Psych 1 Ch. 13: (Defining Psychological Disorders)

Derailment

D_________________ is a symptom of schizophrenia. It is the shifting from one subject to another, without following any one line of thought to conclusion. "Rambling."

Social

A common phobia is s________ phobia, which is extreme shyness around people, or the experience of discomfort in situations where other people are around.

Dissociative fugue

A d_______________ f_________ is a disorder in which an individual loses complete memory of their identity and may even assume a new one, often far from home. Recovery is often rapid, but the individual may have no memory of what triggered this state or the events that occurred after.

Personality

A p____________ disorder is characterized by inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that causes problems in personal, social, and work situations. * Falls on DSM Axis II. * Tend to emerge during late childhood or adolescence; usually continue throughout adulthood. * Categorized into 3 clusters: A: Odd or eccentric behavior B: Dramatic or erratic behavior. C: Anxious or inhibited behavior.

Disorder

A psychological d___________ is defined as an ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person's culture.

Males

ADHD is 70% more likely to be diagnosed in [males or females]?

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity

ADHD stands for a_____________-d________/H_______________ disorder. This is a developmental behavioral disorder characterized by problems with focus, difficulty maintaining attention, and inability to concentrate. * Symptoms start before 7 years of age. * In adults, symptoms are often forgetfulness, difficulty paying attention to detail, procrastinating, disorganization in work habits, and not listening to others.

Autism Spectrum

ASD stands for A_________ S___________ Disorder. This is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, by restricted and repetitive behavior, and in which symptoms begin before age 7. * Classification can range from "mild" or "severe." * Diagnoses have increased dramatically, especially for milder forms. * Affects almost 1% of American children.

Anxiety

A__________ disorders are a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and "nervousness," and can include compulsive behavior to try to eradicate the nervousness. Examples: * GAD (generalized) * Panic disorder * Specific phobia disorder, such as agoraphobia. * OCD/obsessive-compulsive disorder. * PTSD/posttraumatic stress disorder.

Antisocial

A__________ personality disorder is a Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic behavior. Characterized by a poor moral sense or "conscience." History of deception, crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive or violent behavior. Little emotional empathy or remorse for hurting others. Manipulative, careless, callous. At high risk for substance abuse and alcoholism. * Formerly known as "psychopathy." * Pervasive pattern of violating rights of others beginning in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. * Person must be over 18 years old and have documented history of "conduct disorder" before age 15. * Foundation of criminal behavior. Intensity of symptoms tend to peak during 20s and may decrease.

Avoidant

A__________ personality disorder is a Cluster C: Anxious/Inhibited behavior. Characterized by social anxiety and feelings of discomfort unless they are confident of being liked. In contrast with schizoid people, they actually learn for social contact. Fear criticism and worries about being embarrassed in front of others. Avoids social situations due to fear of rejection.

Abnormal

A____________ psychology is the application of psychological science to understanding and treating mental disorders. More psychologists work in diagnosing and treating disorders than other jobs.

1

About _ in every 4 people are affected by a psychological disorder during any one year.

II

Axes number [I, II, III, IV, or V?] in the DSM is related to personality disorders.

V

Axes number [I, II, III, IV, or V?] in the DSM is related to: global assessment of "defining functioning."

I

Axes number [I, II, III, IV, or V?] in the DSM is related to: major clinical disorders (except for personality disorders and intellectual disability).

III

Axes number [I, II, III, IV, or V?] in the DSM is related to: physical symptoms related to mental disorders.

IV

Axes number [I, II, III, IV, or V?] in the DSM is related to: social and cultural factors.

Bipolar

B_________ disorder is characterized by swings in mood from overly "high" to sad and hopeless, and back again, with periods of near-normal mood in between. * Often chronic and lifelong; may begin in childhood. * Diagnosis is often complicated by the high comorbidity of this disorder with other anxiety and mood disorders.

Borderline

B_____________ personality disorder is a Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic behavior. Characterized by unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships. Frequent mood changes and anger, unpredictable impulses. Self-mutilation or suicidal threats or gestures to get attention or manipulate others. Self-image fluctuates, and they tend to see others as "all good" or "all bad." * Prolonged disturbance of personality/identity problems. * Fear of abandonment. * Often associated with suicide. * Widely diagnosed (20% of psychiatric patients diagnosed). Can occur in about 2% of the population. 75% of diagnosed cases are women.

Psychosis

Because the schizophrenic patient has lost contact with reality, we say that they are experiencing p_____________.

Depression

Behaviors associated with d________________, a mood disorder, are: * Changes in appetite; weight loss or gain. * Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions. * Feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and pessimism. * Increased use of alcohol or drugs. * Irritability, restlessness. * Loss of interest in activities or hobbies that were once pleasurable, like sex. * Loss of interest in personal appearance. * Persistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not improve with treatment. * Sleep disorders, either trouble sleeping or excessive sleeping. * Thoughts of suicide or attempts at suicide.

Catatonia

C______________ is a symptom of schizophrenia. It is a movement disorder in which a person does not move and is unresponsive to others. The positions can sometimes be uncomfortable and bizarre.

Comorbidity

C______________ occurs when people who suffer from one disorder also suffer at the same time from other disorders. Because this is actually quite common, most severe mental disorders are concentrated in a small group of people (about 6% of the population) who have more than *three* disorders.

C

Cluster [A, B, or C?] Personality Disorders are characterized by anxious or fearful behaviors. Examples: * Avoidant personality disorder * Dependent personality disorder * Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

B

Cluster [A, B, or C?] Personality Disorders are characterized by: dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors. Examples: * Antisocial personality disorder * Borderline personality disorder * Histrionic personality disorder * Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Cluster [A, B, or C?] Personality Disorders are characterized by: odd or eccentric behaviors. Examples: * Paranoid personality disorder * Schizoid personality disorder * Schizotypal personality disorder

Dissociative

D_______________ disorders are mental illnesses characterized by forgetting or memory distortion that does NOT happen because of physical factors. Conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, and identity. Mostly a defense against trauma. Example: * D. amnesia or D. fugue * D. identity disorder ("multiple personality")

90%

Current research suggests that autism spectrum disorders reflect biological causes. The heritability of autism may be as high as _ _%

Delusions

D__________ are a symptom of schizophrenia. They are false beliefs that are not commonly shared by others within one's culture, and maintained even though they are obviously out-of-touch with reality. Example: "My neighbors are FBI agents that were sent to spy on me."

Dependent

D__________ personality disorder is a Cluster C: Anxious/Inhibited behavior. Characterized by someone being submissive, dependent, requiring excessive approval, reassurance, and advice. Clings to people and fears losing them. Lack self-confidence. Uncomfortable when alone. May be devastated by end of close relationships or suicidal if breakup is threatened.

Delirium

D___________ is an acutely disturbed state of mind that occurs in fever, intoxication, and other disorders. It is characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence of thought and speech.

Dissociative identity

D______________ i__________ disorder is when two or more distinct personalities exist in the same person, and in which there is an extreme memory disruption regarding personal information about the other personalities. * Often involves a "host" and "alter" personalities. * Rare and most seen in adolescents and young adults. * Researchers consider the legitimacy of this disorder.

Dissociative amnesia

D_______________ a___________ is a mental illness that involves extensive, but selective, memory loss in which there is no physiological explanation for the forgetting. Normally brought on by a trauma.

Physical

Delirium, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease are all mental disorders that cause forgetting or memory distortions as a result of p_________ factors.

Environmentally

Dissociative disorders seem to be almost entirely [biologically or environmentally?] determined. Severe emotional trauma during childhood coupled with a strong stressor is usually cited as the underlying cause.

Eating

E________ disorders are extreme, harmful behaviors related to food consumption that can cause serious illness or even death.

Substance abuse

Excessive use of *any* drug (example: caffeine or alcohol) can indicate that somebody has a s___________ a_______ disorder.

Factitious

F______________ disorders are conditions in which a person acts as if he or she has an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms. Or, they sometimes pretend others they take care of are sick (syndrome "by proxy") for reasons such as seeking comfort and attention.

Generalized anxiety disorder

GAD stands for g_______________ anxiety disorder. This is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal by no specific reason. Rather, it happens excessively in many situations.

Histrionic

H__________ personality disorder is a Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic behavior. Characterized by constant attention seeking. Grandiose language, provocative dress, exaggerated illnesses, all to gain attention. Belief that everybody loves them. Emotional, lively, overly dramatic, enthusiastic, and excessively flirtatious.

Hallucinations

H_________________ are a symptom of schizophrenia. They are imaginary sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus. OR, they are gross distortions of a real stimulus.

Bio-psycho-social

The b___-p_______-s________ model of explaining mental illness assumes that disorders are caused by biological, psychological (ex: temperament) and external social factors.

Major

M_______ depressive disorder is a type of depression that is characterized by an all-encompassing low mood, with low self-esteem, and a loss interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Affects 7% of the American population in any given year.

Mood

M_______ disorders are psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Example: Major depressive disorder (extreme sadness) or bipolar disorder (alternating between mania and depression).

Mood

M_______ is the word that describes the positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences.

Affective

Mood disorders are also known as a__________ disorder. Here, mood negatively influences physical, perceptual, social and cognitive processes. * Affects 10% of the U.S. population in a given year. * Most common symptom is a negative mood. * Can occur at any age. Median age of onset is 32 years old.

Women

Mood/Affective disorders affect twice as many [men or women]?

Narcissistic

N__________ personality disorder is a Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic behavior. Characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success. Exaggerates own achievement, assumes others will recognize they are superior. Good first impressions but poor long-term relationships. Exploitative of others.

Obsessive-compulse

OCD, or o____________-c______________ disorder is diagnosed when a person's *repetitive thoughts* are so disturbing and their *compulsive behaviors* are so time consuming, it causes distress and significant disruption in a person's everyday life.

Obsessive-compulsive

O_________-c____________ personality disorder is a Cluster C: Anxious/Inhibited behavior. Characterized by conscientiousness, and a person being orderly and a perfectionist. Excessive need to do everything "right." Inflexibly high standards and caution can interfere with their productivity. Fears of errors can make them strict and controlling. Poor expression of emotion.

Panic

P_______ disorder involves the experience of "attacks" that involve a shortness of breath, heart palpitations, trembling, dizziness, and extreme fear.

Phobias

P_________ are specific fears of a certain object, situation, or activity. Characterized by their specificity and their irrationality.

Psychotic

P__________ disorders are a group of psychological disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality. Example: Schizophrenia

Paranoid

P__________ personality disorder is a cluster A: Odd/Eccentric disorder. Characterized by a distrust in others, suspicion that people have sinister motives. Apt to challenge the loyalties of friends and read hostile intentions into others' actions. Prone to anger and aggressive outbursts but otherwise emotionally cold. Often jealous, guarded, secretive, and overly anxious.

Persistent depressive

P_____________ depressive disorder is a type of depression that is characterized by mild, but chronic, depressive symptoms that last for at least *2 years.* Also known as "dysthymia."

Personality

P_____________ disorders are psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. Categorized as "Cluster A," "Cluster B," and "Cluster C."

Prevalence

P_______________ is the frequency of occurrence of a given condition in a population at a given time. Ex: 1 in 4 people have a psychological disorder.

Stigmatized

People with psychological disorders are s_________________ by people around them. This means they are being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic.

Host

Regarding *dissociative identity disorder,* a h______ personality is the one in control of the body most of the time. The "main" personality.

Alter

Regarding *dissociative identity disorder,* a_______ personalities are "alternative" and different personalities a person sometimes exhibits. The person tends to consider these personalities different from each other in age, race, gender, language, manners, and even sexual orientation.

Sleep disorder

S________ disorders cause disturbances in the normal pattern of resting and wakefulness on a daily basis. Example: * Apnea (momentary lack of breathing that causes some to wake up). * Narcolepsy

Schizoid

S_________ personality disorder is a cluster A: Odd/Eccentric disorder. Characterized by extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationships. Prefer to be alone, little interest in others. Humorless, distant, often absorbed with their own thoughts and feelings, and daydreams. Fearful of closeness. Often stigmatized as a "loser."

Sexual

S___________ disorders involve the following: * Dysfunctions, including erectile dysfunction and orgasmic disorder. * Paraphilia * Gender identity disorder * Rape & abuse

20

The diagnosis of ADHD has quadrupled over the past 20 years!! It is now the most common psychological disorder among children in the world. In America, about 1 in every _ _ children are diagnosed.

Schizotypal

S____________ personality disorder is a cluster A: Odd/Eccentric disorder. Characterized by peculiar or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange beliefs. "Magical thinking" such as belief in ESP or telepathy. Difficulty forming relationships. May react oddly in conversation, not respond, or talk to self. Speech is often elaborate and difficult to follow.

Somatoform

S_________________ disorders are mental illnesses that cause physical symptoms where there is no clear cause. Thus, we assume the cause can only be psychological. * People become excessively and inaccurately preoccupied with the potential that they have an illness or stigma. Example: Conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and BDD/body dysmorphic disorder.

Schizophrenia

S____________________ is a serious disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior. * Most chronic and debilitating psychological disorder. * Affects men and women equally, and occurs at similar rates across ethnicities and cultures. * Affects 3 million Americans at any one time. * Onset is usually between the ages of 16-30 years old.

Diagnostic, Statistical Manual

The DSM is the book we use for diagnosing mental illnesses DSM stands for the D_____________ and S___________ M__________ of Mental Disorders. It provides a common language and shared criteria for classifying/categorizing mental disorders. There have been several editions: * First edition in 1952. * DSM-IV, last major revision in 1994. Updated 2000 as DSM-IV-TR. * Finally, the newest version is the DSM-V in 2013.

Axes

The DSM organizes the diagnosis of disorder according to 5 "dimensions," also known as a______. Each of these relates to different aspects of a disorder or disability.

Positive

The following are [positive or negative or cognitive?] symptoms of *schizophrenia*: * Hallucinations * Delusions (like grandeur or persecution) * Derailment * Grossly disorganized behavior * Inappropriate affect (facial expressions) * Movement disorders These symptoms are all a trait that appears BECAUSE of schizophrenia.

Cognitive

The following are [positive or negative or cognitive?] symptoms of *schizophrenia*: * Poor executive control * Trouble focusing * Working memory problems * Poor problem-solving abilities

Negative

The following are [positive or negative or cognitive?] symptoms of *schizophrenia*: * Social withdrawal * Flat affect and lack of pleasure in everyday life (less happy, less facial expressions). * Apathy/lack of caring, and loss of motivation. * Distorted sense of time. * Lack of goal-oriented activity. * Limited speech. * Lack of hygiene and poor grooming.

Social

The following are [psychological or social] factors that explain depressive disorders: Cultural expectations about how one ought to feel.

Biological

The following are all b_______________ influences that can increase the likelihood if mental illnesses: * Genes * Neurotransmitters, especially serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels. * Structural brain differences. * Reduced neurogenesis.

Impulse

The following are all disorders that affect willpower, meaning they are i________-control disorders. * Kleptomania (urge to steal). * Pyromania (urge to light fires). * Pathological gambling

Environmental

The following are all e_________________-related factors explaining schizophrenia. * Poverty * Malnutrition * Disease * Stress

Nurture

The following are examples of *anxiety disorders* reflecting [Nature or nurture?] * Childhood abuse * Traumatic events * Conditioning/association processes

Nature

The following are examples of *anxiety disorders* reflecting [Nature or nurture?] * Genetic markers * Brain differences between people with anxiety and without.

Psychological

The following are p__________________ factors to explain depressive disorders: * Negative thoughts an individual as about oneself or others. * Negative behaviors toward others.

Infancy, childhood

The following disorders are diagnosed mainly during the i__________ and c_____________ stages of a person's lifetime: * Mental retardation (now known as "intellectual disability") * Communication, conduct, elimination, feeding, learning, and other motor skill disorders. * Autism spectrum disorder. * Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders, included ADHD/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. * Separation anxiety disorder

Biological

The following factors explaining schizophrenia are [environmental or biological?] * Genetics * Brain structure - e.g., enlarged cerebral ventricles (open spaces in our brain holding cerebrospinal fluid); overall loss of neurons. * Neurotransmitters - e.g,. excessive amounts of dopamine; abnormal serotonin levels.

Lower

The impact of mental illness is strongest on people from [lower or upper?] SES/socioeconomic classes.

Ethnic

The impact of mental illness is strongest on those from a low SES, or those from a disadvantaged e_________ group. These groups are defined as a social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.

Negative

The most common symptoms of depressive disorders is n___________ mood. ("Feeling down.")

5-HTT

There was a research study conducted to use molecular genetics to figure out the causes of depression. Caspi et al. (2003) found that the number of stressful life experiences was associated with increased depression for people with the short allele of a gene called _-_ _ _. BUT this was not evidenced in people without this short allele.

Disordered

To define a behavior as being "d________________," it should be considered three things: - Unusual, otherwise known as *deviant*. - *Distressing* to the individual experiencing it and others - Causing *dysfunction* in the individual's life.

False

True or false: ADHD is considered underdiagnosed. Meaning, more children have ADHD than are discovered and diagnosed with ADHD.

True

True or false: Although ADHD may be overdiagnosed, most psychologists believe that ADHD is a real disorder caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

True

True or false: Anxiety is a natural part of life, but too much of it can be debilitating.

True

True or false: Any disorder that includes academic problems, antisocial behavior, bereavement (grief), child neglect, occupational/work problems, relational problems, physical abuse, and malingering are considered "*other disorders*."

True

True or false: It is difficult to diagnose psychological disorders, although the DSM provides guidelines that are based on a category system. The DSM is frequently revised, taking into consideration new knowledge as well as changes in cultural norms about disorder.

False

True or false: Major depressive disorder is more mild than the depression experienced in persistent depressive disorder.

True

True or false: Persistent depressive disorder is long-lasting and can also be characterized as "mild."

True

True or false: The risk of developing schizophrenia increases substantially if a person has a relative with the disease.

False

True or false: There is a variety of symptoms with schizophrenia, and patients usually exhibit all or most of them.

True

True or false: There is no single cause of schizophrenia. Rather, there are a variety of biological and environmental risk factors that interact in a complex way to increase the likelihood that someone might develop schizophrenia.

Intense

We all may get depressed in our daily lives, but people who suffer from *depressive disorders* tend to experience more i_________ and typically negative feelings.

Environment

[Biological or environmental] factors influencing BPD/borderline personality disorder? * Disturbed early relationship with parents * Parental abuse in adolescence * Divorce, parental alcoholism, and other stressors.

PTSD

_ _ _ _ is the abbreviation for an anxiety disorder that occurs after a person has survived a terrible ordeal, such as combat, torture, rape, imprisonment, abuse, extreme natural disaster, or witnessing the death of somebody close. They experience "flashbacks" and other negative symptoms (like night terrors) that remind them of their trauma.