He identified a pattern of physical or psychological A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters
B) William Masters
Confirmation bias
Bias of preferring information that confirms your preexisting beliefs and ignoring contradictory information
Hierarchies
Breaking down one concept into categories that fall under that concept
A baby who has XY sex characteristics and female genitalia A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome D) Turner syndrome
C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Individuals with this difference in sexual development (DSD) are genetically female but develop ambiguous genitals or genitals that look like a penis. A) Turner syndrome B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia D) Klinefelter syndrome
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Duncker's box and candle problem includes trying to attach a candle to the wall with only a tack box, tacks, and matches, which is an example of... A) Restructuring B) Insight C) Overcoming functional fixes
C) Overcoming functional fixes
Ahmed can solve a rubick's cube, math puzzles, and other mind puzzles faster than everyone else, people are surprised to hear that he's a plumber and not a mathemetician is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
C) Representative heuristic
Barbra is shy and likes alone time, so people are surprised to learn that she's an entertainer and not a librarian, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
C) Representative heuristic
Seeing a female mechanic, Mike takes his car somewhere to be serviced by a male mechanic without realizing that the female has high ratings, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
C) Representative heuristic
Florence bought a new car. Her previous car was 20 years old and had some issues but when the engine light would randomly come on without an issue present. When the engine light comes on in the new car, she decides not to bring it in to the mechanic. A few days later, she noticed a strange noise as she was driving the new car. Which mental shortcut was used? A) Representative heuristic B) Available heuristic C) Affective heuristic
B) Availability heuristic
He found that gay and lesbian behaviors were much more common than most people realized A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters
A) Alfred Kinsey
He reported more than 50% of men and women had participated in premarital sexual behavior A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters
A) Alfred Kinsey
He used surveys with controversial sampling methods to gather data about sexual behaviors A) Alfred Kinsey B) William Masters
A) Alfred Kinsey
Assuming that two events that happen at the same time must be related is an example of A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
A) Illusory correlation
Xyla believes that jazz keeps lions away because she never sees lions when playing jass music, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
A) Illusory correlation
A baby with XXY sex chromosomes A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome D) Turner syndrome
A) Klinefelter syndrome
Scheerer's nine-dot problem is an example of... A) Restructuring B) Insight C) Overcoming functional fixes
A) Restructuring
Individuals with this genetic variation are born with female genitals, but they do not develop many secondary sex characteristics that are typical in women. A) Turner syndrome B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia D) Klinefelter syndrome
A) Turner syndrome
What term applies to saving enough money to study abroad? A) Using subgoals B) Insight C) Working backwards
A) Using subgoals
Identify the ways in which gender stereotypes can contribute to sexist attitudes and behaviors A) Gender stereotypes restrict people from comfortably and flexibly expressing themselves B) Gender stereotypes limit our understanding of who people really are C) Even children's gender stereotypes are rigid and difficult to change D) Gender stereotypes capture many complex details about gender E) We tend to unfairly evaluate stereotypes categories as either superior or inferior
A, B, & E
Infantile amnesia
Adults can't make and retrieve memories prior to the age of three
Which of the following are analogic representations and which are symbolic? A) Photo of a person B) Drawing of a house C) The word "sunset" D) Written directions E) Map of a bus route F) Equation to a math problem G) Architect's design sketch H) Ingredients in a recipe I) Sign with a picture of a fire truck
Analogical: A, B, E, G, & I Symbolic: C, D, F, & H
Stereotypes
Assumptions applied to an entire group that's not always accurate
For what reason are schemas not useful? A) People have specific roles in the context of any given situation B) Schemas have fewer negative effects than stereotypes C) Schemas allow us to think efficiently about objects by categorizing them D) Many of the most commonly encountered situations have consistent attributes
B
Identify the false influence that support the development of more flexible views of gender A) Efforts to market children's toys in ways that make them attractive to all children B) Better understanding traditional gender roles by observing people having consistently with them C) Experiencing cultures that embrace a non-binary gender schema D) Exposure to individuals who defy traditional gender role expectations
B
Which of the following statements accurately describe the interaction between hormones and sexual desires in men A) Men's hormonal level never require medical treatment B) As men age their testosterone levels decrease C) Sexual desire can increase testosterone levels D) Like women, men experience cyclical fluctuations in their level of sex hormones
B & C
Individuals with this DSD are genetically male but may be born with genitals that look more like a vagina. A) Turner syndrome B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia D) Klinefelter syndrome
B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Notice evidence that supports your beliefs and ignoring evidence that doesn't is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
B) Confirmation bias
Individuals with this genetic variation experience typical male development until puberty but develop secondary sex characteristics more typical of women. A) Turner syndrome B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia D) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrom
A baby who has XO sex chromosomes A) Klinefelter syndrome B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) Androgen insensitivity syndrome D) Turner syndrome
D) Turner syndrome
Involves ranking outcomes as better or worse Problem solving or decision making?
Decision making
Involves selection among alternatives Problem solving or decision making?
Decision making
Retrieval failure
Difficulty accessing information stored in long term memory Example: Tip of the tongue phenomenon
Encoding failure
Disruption during the process of moving information from short term memory to long term memory
Misinformation effect
Distortion that results from misleading post-event information
Fido's baseball team has been losing a lot lately, he says he "saw trouble brewing months ago, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
E) Hindsight bias
Wrongly thinking after an event has occurred that you could have predicted it is an example of A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
E) Hindsight bias
Rehersal
Elaboration Example: Repitition
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of an event based on the ease in which it comes to our mind
A bus company offers discounts when people buy tickets in advance rather than emphasizing the fees incurred when booking last minute is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
F) Framing
A dating site found that hoping to get capital funding, says that the site is used by 20% of San Fransisco singles is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
F) Framing
All people experience sexual attraction to other people True or false?
False
Men experience more variable sexial interests, motivations, and behaviors than women True or false?
False
Nicole and Tiffany, a lesbian couple, are raising a daughter together. It is likely that their daughter will identify as lesbian later in life. True or false?
False
The best way to deal with stereotypes is to avoid using the schema that gives rise to them. True or False?
False
The term homosexual is considered the most appropriate term to refer to people who report being attached to people of the same sex True or false?
False
There is significant evidence that a person's sexual orientation can be successfully converted using behavioral modification therapy. True or false?
False
Which of the following are examples of formal reasoning and informal reasoning? A) Patterson used a statistical test to rule out a suspect in a murder investigation. B) Henry, a juror, decided the case based on his gut feeling about the defendant. C) Before Mario bought a condo, he hired a professional inspector to check it out. D) Julia picked a restaurant for tomorrows lunch by looking at yelp reviews
Formal - A & C Informal - B & D
Which of the following are functions of schemas and which are potential problems of schemas? A) Schemas can reinforce gender stereotypes. B) Schemas can influence peoples perceptions based on race and ethnicity. C) Schemas for common situations include rules for how to behave. D) Schemas assign people roles to play.
Functions: C & D Potential problems: A & B
Retrieval cues - Recall
Generate previously remembered information
Encoding
Getting information into memory
Retrieval cues - Recognition
Identify previously learned information from an array of option
Analogical representations
Images, analogues for actual objects
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
Forgetting - Decay
Information fades over time
Representative heuristic
Judging the probability of an event by its similarity to a prototype
Storage
Keeping information in memory
Source amnesia
Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory
Mnemonic
Learning to aid to enhance recall Example: Every Good Boy Does Find in sheet music
Algorithms
Logical, step by step procedure that will always solve the problem
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of past memories
Affective heuristic
Making decisions based on current emotions
Elaborative
Making information meaningful in some way
Forgetting - Interference
Memories get in the way of each other
Chunking
Memorizing pieces of information before the entire piece of information
Concept
Mental representation of a group or category of things that share common properties
Schema
Mental structures based on prior experience and help organizing information
Interference - Proactive interference
New information is harder to access due to interference from old information
Base rate fallacy
Not considering how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population
Interference - Retroactive interference
Old information is harder to access due to interference from new information
Mental sets
Only using a single solution for all potential problems
Organization
Organize into schemas or hierarchies Example: Color code
Identify each sex characteristic as either secondary or primary sex characteristics A) Menarche and Supermarche B) Pubic hair C) Deepening of male's voices D) Mature gentiles E) Development of female breasts
Primary: A & D Secondary: B, C, and E
Involves from getting from a present state to a goal state Problem solving or decision making?
Problem solving
Involves obstacles Problem solving or decision making?
Problem solving
Explicit
Process of recalling information intentionally
Reconsolidation
Process of retrieving memories and distorting them before returning the memory
Retrival
Reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory
Implicit
Recalling information we do not deliberately remember
Implicit - Classical conditioning
Remembering associations between stimuli
Explicit - Episodic
Remembering experiences
Implicit - Procedural
Remembering how to do things
Explicit - Semantic
Remembering names, social security numbers, etc.
Working memory
STM process emphasizing manipulation of information
Context dependent learning
Same external state Example: Testing in the same room where you learned the information you're being tested on
State dependent learning
Same internal state Example: People with depression remembering sad moments
Heuristics
Shortcuts to increase our thinking efficiency
Maintenance
Simply repeating information in its original form
Hindsight bias
Tendency to overestimate our predictive abilities after getting the results we predicted
Primacy effect
Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list well
Recency effect
Tendency to remember words at the end of a list well
Functional fixedness
Thinking that object A can only be used for a single purpose Example: You can use a staple remover to open a key ring
A young boy named Ike enjoys wearing dresses and playing with dolls. It's believed that Ike will most likely find himself attracted to males later in life. True or false?
True
People who are gay or lesbian primarily experience sexual attraction to same sex or similar sex individuals True or false?
True
Several U.S. states and Canadian provinces have passed legislation banning the use of conversion therapy on minors. True or false?
True
Sexual orientation is best viewed as a continuum rather than a set of categories True or false?
True
Which statements most accurately describe the changing social acceptance of variation in sexual orientation? A) Careers in social work or human services are good options for people who wish to support people with diverse sex, gender, and attraction experiences. B) Gay or lesbian sexual attraction was identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a mental illness as recently as 2010. C) Worldwide, attitudes toward people with similar-sex attractions are generally becoming more positive. D) Acronyms such as LGBTQIA+ have hindered social acceptance of variations in sexual orientation. E) Same-sex marriage is currently legal in many, but not all, U.S. states.
A & C
Jerome wants to persue a career where he can help people with diverse sex, gender, and attraction experience, which of the following would be good information to offer him? A) With a bachelor's degree in psychology, sociology, or social work, he could become a social worker who supports lgbtq clients address issues B) With a bachelor's degree in psychology, he could help clients with gender dysphoria by prescribing medication C) With a bachelor's degree in psychology, he can assess lgbts clients' mental health, identify needs, develop care plans, and provide case management D) He could become a human services assistant who helps individuals and families find services, support, and benefits
A & D
When does paraphilia become a psychological disorder known as paraphilic disorder A) When the paraphilia causes someone harm B) When the paraphilia persists for 6+ months C) When the paraphilia is accompanied by fantasies D) When the paraphilia is a source of distress
A & D
Which of the following are commonly associated with sexual dysfunction? A) Feeling less happy and emotionally satisfied B) Increasing age in women C) Higher level of education D) Changes in finance
A & D
Which term applies to getting in shape to run a half-marathon? A) Using subgoals B) Insight C) Working backwards
C) Working backwards
What term applies to orchestral music instruments? What term applies to a trumpet? What term applies to having brass tubing? A) Concept B) Category C) Property
Concept: Trumpet Category: orchestral instruments Property: Brass tubing
Which of the following are congenital adrenal hyperplasia or androgen insensitivity syndrome? A) Sex chromosomes of a female B) Sex chromosomes of a male C) Genitals that are ambiguous or resemble male gentiles D) Genitals that are ambiguous or resemble female genitals E) Cells that don't respond to testosterone produced by testes F) In utero exposure to high level of androgens
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A, C, & F Androgen insensitivity syndrome: B, D, & E
Larry doesn't know why he voted for the person running the town council but the candidate he chose has signs posted all over, which is an example of... A) Illusory correlation B) Confirmation bias C) Representative heuristic D) Availability heuristic E) Hindsight bias F) Framing
D) Availability heuristic
Identify the true or false statements about menarche A) All women respond positively to the experience of menarche B) Menarche is the first release of an egg cell from one of the ovaries C) On average menarche occurs earlier today than it did 50 years ago D) Obesity tends to delay the onset of menstruation
True: B & C False: A & D
Reasoning
Using information to determine if a conclusion is valid
Flashbulb memories
Vivid memories from certain events where people have high confidence in their memory, which isn't always the case
Forgetting
We lose information through multiple processes
Encoding specificity principle
We're more likely to remember something when encoding and retrieval cues are alike
Symbolic representations
Words or ideas
Prototype
Your expectation of how something is supposed to look
