PSYCH 100 ch 8-10 test

Realistic-conflict theory

theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources

gross motor skills example

toddler jumping up and down

Cross-culturally, it was found that child-raising practices play a role in motordevelopment.

true

Formal operational development is seen occurring based on a child's ability to useabstract thought, hypothesizing, and thinking about how they think.

true

The WAIS-IV is the adult intelligence scale and it measures verbal comprehension,perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.

true

language seems to develop in children at about the same age and in the same sequence of stages regardless of culture

true

Pluralistic ignorance:

we use the behavior of others to help us determine whether asituation is an emergency requiring our help; if no one is helping, we may conclude thathelp is not needed

semantics

what words mean

Institutional racism

when power in a society is unfairly distributed, the result is that thegroups who have less power are often more likely to experience unfairness,marginalization, and discrimination

nature-nurture debate

whether or not we are products of our genes or our environmental influences

obedience

yielding to a demand

sequence of universal language skills

(1)Exposure to the tone and rhythm of language (beginning in utero,(2) cooing, (3) babbling, (4) combining phonemes, (5) gesturing, (6) learning morphemes, (7) first words, (8) telegraphic speech

genotype

inherited genetic pattern of a particular trait

How many basic color terms did Berlin and Kay find? And list them

1, they are black and white, red, green or yellow, green and yellow, blue, brown, andpurple, pink orange, and gray in some combination

gestation period for humans

38-40 weeks

How many distinct mental abilities did L.L. Thurstone say make up intelligence and what are they?

7, reasoning, associative memory, spatial visualization, numerical fluency, verbalcomprehension, perceptual speed and word fluency.

sensitive period

A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place/allows for easy acquisition of a set of skills

Ethnocentrism

According to Rogoff, this is "making judgments that another cultural community's ways are immoral, unwise, or inappropriate based in one's own cultural background without taking into account the meaning and circumstances of events in that community".

Jennifer is constantly given rules she has to abide by and her parents have a "My way orthe highway" attitude about rules and the role of parenting. The parenting style ofJennifer's parents is most likely---

Authoritarian

eresa has a curfew of 10:00pm, an hour later than most of her friends. However, whenshe breaks the curfew she is grounded for the number of days corresponding withhowever many hours she is late. This example would be the parenting style of

Authortative

What theory were Berlin and Kay questioning and why? And describe what they did withcollege students in the US and what they found.

Berlin and Kay were questioning the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis because they stated thatbased on the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis since cultures use different words for color, thenpeople will think about color differently based on their language. Berlin and Kay haduniversity students in the US list color terms of their native languages and had them pickup the color chip that was best representative of each basic color. They found that people of different cultures perceive colors in very similar ways even if their languages are different and that there are only a limited number of basic color terms in any language

variables of persuasion

Communicator variables, message variables, and audience variables

precocity

Development occurs early; used to refer to early puberty. (ability/skill learned earlier than usual)

this researcher coined 8 developmental stages (and some even say he had a 9th,but it went unpublished as he passed away before he could write it)

Erikson:

Describe the Greenfield and Childs study.

Greenfield and Childs studied the Tzotzil's people who used one word to describe redand orange and one word to describe pink and white. They found that they were able todistinguish between white and pink by describing them or by borrowing Spanish words.However some did not. Greenfield and Childs did a study with those who did notdistinguish between the two. They expected to find that those who did not distinguishbetween red/orange and white/pink would freely substitute them in patterns. They foundthat they did substitute them but it was a matter of preference and not because theycouldn't distinguish between the two.

How did Binet describe intelligence and what did he do?

He described intelligence as good problem solving, so he made a test to assess generalcognitive abilities

Explain Noam Chomsky's theory on how language is acquired

He suggested that we are born with a biological mechanism called the languageacquisition device (a biological makeup that gives us an innate knowledge of the syntaxof language). This predisposes us to develop language skills.

What is the difference between Individualistic cultures and Collectivistic cultures?

Individualistic cultures value individual accomplishments over group accomplishments and Collectivistic cultures value group accomplishments over individual accomplishments

What can Stereotype Threat do to a person?

Inhibit academic performance and performance in generalIt can also become a self-fulfilling prophecy if you behave in the ways that it actuallyreinforces the negative stereotype

What is compliance and what are the techniques used to gain compliance?

Low-balling/That's not all/Foot in the door/Door in the face/Reciprocity

Intimacy vs. Isolation:

The 6th stage of Erikson's theory, this stage requires people tomodify their identity and accommodate the values of others.

contact hypthesis

theory that contact between groups is an effective means of reducingprejudice between them

What factors increase obedience?

Perceived authority figure/Timing of the request/Psychological distance

Dion's parents are known as "the cool parents". They allow Dion to stay up late, eat junkfood for dinner, and even let him drink alcohol when he is at home. Dion's parents most likely have the parenting style of----

Permissive / Permissive-indulgent

social pressures

Persuasion (trying to change attitudes)Conformity (behaving in accordance with group norms)Compliance (yielding to a request)Obedience (yielding to a demand)

What did Rosch Heider do and what would the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggest?

Rosch Heider tested English and Dani speakers. The Dani speakers only had two colors(mili for dark/cold and mola for light warm). The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis would suggestthat Dani speakers would not be able to remember the colors as well because they havefewer words to name them. Rosch found that the Dani speakers didn't confuse the colorcategories any more than English speakers.

general intelligence

Spearman (1904) argued for one general level of intelligence that underlies all separate mental abilities

Describe Stanley Milgram's electric shock experiment and how it relates to obedienc

Stanley Milgram was looking to see how far people will go to obey. He had participantsbe teachers and shock the learner (a confederate) when they provided the wrong answer.Each time they got the answer wrong the shock dosage would be increased. 65% of theparticipants went to the maximum voltage. This experiment tells us that people are very obedient.

Triarchic theory of intelligence

a theory that proposes that intelligence is composed ofanalytical, practical, and creative abilities that helps us adapt to our environmentproposed by Robert Sternberg

pragmatics

System of rules governing how language is used and understood in different social contexts

cognitive consistency

The desire to avoid attitudes that conflict with each other, which generally results in the ability to live more satisfying lives

example of the ethic of community

The idea that you have an obligation to give money and help if you can during a time of crisis

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? (Hint: also called linguistic relativity)

The proposition that speakers of different languages think differently, and that they do so because of the difference in their languages

attatchment

The special bond that develops between the infant and his/her/their caregiverand provides the infant emotional security.

What is Fundamental Attribution Error theory and which type of culture is more likely toengage in Fundamental Attribution Error?

The tendency to overuse trait information when making attributions about othersIndividualistic cultures

Emerging adulthood

The transitional period between late adolescence and the mid-20'swhen young people have left adolescence but have not yet assumed adult roles andresponsibilities.

Phoneme characteristics

They are the base of a language hierarchy. Sounds strung together finds meaning in words. Words are strung together to create more complex meaning in phrases and then sentences become specific to the language that is being spoken to them

Describe the Stanford Prison Experiment and how it relates to conformity.

This experiment was done in 1971 by Philip Zimbardo. He took healthy male collegestudents and randomly assigned them to play the role of an inmate or a mock guard andthey were given uniforms to play the part. Within days the mock guards became abusiveand the mock prisoners became docile and depressed. It relates to conformity because theparticipants fully started following group norms (guards abusive, prisoners docile anddepressed)

Vygotsky

This famous person coined a model of Sociocultural development. According to the Socio-cultural model, Social Interactions help us develop our mental processes

Describe the linguistic relativity (Whorfian) hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that the language we use determines (or influcencecs) thekind of thoughts we have. A simpler way to say this is that one's language can directlydetermine or influence one's thoughts

) Stefanie's Mom is a lawyer and spends many hours at the office. She hired a full timenanny to tend to Stefanie and spends little time with her daughter. Stefanie feels like her mom just sees her like a piece of the house and not her child. Stefanie's mom most likely has the parenting style of----

Uninvolved / Permissive neglectful.

Describe Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.

Vygotsky's theory states that children learn language through their interactions with olderchildren and adults who demonstrate the appropriate ways to use language. An exampleof this would be correcting a child's language error. This theory also says that older andmore knowledgeable members of a society pass on values, beliefs, and customs of theirculture by telling stories and engaging in conversation, in this aspect language isimportant to culture.

cognitive dissonance theory

a theory that predicts that we will be motivated to changeour attitudes and/or behaviors to the extent that they cause us to feel cognitivedissonance, an uncomfortable physical state

fine motor skills example

Writing by hand and typing on a keyboard (predominantly fine touch control), or shooting in archery (predominantly force).

Social psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how we think and behave insocial situations

Superordinate goal

a goal shared by different groups

prejudice

a largely negative stereotype that is unfairly applied to all members of a groupregardless of individual characteristics

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

stereotype threat

a phenomenon in which fears of being discriminated against elicitstereotype confirming behavior

aversive racism

a proposed form of subtle racism in which European-Americans feelaversive emotions around Black people, which may lead to discrimination (even if theyoutwardly endorse equality and fairness)

stereotype

a schema for a group of people

Deindividuation

a state in which a person's behavior becomes controlled more byexternal norms than by own values and morals

central route to persuasion

a style of thinking in which the person carefully and criticallyevaluates persuasive arguments and generates counterarguments; the central routerequires motivation and to have available cognitive resource

peripheral route persuasion

a style of thinking in which the person does not carefullyand critically evaluate persuasive arguments; happens when one lacks motivation and/orcognitive resources to fully process the arguments; instead persuaded by superficial aspects of the argument (likeability of person delivering the persuasive message or theattractiveness of an ad)

language

a well-developed, syntactical verbal system for representing the world, it is also a system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements. In other words it is our spoken written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

What are the 3 ethics laid out by Jenson and Shweder?

a) Autonomyb) Communityc) Divinity

List the 6 steps/orientations of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

a) Obedience and Punishmentb) Naively egoisticc) Good boy/girld) Law and Ordere) Contractual/legalisticf) Universal Principle

List the 4 stages (and age ranges) of Piaget's cognitive development theory.

a) Sensorimotor (Birth - 2yrs.)b) Preoperational (2 - 6/7yrs.)c) Concrete operational (6/7 - 12 yrs.)d) Formal Operational (11 yrs. +)

List all 8 stages of Erikson's theory of development and their time frames

a) Trust v. Mistrust (1st yr.)b) Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (1 yr - 3 yrs.)c) Initiative v. Guilt (3 - 6 yrs.)d) Industry v. inferiority (6 - 12 yrs.)e) Identity v. Role Confusion (adolescence)f) Intimacy v. Isolation (early adulthood)g) Generativity v. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)h) Identity v. Despair (Later Adulthood)

Practical Intelligence (Sternberg)

ability to adapt to environment

Analytic Intelligence (Sternberg)

ability to use logic/reasoning to solve problems

persuasion

an active attempt to change attitudes

phenotype

an actual characteristic that results from interaction of the genotypes and environmental influences

cognitive dissonance

an uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior

situation attribution

assigns cause of behavior to characteristic of the situation orenvironment in which the behavior occurred

trait attribution

assigns cause of behavior to the traits and characteristics of the personbeing judged

Justin's attachment style is ----- because he does not react when his mother leaves the room and will not even make eye contact when she comes back.

avoidant

what is conformity?

behaving in accordance with group norms (expectations for how a group should behave)

Normative conformity

conformity that occurs when group members change behavior to meet group norms but are not persuaded to change their beliefs and attitudes; knew the answer was wrong, but gave the wrong answer anyway = desire to fit in and be liked by the group

Informational conformity

conformity that occurs when group norm pressures actuallypersuade group members to adopt new beliefs and/or attitudes

reliability

consistency of measurement

bell curve critique

cultural biased and supports white supremacy

nature

individual characteristics are determined by genes and aren't learned

nurture

individual characteristics molded by environmental influences(parents/school/culture) acquired by experience

Cohesiveness

degree to which members of a group value group membership; cohesivegroups are tight-knit groups

Institutional Discrimination

discrimination that occurs on the level of a large group,society, organization, or institution (may not be conscious or deliberate)

Daniel Goldman introduced...

emotional intelligence

attitudes

evaluative beliefs we hold about things in our world

zygote

fertilized egg

3 stages of prenatal development

germinal, embryonic, fetal

phonology

he system of governing how words should sound (pronunciation) in a givenlanguage

impression formation

he way we understand and make judgements about others

altruism

helping someone without the move of self gain

Egocentrism:

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view/The belief that everyone thinks the same way as you do and an inability tosee things from the perspective of others.

social cognition

investigates the ways in which we think (cognition) about ourselves and others

Social cognition

investigates the ways in which we think (cognition) about ourselves andothers

IQ (intelligence quotient)

mental age/chronological age x 100

embryonic

most risk for developmental issues

destructive obedience

obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm toothers

how can attitudes be formed?

operant and classical conditioning, as well as observational learning

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age (suggested by Raymond Cattell)

in group bias

our tendency to favor people who belong to the same group as we do

self-serving bias

our tendency to make attributions that preserve our self esteem

Out-group homogeneity bias

our tendency to see out-group members as being pretty much all alike

scapegoat

out group that's blamed for many of societies issues

duplex mind

part of the mind is conscious, deliberate, and rational, but can be ratherslow in processing. The other part is unconscious, automatic, intuitive, and emotional, butmuch faster in processing

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Creative Intelligence (Sternberg)

reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas

April's attachment style is ---- because she is quite distressed when her father leaves the room, but it easily calmed down when he walks back in

secure

phonemes

smallest unit of sound(building blocks of language)

social influence

social pressures that serve to modify our thoughts and/or behavior

fluid intelligence

speed and efficiency with which we learn new information and solveproblems (tends to decrease across adulthood) suggested by Raymond Cattell

genes

strands of dna found in the nuclei of all loving cells, inherited from parents, direct development of organs and systems of the body

social psychology

study of how we think and behave in social situations

syntax and grammar

systems of rules governing word forms and how words should be used together

interactionism

the (now dominant) perspective that our genes and environmental influences work together and interact to determine our characteristics

intelligence

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

attributions

the act of aligning cause to behavior = when we judge a person, we observebehavior and then try to determine the cause of that behavior

Object Permanence:

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

discrimination

the behavioral expression of prejudice

plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

cultural bias

the degree to which a test puts people from other cultures at adisadvantage because of the culturally specific nature of the test items

psyhcological distance

the degree to which one can disassociate oneself from theconsequences of his/her actions

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Diffusion of responsibility

the idea that responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing the event

multiple intelligences

the idea that we possess different types of intelligence rather than a single, overall level of intelligence (suggested by Howard Gardner)

code frame switching

the process by which bilinguals switch between one cultural meaning system and another when switching languages

Mary Ainsworth

the researcher who placed a child in a room where their caregiver leaves and a stranger enters. (Hint: This is a "Strange Situation")

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Actor/observer bias

the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

cognition

the way in which we use and store information

lexicon

the words contained in a language (vocabulary)