PSYC101 - Chapter 11

The term ______ is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.

deindividuation

Social identity theory suggests that we can engage in stereotyping by focusing on how our in-groups and out-groups are ______ rather than how they are ______.

different similar

A persuasion tool that involves making a big pitch at the beginning of a sale is called the ______-in-the-face technique.

door

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____. 1) obedience 2) deindividuation 3) normative social influence 4) informational social influence

informational social influence

The bystander effect makes it ______ (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.

less

When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social ______.

loafing

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a contributing factor in prejudice? 1) meaningful contact with diverse individuals 2) cultural learning 3) feeling bad about oneself 4) competition for resources that are scarce

meaningful contact with diverse individuals

When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with religious or ethnic group affiliations, they are stating their ______ identity.

social

Researchers have criticized the results of the Stanford prison experiment by researching which of the following ideas? 1) That not telling participants the study was about prison life may have resulted in getting more passive participants 2) That recruiting for a study about "prison life" may have resulted in getting more altruistic participants 3) That recruiting for a study about "prison life" may have resulted in getting more aggressive participants 4) That not telling participants the study was about prison life resulted in participants feeling deceived and being more aggressive

That recruiting for a study about "prison life" may have resulted in getting more aggressive participants

Anything that makes us think aggressive thoughts could be associated with aggression. The concept from cognitive psychology is ______: anything that makes something salient to a person.

priming

The Stanford prison experiment has been criticized because the advertisement mentioned specifically "______ life."

prison

Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the ______ (increased/reduced) accountability for individual effort.

reduced

Researchers examined an intervention to reduce implicit prejudice. What did participants do in this intervention, from start to finish?

1) Completed the Implicit Associations Test 2) Received their Implicit Associations Test 3) Underwent training to break prejudice habits 4) Were advised to seek out contact with members of the out-group

______ refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

Aggression

______ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Altruism

Prejudice is which of the following? 1) An organized body of information stored in memory that biases the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled 2) An attitude directed toward an individual based on their membership in a particular group 3) A generalization about a particular group that does not consider variation between individuals 4) An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around? 1) Bystander effect 2) Altruism 3) Elaboration likelihood 4) Fundamental attribution error

Bystander effect

Which of the following is an example of social contagion? 1) Exercising at home instead of the gym so you can avoid having to socialize 2) Painting a ceramic vase because painting relaxes you. 3) Studying for tomorrow's exam because you are too nervous to sleep 4) Choosing a Dalmatian puppy instead of another breed because people you admire on social media all have Dalmatians

Choosing a Dalmatian puppy instead of another breed because people you admire on social media all have Dalmatians

_____ racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level. 1) Explicit 2) Dissonance 3) Conformity 4) Implicit

Implicit

______ racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level.

Implicit

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which Whites and Blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination? 1) Punishing prejudiced behavior or speech 2) Increasing contact between majority and minority groups 3) Providing information about the targets of stereotyping 4) Making values and norms against prejudice more conspicuous

Increasing contact between majority and minority groups

_______ social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.

Normative

What is the social psychological term for a change in behavior in response to the commands of others? 1) Obedience 2) Compliance 3) Conformity 4) Influence

Obedience

______ is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

Obedience

Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive? 1) Instinct approach 2) Psychodynamic approach 3) Frustration-anger theory 4) Observational learning

Observational learning

______ identity is a way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

Social

______ psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

Social

______ ______ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Social cognition

Social cognition is which of the following? 1) The study of human societies, organizations, and institutions 2) The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. 3) The way in which individuals think in social situations 4) The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

The way in which individuals think in social situations

High levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and oxytocin are related to prosocial behavior.

True

Many experts insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children.

True

True or false: Watching positive television shows or playing video games that value helping behavior enhances prosocial thoughts as well as helping behavior.

True

Researchers examined an intervention to reduce implicit prejudice. Which of the following was NOT a part of that intervention? 1) Underwent training to break prejudice habits 2) Were advised to list out-group stereotypes and think of individuals who fit the stereotype 3) Completed the Implicit Associations Test 4) Received their Implicit Associations Test scores 5) Were advised to seek out contact with members of the out-group

Were advised to list out-group stereotypes and think of individuals who fit the stereotype

In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, they were more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was _____, they were likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all. 1) with another bystander; alone 2) happy; sad 3) sad; happy 4) alone; with another bystander

alone; with another bystander

In Asch's famous research study, participants agreed with people making an incorrect choice in a line length judgment task. This study is a classic study of _____. 1) conformity 2) deindividuation 3) obedience 4) attraction

conformity

In Asch's famous research study, participants agreed with people making an incorrect choice in a line length judgment task. This study is a classic study of ______.

conformity

The term social ______ describes an imitative behavior involving the spread of behaviors, emotions, and ideas. For example, this type of imitative behavior can be observed in the copying of unhealthy behaviors such as drinking and smoking among adolescents.

contagion

There is a(n) _____ relationship between playing violent video games and aggression. 1) correlational 2) cause-and-effect 3) experimental 4) negative

correlational

There is a(n) ______ relationship between playing violent video games and aggression, but this relationship does not imply causation.

correlational

Research consistently has shown that increasing the amount of interaction between people can ______ (increase or decrease) negative stereotyping.

decrease

Social _____ is when an individual's performance improves in the presence of others. 1) interference 2) facilitation 3) control 4) pressure

facilitation

Social ______ occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.

facilitation

A persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale is called ______ the -in-the-door technique.

foot

Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _____ determinant(s). 1) no 2) negative 3) a single 4) multiple

multiple

Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of ______ social influence.

normative

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is _____. 1) obedience 2) informational social influence 3) deindividuation 4) normative social influence

normative social influence

The ______ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

observational

Which of the following neurotransmitters and neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior? 1) serotonin 2) norepinephrine 3) oxytocin 4) dopamine 5) GABA

serotonin oxytocin dopamine

A(n) ______ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any individual differences.

stereotype

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that the person is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe? 1) a self-fulfilling prophecy 2) discrimination 3) conformity 4) stereotyping

stereotyping

What kinds of television shows or video games enhance prosocial thoughts and prosocial behavior? 1) those involving animations or animals 2) those with violent themes 3) those with positive content 4) those involving hunting/gathering themes

those with positive content

Aggression is social behavior _____. 1) whose objective is to harm someone verbally 2) that is limited only to humans seeking to harm someone 3) whose objective is to harm someone physically 4) whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

whose objective is to harm someone physically or verbally.

______ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership.

Prejudice

Which of the following are contributing factors in prejudice? 1) Competition for resources that are scarce 2) Meaningful contact with diverse individuals 3) Feeling bad about oneself 4) Cultural learning

Competition for resources that are scarce Feeling bad about oneself Cultural learning

_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility. 1) Conformity 2) Persuasion 3) Obedience 4) Deindividuation

Deindividuation

_____ racism is a person's conscious and openly shared prejudicial attitudes. 1) Implicit 2) Conformity 3) Explicit 4) Dissonance

Explicit

______ racism is a person's conscious and openly shared prejudicial attitudes.

Explicit

When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.

False

Altruism is which of the following? 1) Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself 2) Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity 3) Giving in to the request of another person 4) Adhering to social norms of expected behavior

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view. 1) Social loafing 2) Risky shift 3) Deindividuation 4) Groupthink

Groupthink

______ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view.

Groupthink

Which of the following are cognitive factors linked to aggression? (Choose every correct answer.) 1) Observing others engaging in aggression 2) Unconscious thoughts and feelings 3) Lower levels of serotonin 4) Presence of a weapon

Observing others engaging in aggression Presence of a weapon

Social identity theory suggests that we can engage in stereotyping by focusing on how our in-groups and out-groups are _____ rather than how they are _____. 1) similar; different 2) normative; informational 3) different; similar 4) informational; normative

different; similar

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study? 1) physical and emotional development over a life span 2) the perception of sound waves in the ear canal 3) the traits and unconscious motives of an individual 4) personal attitudes and the perception of others

personal attitudes and the perception of others